The Composting Process from a Waste Management Method to a Remediation Procedure
Composting is a controlled technology to enhance the
natural aerobic process of organic wastes degradation. The resulting
product is a humified material that is principally recyclable for
agricultural purpose. The composting process is one of the most
important tools for waste management, by the European Community
legislation. In recent years composting has been increasingly used as
a remediation technology to remove biodegradable contaminants
from soil, and to modulate heavy metals bioavailability in
phytoremediation strategies. An optimization in the recovery of
resources from wastes through composting could enhance soil
fertility and promote its use in the remediation biotechnologies of
contaminated soils.
[1] Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of
19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives. 2008
[2] Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Official Journal L
182, 16/07/1999, pp. 1-19. 26 April 1999.
[3] Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European
Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and The
Committee of the Regions. SEC 2005.1681-1682.
[4] Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European
Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the
Committee of the Regions - Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection. SEC
2006. 620 and 1165.
[5] Eurostat News Release 33/2013. Environment in the EU27. 4 March
2013.
[6] N. Korbouleswky, Bonin G. and C. Massiani. "Biological and
ecophysiological reactions of white wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides L.)
grown on sewage sludge compost.” Environ. Pollut., vol. 117, pp. 365-
370, 2002.
[7] P. Prudent, M. Domeizel and C. Massiani. "Chemical sequential
extraction as decision-making tool: application to municipal solid waste
and its individual constituents.” Sci. total environ., vol. 178, pp. 55-61,
1996.
[8] P. M. Chapman, F. Wang, R. Janssen, R. R. Goudet and C. N. Kamunde.
"Conducting ecological risk assessments of inorganic metals and
metalloids” Human Ecol. Risk Assess., vol. 9, pp. 641-697, 2003.
[9] K. Harmsen. "Long-term behavior of heavy metals in agricultural soils:
a simple analytical model” in Biogeochemistry of trace metals, D.C.
Adriano ed., Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, pp. 217-47, 1992.
[10] G. Płaza, G. Jawecki, K. Ulfig and R. L. Brigmon. "The application of
bioassays as indicators of petroleum-contaminated soil remediation.”
Chemosphere, vol. 59, pp. 289-296, 2005.
[11] E. Y. Hwangb, J. S. Parka, J. Y. Choi. "Bioremediation of dieselcontaminated
soil with composting.” Environ Pollut., vol. 119, pp. 23-
31, 2002.
[12] F. Coulon, M. Al Awadi, W. Cowie, D. Mardlin, S. Pollard, C.
Cunningham, G. Risdon, P. Arthur, K. T. Semple, G. I. Paton. "When is
a soil remediated? Comparison of biopiled and windrowed soils
contaminated with bunker-fuel in a full-scale trial.” Environ. Pollut.,
vol. 158, pp. 3032-3040, 2010.
[13] V. P. Beškoski, G. Gojgić-Cvijović, J. Milić, M. Ilić, S. Miletić, T.
Solević and M. M. Vrvić. "Ex situ bioremediation of a soil contaminated
by mazut (heavy residual fuel oil) a field experiment.” Chemosphere,
vol. 83, pp. 34-40, 2011.
[14] T. C. Lin, P. T. Pan and S. S. Cheng. "Ex situ bioremediation of oilcontaminated
soil.” J. Hazard Mater., vol. 176, pp. 27-34, 2010.
[15] C. Kao, H. Chien, R. Surampalli, and W. Sung. "Application of Biopile
System for the Remediation of Petroleum-Hydrocarbon Contaminated
Soils.” World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009, pp.
1-10.
[16] N. Beaudin, R. F. Caron, R. Legros, J. Ramsey, L. Lawlor, and B.
Ramsay. "Co-composting of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil in a
laboratory-scale reactor.” Compost Sci Util., vol. 4, pp. 37- 45, 1996.
[17] S. Tandy, J. R. Healey, M. A. Nason, J. C. Williamson and D. L. Jones.
"Remediation of metal polluted mine soil with compost: Co-composting
versus incorporation. " Environ. Pollut., vol. 157, n. 2, pp. 690-697,
2004.
[18] L. Rizzi, G. Petruzzelli, G. Poggio, G. Vigna Guidi. "Analysis of
structural properties of a mining soil in a process of phytostabilization.”
in W. Werstraete ed. European Symposium on Environmental
Biotechnology ESEB, pp. 591-594, 2004.
[19] F. Pedron, G. Petruzzelli, M. Barbafieri and E. Tassi. "Strategies to use
phytoextraction in very acidic soil contaminated by heavy metals.”
Chemosphere, vol. 75, pp. 808-814, 2009.
[1] Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of
19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives. 2008
[2] Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Official Journal L
182, 16/07/1999, pp. 1-19. 26 April 1999.
[3] Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European
Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and The
Committee of the Regions. SEC 2005.1681-1682.
[4] Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European
Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the
Committee of the Regions - Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection. SEC
2006. 620 and 1165.
[5] Eurostat News Release 33/2013. Environment in the EU27. 4 March
2013.
[6] N. Korbouleswky, Bonin G. and C. Massiani. "Biological and
ecophysiological reactions of white wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides L.)
grown on sewage sludge compost.” Environ. Pollut., vol. 117, pp. 365-
370, 2002.
[7] P. Prudent, M. Domeizel and C. Massiani. "Chemical sequential
extraction as decision-making tool: application to municipal solid waste
and its individual constituents.” Sci. total environ., vol. 178, pp. 55-61,
1996.
[8] P. M. Chapman, F. Wang, R. Janssen, R. R. Goudet and C. N. Kamunde.
"Conducting ecological risk assessments of inorganic metals and
metalloids” Human Ecol. Risk Assess., vol. 9, pp. 641-697, 2003.
[9] K. Harmsen. "Long-term behavior of heavy metals in agricultural soils:
a simple analytical model” in Biogeochemistry of trace metals, D.C.
Adriano ed., Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, pp. 217-47, 1992.
[10] G. Płaza, G. Jawecki, K. Ulfig and R. L. Brigmon. "The application of
bioassays as indicators of petroleum-contaminated soil remediation.”
Chemosphere, vol. 59, pp. 289-296, 2005.
[11] E. Y. Hwangb, J. S. Parka, J. Y. Choi. "Bioremediation of dieselcontaminated
soil with composting.” Environ Pollut., vol. 119, pp. 23-
31, 2002.
[12] F. Coulon, M. Al Awadi, W. Cowie, D. Mardlin, S. Pollard, C.
Cunningham, G. Risdon, P. Arthur, K. T. Semple, G. I. Paton. "When is
a soil remediated? Comparison of biopiled and windrowed soils
contaminated with bunker-fuel in a full-scale trial.” Environ. Pollut.,
vol. 158, pp. 3032-3040, 2010.
[13] V. P. Beškoski, G. Gojgić-Cvijović, J. Milić, M. Ilić, S. Miletić, T.
Solević and M. M. Vrvić. "Ex situ bioremediation of a soil contaminated
by mazut (heavy residual fuel oil) a field experiment.” Chemosphere,
vol. 83, pp. 34-40, 2011.
[14] T. C. Lin, P. T. Pan and S. S. Cheng. "Ex situ bioremediation of oilcontaminated
soil.” J. Hazard Mater., vol. 176, pp. 27-34, 2010.
[15] C. Kao, H. Chien, R. Surampalli, and W. Sung. "Application of Biopile
System for the Remediation of Petroleum-Hydrocarbon Contaminated
Soils.” World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009, pp.
1-10.
[16] N. Beaudin, R. F. Caron, R. Legros, J. Ramsey, L. Lawlor, and B.
Ramsay. "Co-composting of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil in a
laboratory-scale reactor.” Compost Sci Util., vol. 4, pp. 37- 45, 1996.
[17] S. Tandy, J. R. Healey, M. A. Nason, J. C. Williamson and D. L. Jones.
"Remediation of metal polluted mine soil with compost: Co-composting
versus incorporation. " Environ. Pollut., vol. 157, n. 2, pp. 690-697,
2004.
[18] L. Rizzi, G. Petruzzelli, G. Poggio, G. Vigna Guidi. "Analysis of
structural properties of a mining soil in a process of phytostabilization.”
in W. Werstraete ed. European Symposium on Environmental
Biotechnology ESEB, pp. 591-594, 2004.
[19] F. Pedron, G. Petruzzelli, M. Barbafieri and E. Tassi. "Strategies to use
phytoextraction in very acidic soil contaminated by heavy metals.”
Chemosphere, vol. 75, pp. 808-814, 2009.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:67493", author = "G. Petruzzelli and F. Pedron and M. Grifoni and F. Gorini and I. Rosellini and B. Pezzarossa", title = "The Composting Process from a Waste Management Method to a Remediation Procedure", abstract = "Composting is a controlled technology to enhance the
natural aerobic process of organic wastes degradation. The resulting
product is a humified material that is principally recyclable for
agricultural purpose. The composting process is one of the most
important tools for waste management, by the European Community
legislation. In recent years composting has been increasingly used as
a remediation technology to remove biodegradable contaminants
from soil, and to modulate heavy metals bioavailability in
phytoremediation strategies. An optimization in the recovery of
resources from wastes through composting could enhance soil
fertility and promote its use in the remediation biotechnologies of
contaminated soils.
", keywords = "Agriculture, biopile, compost, soil clean-up, waste recycling.", volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "437-4", }