The Effect of Complementary Irrigation in Different Growth Stages on Yield, Qualitative and Quantitative Indices of the Two Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars in Mazandaran
In most wheat growing moderate regions and
especially in the north of Iran climate, is affected grain filling by
several physical and abiotic stresses. In this region, grain filling often
occurs when temperatures are increasing and moisture supply is
decreasing. The experiment was designed in RCBD with split plot
arrangements with four replications. Four irrigation treatments
included (I0) no irrigation (check); (I1) one irrigation (50 mm) at
heading stage; (I2) two irrigation (100 mm) at heading and anthesis
stage; and (I3) three irrigation (150 mm) at heading, anthesis and
early grain filling growth stage, two wheat cultivars (Milan and
Shanghai) were cultured in the experiment. Totally raining was 453
mm during the growth season. The result indicated that biological
yield, grain yield and harvest index were significantly affected by
irrigation levels. I3 treatment produced more tillers number in m2,
fertile tillers number in m2, harvest index and biological yield. Milan
produced more tillers number in m2, fertile tillers in m2, while
Shanghai produced heavier tillers and grain 1000 weight. Plant height
was significant in wheat varieties while were not statistically
significant in irrigation levels. Milan produced more grain yield,
harvest index and biological yield. Grain yield shown that I1, I2, and
I3 produced increasing of 5228 (21%), 5460 (27%) and 5670 (29%)
kg ha-1, respectively. There was an interaction of irrigation and
cultivar on grain yields. In the absence of the irrigation reduced grain
1000 weight from 45 to 40 g. No irrigation reduced soil moisture
extraction during the grain filling stage. Current assimilation as a
source of carbon for grain filling depends on the light intercepting
viable green surfaces of the plant after anthesis that due to natural
senescence and the effect of various stresses. At the same time the
demand by the growing grain is increasing. It is concluded from
research work that wheat crop irrigated Milan cultivar could increase
the grain yield in comparison with Shanghai cultivar. Although, the
grain yield of Shanghai under irrigation was slightly lower than
Milan. This grain yield also was related to weather condition, sowing
date, plant density and location conditions and management of
fertilizers, because there was not significant difference in biological
and straw yield. The best result was produced by I1 treatment. I2 and
I3 treatments were not significantly difference with I1 treatment.
Grain yield of I1 indicated that wheat is under soil moisture
deficiency. Therefore, I1 irrigation was better than I0.
[1] Z. Tahmasebi Sarvestani, S. A. M. Modarres Sanavy, and A. Roohi,
"Yield and yield components of dryland wheat genotypes under
supplemental irrigation," Proceedings of the 4th International Crop
Science Congress Brisbane, Australia, 2004.
[2] F. R. Li, S. Cook, G. T. Geballe, and W. R. Burch, "Rainwater
harvesting agriculture: An integrated system for water management on
rainfed land in China's semiarid areas," Ambio., Vol. 29, pp.477-483,
2000.
[3] F. M. Li, Q. H. Song, H. S. Liu, F. R. Li, and X. L. Liu, "Effects of preplant
irrigation and phosphate application on water use and yield of
spring wheat under semi-arid conditions," Agric. Water Manage, Vol.
45, pp. 32-48, 2001.
[4] X. Y. Li, J. D. Gong, and Q. Z. Gao,"Rainfall harvesting and sustainable
agriculture development in the Loess Plateau of China," J. Desert Res.,
Vol. 20, pp. 150-153, 1999.
[5] J. T. Musick, and D. A. Dusek, "Irrigated corn yield response to water,"
Trans. ASAE, Vol. 23, pp. 92-98, 1980.
[6] R. K. Misra, and T. N. Chaudhary, "Effect of limited water input on root
growth, water use, and grain yield of wheat," Field Crops Res., Vol. 10,
pp. 125-134, 1985.
[7] F. M. Rhoads, and R. L. Stanley, "Response of three corn hybrids to low
levels of soil moisture tension in the plow layer," Agron. J., Vol. 65, pp.
315-318, 1973.
[8] P. Fox, and J. Rockstrom, "Supplemental irrigation for dry-spell
mitigation of rainfed agriculture in the Sahel. Agric," Water Manage.,
Vol. 61, pp. 29-50, 2003.
[9] P. R. Gajri, and S. S. Prihar, "Effect of small irrigation amounts on the
yield of wheat," Agric. Water Manage., Vol. 6, pp. 31-41, 1983.
[10] R. A. Fisher, "The effects of water stress at various stages of
development on yield process in wheat," pp. 169-174. In Plant response
to climatic factors. Proc. Symp., Uppsala, Sweden, 15-20 Sept. 1970.
UNESCO, Paris, 1970.
[11] A. D. Schneider, J. T. Musick, and D. A. Dusek, "Efficient wheat
irrigation with limited water," Trans. ASAE, Vol. 12, pp. 23-26, 1969.
[12] N. T. Singh, R. Singh, P. S. Mahajan, and A. C. Vig, "Influence of
supplement irrigation and presowing soil water storage on wheat,"
Agron. J., Vol. 71, pp. 483-486, 1979
[13] X. Y. Li, and J. D. Gong, "Effects of different ridge: furrow ratios and
supplemental irrigation on crop production in ridge and furrow rainfall
harvesting system with mulches," Agric. Water Manage., Vol. 54, pp.
243-254, 2002.
[14] Z. P. Shangguan, M. A. Shao, T. W. Lei, and T.L. Fan, "Runoff water
management technologies for dryland agriculture on the Loess Plateau
of China," Int. J. Sustainable Dev. World Ecol., Vol. 9, pp. 341-350,
2002.
[15] E. R. Perrier, and A. B. Salkini, "Supplemental irrigation in the Near
East and North Africa. Kluwer Academic publisher," Boston/London,
1987.
[16] H. Siadat, "Supplemental irrigation systems in Iran," pp. 327-364. In: E.
R. perrier and A. B. Salkini, supplemental irrigation in the near east
north Africa, Kluwer Academic publisher, Boston, London, 1987.
[17] E. R. Perrier, and A. B. Salkini, "Supplemental irrigation in the Near
East and North Africa," Netherlands: Kluwer Acad. Publ, 1991.
[18] T. Oweis, M. Pala, and J. Ryan, "Stabilizing rainfed wheat yields with
supplemental irrigation in a Mediterranean-type climate," Agron. J., Vol.
90, pp.672-681, 1998
[19] H. Zhang, and T. Oweis, "Water-yield relations and optimal irrigation
scheduling of wheat in the Mediterranean region," Agric. Water
Manage., Vol. 38, pp. 195-211, 1999.
[20] T. Oweis, "Supplemental irrigation: An option for improved water use
efficiency," pp. 115-131. In Proc. Regional Seminar on the Optimization
of Irrigation in Agriculture, Amman, Jordan, pp. 21-24. 1994.
[21] K. Ward, and P. Smith, "An investigation into the shallow groundwater
resources of part of Northwest Syria," pp. 29-42. In Annual Report of
Farm Resource Management Program, ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, 1994.
[22] SAS Institute, "SAS user's guide: Statistics," SAS Inst., Cary, NC, 1991.
[23] C. S. Pierre, C. J. Peterson, A. S. Ross, J. B. Ohm, M. C. Verhoeven, M.
Larson, and B. Hoefer, "White wheat grain quality changes with
genotype, nitrogen fertilization, and water stress," Agronomy Journal,
Vol. 100, pp. 414-420, 2008.
[24] J. B. Passioura, "Physiology of grain yield in wheat growing on stored
water," J. Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci., Vol. 3, pp. 117-120, 1976.
[25] H. Zhang, T. Oweis, S. Garabet, and M. Pala, "Water use efficiency and
transpiration efficiency of wheat under rainfed and irrigation conditions
in a Mediterranean environment," Plant Soil, Vol. 201, pp. 295-305,
1998.
[26] , J. B. Passioura, "Roots and drought resistance," Agric. Water Manage.,
Vol. 7, pp. 265-280, 1983.
[27] R. J. French, and T. E. Schultz, "Water use efficiency of wheat in a
Mediterranean-type environment: I. The relation between yield, water
use and climate," Aust. J. Agric. Res., Vol. 35, pp. 743-764, 1984.
[28] P. J. M. Cooper, P. J. Gregory, D. Tully, and H. C. Harris, "Improving
water use efficiency of annual crops in the rainfed farming systems of
West Asia and North Africa." Exp. Agric., Vol. 23, pp. 113-158, 1987.
[29] J. F. Angus, and A.F. Herwaarden, "Increasing water use and water use
efficiency in dryland wheat," Agronomy Journal, Vol. 93, pp. 290-298,
2001.
[1] Z. Tahmasebi Sarvestani, S. A. M. Modarres Sanavy, and A. Roohi,
"Yield and yield components of dryland wheat genotypes under
supplemental irrigation," Proceedings of the 4th International Crop
Science Congress Brisbane, Australia, 2004.
[2] F. R. Li, S. Cook, G. T. Geballe, and W. R. Burch, "Rainwater
harvesting agriculture: An integrated system for water management on
rainfed land in China's semiarid areas," Ambio., Vol. 29, pp.477-483,
2000.
[3] F. M. Li, Q. H. Song, H. S. Liu, F. R. Li, and X. L. Liu, "Effects of preplant
irrigation and phosphate application on water use and yield of
spring wheat under semi-arid conditions," Agric. Water Manage, Vol.
45, pp. 32-48, 2001.
[4] X. Y. Li, J. D. Gong, and Q. Z. Gao,"Rainfall harvesting and sustainable
agriculture development in the Loess Plateau of China," J. Desert Res.,
Vol. 20, pp. 150-153, 1999.
[5] J. T. Musick, and D. A. Dusek, "Irrigated corn yield response to water,"
Trans. ASAE, Vol. 23, pp. 92-98, 1980.
[6] R. K. Misra, and T. N. Chaudhary, "Effect of limited water input on root
growth, water use, and grain yield of wheat," Field Crops Res., Vol. 10,
pp. 125-134, 1985.
[7] F. M. Rhoads, and R. L. Stanley, "Response of three corn hybrids to low
levels of soil moisture tension in the plow layer," Agron. J., Vol. 65, pp.
315-318, 1973.
[8] P. Fox, and J. Rockstrom, "Supplemental irrigation for dry-spell
mitigation of rainfed agriculture in the Sahel. Agric," Water Manage.,
Vol. 61, pp. 29-50, 2003.
[9] P. R. Gajri, and S. S. Prihar, "Effect of small irrigation amounts on the
yield of wheat," Agric. Water Manage., Vol. 6, pp. 31-41, 1983.
[10] R. A. Fisher, "The effects of water stress at various stages of
development on yield process in wheat," pp. 169-174. In Plant response
to climatic factors. Proc. Symp., Uppsala, Sweden, 15-20 Sept. 1970.
UNESCO, Paris, 1970.
[11] A. D. Schneider, J. T. Musick, and D. A. Dusek, "Efficient wheat
irrigation with limited water," Trans. ASAE, Vol. 12, pp. 23-26, 1969.
[12] N. T. Singh, R. Singh, P. S. Mahajan, and A. C. Vig, "Influence of
supplement irrigation and presowing soil water storage on wheat,"
Agron. J., Vol. 71, pp. 483-486, 1979
[13] X. Y. Li, and J. D. Gong, "Effects of different ridge: furrow ratios and
supplemental irrigation on crop production in ridge and furrow rainfall
harvesting system with mulches," Agric. Water Manage., Vol. 54, pp.
243-254, 2002.
[14] Z. P. Shangguan, M. A. Shao, T. W. Lei, and T.L. Fan, "Runoff water
management technologies for dryland agriculture on the Loess Plateau
of China," Int. J. Sustainable Dev. World Ecol., Vol. 9, pp. 341-350,
2002.
[15] E. R. Perrier, and A. B. Salkini, "Supplemental irrigation in the Near
East and North Africa. Kluwer Academic publisher," Boston/London,
1987.
[16] H. Siadat, "Supplemental irrigation systems in Iran," pp. 327-364. In: E.
R. perrier and A. B. Salkini, supplemental irrigation in the near east
north Africa, Kluwer Academic publisher, Boston, London, 1987.
[17] E. R. Perrier, and A. B. Salkini, "Supplemental irrigation in the Near
East and North Africa," Netherlands: Kluwer Acad. Publ, 1991.
[18] T. Oweis, M. Pala, and J. Ryan, "Stabilizing rainfed wheat yields with
supplemental irrigation in a Mediterranean-type climate," Agron. J., Vol.
90, pp.672-681, 1998
[19] H. Zhang, and T. Oweis, "Water-yield relations and optimal irrigation
scheduling of wheat in the Mediterranean region," Agric. Water
Manage., Vol. 38, pp. 195-211, 1999.
[20] T. Oweis, "Supplemental irrigation: An option for improved water use
efficiency," pp. 115-131. In Proc. Regional Seminar on the Optimization
of Irrigation in Agriculture, Amman, Jordan, pp. 21-24. 1994.
[21] K. Ward, and P. Smith, "An investigation into the shallow groundwater
resources of part of Northwest Syria," pp. 29-42. In Annual Report of
Farm Resource Management Program, ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, 1994.
[22] SAS Institute, "SAS user's guide: Statistics," SAS Inst., Cary, NC, 1991.
[23] C. S. Pierre, C. J. Peterson, A. S. Ross, J. B. Ohm, M. C. Verhoeven, M.
Larson, and B. Hoefer, "White wheat grain quality changes with
genotype, nitrogen fertilization, and water stress," Agronomy Journal,
Vol. 100, pp. 414-420, 2008.
[24] J. B. Passioura, "Physiology of grain yield in wheat growing on stored
water," J. Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci., Vol. 3, pp. 117-120, 1976.
[25] H. Zhang, T. Oweis, S. Garabet, and M. Pala, "Water use efficiency and
transpiration efficiency of wheat under rainfed and irrigation conditions
in a Mediterranean environment," Plant Soil, Vol. 201, pp. 295-305,
1998.
[26] , J. B. Passioura, "Roots and drought resistance," Agric. Water Manage.,
Vol. 7, pp. 265-280, 1983.
[27] R. J. French, and T. E. Schultz, "Water use efficiency of wheat in a
Mediterranean-type environment: I. The relation between yield, water
use and climate," Aust. J. Agric. Res., Vol. 35, pp. 743-764, 1984.
[28] P. J. M. Cooper, P. J. Gregory, D. Tully, and H. C. Harris, "Improving
water use efficiency of annual crops in the rainfed farming systems of
West Asia and North Africa." Exp. Agric., Vol. 23, pp. 113-158, 1987.
[29] J. F. Angus, and A.F. Herwaarden, "Increasing water use and water use
efficiency in dryland wheat," Agronomy Journal, Vol. 93, pp. 290-298,
2001.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:54932", author = "Abbas Ghanbari-Malidarreh", title = "The Effect of Complementary Irrigation in Different Growth Stages on Yield, Qualitative and Quantitative Indices of the Two Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars in Mazandaran", abstract = "In most wheat growing moderate regions and
especially in the north of Iran climate, is affected grain filling by
several physical and abiotic stresses. In this region, grain filling often
occurs when temperatures are increasing and moisture supply is
decreasing. The experiment was designed in RCBD with split plot
arrangements with four replications. Four irrigation treatments
included (I0) no irrigation (check); (I1) one irrigation (50 mm) at
heading stage; (I2) two irrigation (100 mm) at heading and anthesis
stage; and (I3) three irrigation (150 mm) at heading, anthesis and
early grain filling growth stage, two wheat cultivars (Milan and
Shanghai) were cultured in the experiment. Totally raining was 453
mm during the growth season. The result indicated that biological
yield, grain yield and harvest index were significantly affected by
irrigation levels. I3 treatment produced more tillers number in m2,
fertile tillers number in m2, harvest index and biological yield. Milan
produced more tillers number in m2, fertile tillers in m2, while
Shanghai produced heavier tillers and grain 1000 weight. Plant height
was significant in wheat varieties while were not statistically
significant in irrigation levels. Milan produced more grain yield,
harvest index and biological yield. Grain yield shown that I1, I2, and
I3 produced increasing of 5228 (21%), 5460 (27%) and 5670 (29%)
kg ha-1, respectively. There was an interaction of irrigation and
cultivar on grain yields. In the absence of the irrigation reduced grain
1000 weight from 45 to 40 g. No irrigation reduced soil moisture
extraction during the grain filling stage. Current assimilation as a
source of carbon for grain filling depends on the light intercepting
viable green surfaces of the plant after anthesis that due to natural
senescence and the effect of various stresses. At the same time the
demand by the growing grain is increasing. It is concluded from
research work that wheat crop irrigated Milan cultivar could increase
the grain yield in comparison with Shanghai cultivar. Although, the
grain yield of Shanghai under irrigation was slightly lower than
Milan. This grain yield also was related to weather condition, sowing
date, plant density and location conditions and management of
fertilizers, because there was not significant difference in biological
and straw yield. The best result was produced by I1 treatment. I2 and
I3 treatments were not significantly difference with I1 treatment.
Grain yield of I1 indicated that wheat is under soil moisture
deficiency. Therefore, I1 irrigation was better than I0.", keywords = "anthesis, grain yield, irrigation, supplementary,
Wheat.", volume = "4", number = "5", pages = "273-5", }