Surface and Drinking Water Quality Monitoring of Thomas Reservoir, Kano State, Nigeria
Drinking water is supplied to Danbatta, Makoda and some parts of Minjibir local government areas of Kano State from the surface water of Thomas Reservoir. The present land use in the catchment area of the reservoir indicates high agricultural activities, fishing, as well as domestic and small scale industrial activities. To study and monitor the quality of surface and drinking water of the area, water samples were collected from the reservoir, treated water at the treatment plant and potable water at the consumer end in three seasons November - February (cold season), March - June (dry season) and July - September (rainy season). The samples were analyzed for physical and chemical parameters, pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, suspended solids, total solids, colour, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chloride ion (Cl-) nitrite (NO2-), nitrate (NO3-), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phosphate (PO43-). The higher values obtained in some parameters with respect to the acceptable standard set by World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Industrial Standards (NIS) indicate the pollution of both the surface and drinking water. These pollutants were observed to have a negative impact on water quality in terms of eutrophication, largely due to anthropogenic activities in the watershed.
[1] Olajire, A.A and Imoekparia, F.E (2001): Water Quality Assessment of Osun River; Studies on Inorganic Nutrients. Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 69: 17-28.
[2] Akan, J. C. Abdurrahaman, F.I., Ogugbuaja, V.O, And Reuben, K. D. (2009): Study of The Physico-Chemical Pollutants in Kano Industrial Areas, Kano State, Nigeria. J. Applied Sci. 4 (2): 89-102.,
[3] Akan, J.C. V.O. Ogugbuaja, F.I. Abdulrahman and J.T. Ayodele, 2007. Determination of Pollutant Levels in Water of River Challawa and in Tap Water from Kano Industrial Area, Kano State, Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1: 211-219.
[4] APHA, AWWA, and WEP (American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution and Control Federation) (1992) Standard Method for Examination of Water and Waste Water. 18th Ed. APHA, Washington D.C P 18-42.
[5] Maitera, O. N. Ogugbuaja, V.O and Barminas J. T (2010). An Assessment of the Organic Pollution Indicator Levels of River Benue in Adamawa State, Nigeria Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology 2(7): 110-116
[6] Azionu, B.C. Ovie, S.I. Okongwu, I. O.Adigun, B and Ajayi, O. (2004) Salvaging the Freshwater Ecosystems in Nigeria: Great Threat to Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture Development. In 19th Annual Conference of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON), 29 Nov - 03 Dec 2004, Ilorin, Nigeria, pp. 193-197.
[7] Anake, W.U. Adie, G.U. and Osibanjo, O. (2009) Heavy Metals Pollution at Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsites in Kano and Kaduna States in Nigeria Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 23(1), 281-289.
[8] Ibrahim, S. And Abdullahi, B. A. (2008) Bajopas Effect of Lead on Zooplankton Dynamics in Challawa River, Kano State, Nigeria vol. 1 No. 1 Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 1(1):88 – 94
[9] Dan’azumi, S. and Bichi, M. H. (2010) Industrial Pollution and Implication on Source of Water Supply in Kano, Nigeria International Journal of Engineering & Technology: 10 (1):101-110
[10] Xiao-Li, S., Yu, P., Hose, G.C, Jian, C., And Feng-Xiang, L., (2006): Spider Web as Indicators of Heavy Metal Pollution in Air. Bull Environ Contam. Texicol, 76: 271 – 277
[11] Google.com.ng, (2015): Google.com.ng, Accessed on 28th July, 2015.
[12] Gazetteering.com, (2013): Retrieved from gazetteering.com on 26th February, 2013
[13] Etim, E.U and Adie, G.U (2012): Assessment of Qualities of Surface Water, Sediments and Aquatic Fish from Selected Major Rivers in Southwestern Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 4(12): 1045-1051.
[14] EPA (2004): Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water (4304T) Health and Ecological Criteria Division Washington, DC 20460 rwetrieved from http://www.epa.gov/safewater/ on 02/10/2015
[15] Durmishi, B.H. Bacaj, M. Ismaili, M. Jusufi, S. Dehari, D. Dehari, SH. Abduli, SH. (2007): The Physical, Physical-Chemical and Chemical Parameters Determination of Water Shkumbin (Pena) River, 10th International Symposium on Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering, Šibenik, Croatia.
[16] Dike, N. I; Azeolu, A.U; Oniye, S. J. and Ajibola, V.O (2010): Nitrate and Phosphate Levels in River Jakara, Kano State, Nigeria. Science world journal 5(3): 23-27.
[17] Olasehinde, K.F and Abeke, A.A (2012): Limnological Features of Ikere Gorge Reservoir, Iseyin South Western Nigeria Physico-Chemical Parameters. Journal of Bioderversity And Environmental Sciences (JBES) 2(6) 12-19.
[18] APHA, AWWA, and WEP (American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution and Control Federation) (2005) Standard Method for Examination of Water and Waste Water. 20th Ed. APHA, Washington D.C P.
[19] Yusuff, R.O and Sonibare, J.A (2004): Characterization of Textile Industries’ Effluents in Kaduna, Nigeria and Pollution Implications. Global nest: the int. J. 6 (3) 212-221.
[20] WHO, (2008): Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality Third Edition Incorporating the first and Second Addenda Volume 1 Recommendations Geneva.
[21] Kutama, A.S; Umar, S. Fagwalawa, L.D; Ahmad, M.K and Bilkisu, A.I (2013): detection of fish saprolegniasis in Tomas dam and Challawa commercial fish pond. Global Advanced Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2 (12): 315-321.
[22] WHO (2003): World Health Organization Recommended Revised Microbiological Guidelines for Treated Wastewater Used in Agriculture. Environmental Letters 1(3): 26-34
[23] Alam, M.D. J.B., Muyen, Z., Islam, M. R., Islam, S., Mamun, M., (2007). Water Quality Parameters Along Rivers. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 4 (1), 159-167.
[24] Ibrahim, B.U; Auta, J and Balogun, J.K (2009): Assessment of the Physico-Chemical Parameters of Kontagora Reservoir, Niger State Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 2(1): 64-69.
[25] Nabegu, B.A (2013): Effect of Extensive Sand Mining on Surface Water Quality in an Alluvial Channel. International Journal of Innovative Environmental Studies Research, 1(3): 83-90
[26] Kerri, K.D (2002): Water treatment plant operation. California State University Sacramento.
[27] Akindele, E.O; Adeniyi, I.F and Indabawa, I.I (2013): Spatio-Temporal Assessment and water Quality Characteristics of Lake Tiga, Kano Nigeria. Research journal of environmental and Earth Sciences 5(2): 67-77
[28] Ishaku, J.M; Ahmed, A.S; Abubakar, M.A (2011): Assessment of Ground Water Quality Using Chemical Indices and GIS Mapping in Jada Area, Northeastern Nigeria. International Research Journal of Geology and Mining 2 (3): 54-61
[1] Olajire, A.A and Imoekparia, F.E (2001): Water Quality Assessment of Osun River; Studies on Inorganic Nutrients. Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 69: 17-28.
[2] Akan, J. C. Abdurrahaman, F.I., Ogugbuaja, V.O, And Reuben, K. D. (2009): Study of The Physico-Chemical Pollutants in Kano Industrial Areas, Kano State, Nigeria. J. Applied Sci. 4 (2): 89-102.,
[3] Akan, J.C. V.O. Ogugbuaja, F.I. Abdulrahman and J.T. Ayodele, 2007. Determination of Pollutant Levels in Water of River Challawa and in Tap Water from Kano Industrial Area, Kano State, Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1: 211-219.
[4] APHA, AWWA, and WEP (American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution and Control Federation) (1992) Standard Method for Examination of Water and Waste Water. 18th Ed. APHA, Washington D.C P 18-42.
[5] Maitera, O. N. Ogugbuaja, V.O and Barminas J. T (2010). An Assessment of the Organic Pollution Indicator Levels of River Benue in Adamawa State, Nigeria Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology 2(7): 110-116
[6] Azionu, B.C. Ovie, S.I. Okongwu, I. O.Adigun, B and Ajayi, O. (2004) Salvaging the Freshwater Ecosystems in Nigeria: Great Threat to Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture Development. In 19th Annual Conference of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON), 29 Nov - 03 Dec 2004, Ilorin, Nigeria, pp. 193-197.
[7] Anake, W.U. Adie, G.U. and Osibanjo, O. (2009) Heavy Metals Pollution at Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsites in Kano and Kaduna States in Nigeria Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 23(1), 281-289.
[8] Ibrahim, S. And Abdullahi, B. A. (2008) Bajopas Effect of Lead on Zooplankton Dynamics in Challawa River, Kano State, Nigeria vol. 1 No. 1 Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 1(1):88 – 94
[9] Dan’azumi, S. and Bichi, M. H. (2010) Industrial Pollution and Implication on Source of Water Supply in Kano, Nigeria International Journal of Engineering & Technology: 10 (1):101-110
[10] Xiao-Li, S., Yu, P., Hose, G.C, Jian, C., And Feng-Xiang, L., (2006): Spider Web as Indicators of Heavy Metal Pollution in Air. Bull Environ Contam. Texicol, 76: 271 – 277
[11] Google.com.ng, (2015): Google.com.ng, Accessed on 28th July, 2015.
[12] Gazetteering.com, (2013): Retrieved from gazetteering.com on 26th February, 2013
[13] Etim, E.U and Adie, G.U (2012): Assessment of Qualities of Surface Water, Sediments and Aquatic Fish from Selected Major Rivers in Southwestern Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 4(12): 1045-1051.
[14] EPA (2004): Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water (4304T) Health and Ecological Criteria Division Washington, DC 20460 rwetrieved from http://www.epa.gov/safewater/ on 02/10/2015
[15] Durmishi, B.H. Bacaj, M. Ismaili, M. Jusufi, S. Dehari, D. Dehari, SH. Abduli, SH. (2007): The Physical, Physical-Chemical and Chemical Parameters Determination of Water Shkumbin (Pena) River, 10th International Symposium on Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering, Šibenik, Croatia.
[16] Dike, N. I; Azeolu, A.U; Oniye, S. J. and Ajibola, V.O (2010): Nitrate and Phosphate Levels in River Jakara, Kano State, Nigeria. Science world journal 5(3): 23-27.
[17] Olasehinde, K.F and Abeke, A.A (2012): Limnological Features of Ikere Gorge Reservoir, Iseyin South Western Nigeria Physico-Chemical Parameters. Journal of Bioderversity And Environmental Sciences (JBES) 2(6) 12-19.
[18] APHA, AWWA, and WEP (American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution and Control Federation) (2005) Standard Method for Examination of Water and Waste Water. 20th Ed. APHA, Washington D.C P.
[19] Yusuff, R.O and Sonibare, J.A (2004): Characterization of Textile Industries’ Effluents in Kaduna, Nigeria and Pollution Implications. Global nest: the int. J. 6 (3) 212-221.
[20] WHO, (2008): Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality Third Edition Incorporating the first and Second Addenda Volume 1 Recommendations Geneva.
[21] Kutama, A.S; Umar, S. Fagwalawa, L.D; Ahmad, M.K and Bilkisu, A.I (2013): detection of fish saprolegniasis in Tomas dam and Challawa commercial fish pond. Global Advanced Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2 (12): 315-321.
[22] WHO (2003): World Health Organization Recommended Revised Microbiological Guidelines for Treated Wastewater Used in Agriculture. Environmental Letters 1(3): 26-34
[23] Alam, M.D. J.B., Muyen, Z., Islam, M. R., Islam, S., Mamun, M., (2007). Water Quality Parameters Along Rivers. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 4 (1), 159-167.
[24] Ibrahim, B.U; Auta, J and Balogun, J.K (2009): Assessment of the Physico-Chemical Parameters of Kontagora Reservoir, Niger State Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 2(1): 64-69.
[25] Nabegu, B.A (2013): Effect of Extensive Sand Mining on Surface Water Quality in an Alluvial Channel. International Journal of Innovative Environmental Studies Research, 1(3): 83-90
[26] Kerri, K.D (2002): Water treatment plant operation. California State University Sacramento.
[27] Akindele, E.O; Adeniyi, I.F and Indabawa, I.I (2013): Spatio-Temporal Assessment and water Quality Characteristics of Lake Tiga, Kano Nigeria. Research journal of environmental and Earth Sciences 5(2): 67-77
[28] Ishaku, J.M; Ahmed, A.S; Abubakar, M.A (2011): Assessment of Ground Water Quality Using Chemical Indices and GIS Mapping in Jada Area, Northeastern Nigeria. International Research Journal of Geology and Mining 2 (3): 54-61
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:74364", author = "G. A. Adamu and M. S. Sallau and S. O. Idris and E. B. Agbaji", title = "Surface and Drinking Water Quality Monitoring of Thomas Reservoir, Kano State, Nigeria ", abstract = "Drinking water is supplied to Danbatta, Makoda and some parts of Minjibir local government areas of Kano State from the surface water of Thomas Reservoir. The present land use in the catchment area of the reservoir indicates high agricultural activities, fishing, as well as domestic and small scale industrial activities. To study and monitor the quality of surface and drinking water of the area, water samples were collected from the reservoir, treated water at the treatment plant and potable water at the consumer end in three seasons November - February (cold season), March - June (dry season) and July - September (rainy season). The samples were analyzed for physical and chemical parameters, pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, suspended solids, total solids, colour, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chloride ion (Cl-) nitrite (NO2-), nitrate (NO3-), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phosphate (PO43-). The higher values obtained in some parameters with respect to the acceptable standard set by World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Industrial Standards (NIS) indicate the pollution of both the surface and drinking water. These pollutants were observed to have a negative impact on water quality in terms of eutrophication, largely due to anthropogenic activities in the watershed.
", keywords = "Surface water, drinking water, water quality, pollution, Thomas reservoir, Kano.", volume = "10", number = "12", pages = "1439-5", }
