Study on Microbial Pretreatment for Enhancing Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Corncob
The complex structure of lignocellulose leads to great
difficulties in converting it to fermentable sugars for the ethanol
production. The major hydrolysis impediments are the crystallinity of
cellulose and the lignin content. To improve the efficiency of
enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial pretreatment of corncob was
investigated using two bacterial strains of Bacillus subtilis A 002 and
Cellulomonas sp. TISTR 784 (expected to break open the crystalline
part of cellulose) and lignin-degrading fungus, Phanerochaete
sordida SK7 (expected to remove lignin from lignocellulose). The
microbial pretreatment was carried out with each strain under its
optimum conditions. The pretreated corncob samples were further
hydrolyzed to produce reducing glucose with low amounts of
commercial cellulase (25 U·g-1 corncob) from Aspergillus niger. The
corncob samples were determined for composition change by X-ray
diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),
and scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to the results,
the microbial pretreatment with fungus, P. sordida SK7 was the most
effective for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis, approximately, 40%
improvement.
[1] P. C. Badger, "Ethanol from cellulose: a general review,”. in Trends in
new crops and new uses, J. Janick and A. Whipkey, Ed. Alexandria, VA:
ASHS Press, 2002,.pp. 17–21.
[2] M. Balat and H. Balat, "Recent trends in global production and
utilization of bio-ethanol fuel,” Appl. Energ., vol. 86, no. 11, pp. 2273–
2282, 2009.
[3] M. E. Scharf and A. Tartar, "Termite digestomes as sources for novel
lignocellulases,” Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefin., vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 540–552,
2008.
[4] P. Alvira, M. J. Negro, F. Saez, and M. Ballesteros, "Application of a
microassay method to study enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated wheat
straw,” J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., vol. 85, no. 9, pp. 1291–1297,
2010.
[5] S. Meehom, W. Iaprasert, and T. Kulworawanichpong, "Agricultural
residues biomass energy resources for electricity generation in
Nakhonratchasima province, Thailand,” in Conf. Rec. 2012 IERI Int.
Conf. FITMSE, vol. 14, pp. 409–413.
[6] Y. Sun and J. Cheng, "Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for
ethanol production: a review,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 1–
11, 2002.
[7] N. Mosier, C. Wyman, B. Dale, R. Elander, Y.Y. Lee, M. Holtzapple,
and M. Ladisch, "Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of
lignocellulosic biomass,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 96, no. 6, pp. 673–
686, 2005.
[8] C. Wan, and Y. Li, "Microbial pretreatment of corn stover with
Ceriporiopsis subvermispora for enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol
production,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 101, no. 16, pp. 6398–6403,
2010.
[9] F. A. Keller, J. E. Hamilton, and Q. A. Nguyen, "Microbial pretreatment
of biomass,” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., vol. 105, pp. 27–41, 2003.
[10] M. P. Vicentim and A. Ferraz, "Enzyme production and chemical
alterations of Eucalyptus grandis wood during biodegradation by
Ceriporiopsis subvermispora in cultures supplemented with Mn2+, corn
steep liquor and glucose,” Enzyme Microb. Tech., vol. 40, no. 4, pp.
645–652, 2007.
[11] C.Y. Liew, A. Husaini, H. Hussain, S. Muid, K.C. Liew, and H.A.
Roslan, "Lignin biodegradation and ligninolytic enzyme studies during
biopulping of Acacia mangium wood chips by tropical white rot fungi,”
World J. of Microbiol. Biotechnol., vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 1457–1468, 2011.
[12] M. Kurakake, N. Ide, and T. Komaki, "Biological pretreatment with two
bacterial strains for enzymatic hydrolysis of office paper,” Curr.
Microbiol., vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 424–428, 2007.
[13] K. Taechapoempol, T. Sreethawong, P. Rangsunvigit, W. Namprohm, B.
Thamprajamchit, S. Rengpipat, and S. Chavadej, "Cellulase-producing
bacteria from Thai higher termites, Microcerotermes sp.: Enzymatic
activities and ionic liquid tolerance,” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., vol.
164, no. 2, pp. 204–219, 2011.
[14] V. Sripat, "Pretreatment of Eucalypytus wood using tropical strains of
white rot fungi for kraft pulping,” M.S. thesis, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok, Thailand, 2013.
[15] C. D. Blasi, G. Signorelli, C. D. Russo, and G. Rea, "Product
distribution from pyrolysis of wood and agricultural r esidues,” Ind.
Eng. Chem. Res., vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 2216–2224, 1999.
[16] L. Lin, R. Yan, Y. Liu, and W. Jiang, "In-depth investigation of
enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass wastes based on three major
components: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin,” Bioresour. Technol.,
vol. 101, no. 21, pp. 8217–8223, 2010.
[17] T. K. Ghose, "Measurement of cellulase activities” Pure & Appl. Chem.,
vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 257–268, 1987.
[18] K.-L. Chang, J. Thitikorn-amorn, J.-F. Hsieh, B.-M. Ou, S.-H. Chen, K.
Ratanakhanokchai, P.-J. Huang, and S.-T. Chen, "Enhanced enzymatic
conversion with freeze pretreatment of rice straw,” Biomass Bioenerg.,
vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 90–95, 2011.
[19] Y. Cao and H. Tan, "Study on crystal structures of enzyme-hydrolyzed
cellulosic materials by X-ray diffraction,” Enzyme Microb., vol. 36, no.
2, pp. 314–317, 2005.
[20] K.K. Pandey and A.J. Pitman, "FTIR studies of the changes in wood
chemistry following decay by brown-rot and white-rot fungi,” Int.
Biodeterior. Biodegradation, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 151–160, 2003.
[21] R. A. Silverstein, Y. Chen, R. R. Sharma-Shivappa, M. D. Boyette, and
J. Osborne, "A comparison of chemical pretreatment methods for
improving saccharification of cotton stalks,” Bioresour. Technol., vol.
98, no. 16, pp. 3000–3011, 2007.
[22] J. M. Lee, H. Jameel, and R. A. Venditti, "A comparison of the
autohydrolysis and ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) pretreatments on
the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of coastal Bermuda grass,”
Bioresour. Technol., vol. 101, no. 14, pp. 5449–5458, 2010.
[23] T. L. Highley, L. L. Murmanis, and J. G. Palmer, "Ultrastructural
aspects of cellulose decomposition by white-rot fungi,” Holzforschung-
International Journal of the Biology, Chemistry, Physics and
Technology of Wood, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 73–78, 1984.
[24] B. K. Highina, O.A.J. Oladokun, and J. Apagu, "Production of glucose
from wheat straw using Aspergillus niger,” J. Appl. Phytotechnol.
Environ. Sanit., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 17–22, Jan. 2012.
[25] A. Boussaid and J. N. Saddler, "Adsorption and activity profiles of
cellulases during the hydrolysis of two Douglas fir pulps,” Enzyme
Microb., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 138–143, 1999.
[26] P. T. Gardner, T. J. Wood, A. Chesson, and T. Stuchbury, "Effect of
degradation on the porosity and surface area of forage cell walls of
differing lignin content,” J. Sci. Food Agr., vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 11–18,
1999.
[27] C. A. Mooney, S. D. Mansfield, M. G. Touhy, and J. N. Saddler, "The
effect of initial pore volume and lignin content on the enzymatic
hydrolysis of softwoods,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 113–
119, 1998.
[28] X. Zhang, H. Yu, H. Huang, and Y. Liu, "Evaluation of biological
pretreatment with white rot fungi for the enzymatic hydrolysis of
bamboo culms,” Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation, vol. 60, no. 3, pp.
159–164, 2007.
[29] J.-W. Lee, K.-S. Gwak, J.-Y. Park, M.-J. Park, D.-H. Choi, M. Kwon,
and I.-G. Choi, "Biological pretreatment of softwood Pinus densiflora
by three white rot fungi,” Journal of Microbiology, vol. 45, no. 6, pp.
485–491, Dec. 2007.
[30] Q. Qing and C. E. Wyman, "Supplementation with xylanase and β-
xylosidase to reduce xylo-oligomer and xylan inhibition of enzymatic
hydrolysis of cellulose and pretreated corn stover,” Biotechnol.
Biofuels., vol. 4, no. 18, pp. 1–12, 2011.
[31] M. Wolf, A. Geczi, O. Simon, and R. Borriss, "Genes encoding xylan
and β-glucan hydrolysing enzymes in Bacillus subtilis: characterization,
mapping and construction of strains deficient in lichenase, cellulase and
xylanase,” Microbiology, vol. 141, no. 2, pp. 281–290, 1995.
[32] M. G. Paice, R. Bourbonnais, M. Desrochers, L. Jurasek, and M.
Yaguchi, "A xylanase gene from Bacillus subtilis: nucleotide sequence
and comparison with B. pumilus gene,” Arch. Microbiol., vol. 144, no. 3,
pp. 201–206, 1986.
[33] M. Saleem, M. S. Akhtar, and S. Jamil, "Production of xylanase on
natural substrates by Bacillus subtilis,” Int. J. Agr. Biol., vol. 4, pp. 211–
213, 2002.
[34] Y.-C. Lo, G. D. Saratale, W.-M. Chen, M.-D. Bai, and J.-S. Chang,
"Isolation of cellulose-hydrolytic bacteria and applications of the
cellulolytic enzymes for cellulosic biohydrogen production,” Enzyme
Microb. Tech., vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 417–425, 2009.
[1] P. C. Badger, "Ethanol from cellulose: a general review,”. in Trends in
new crops and new uses, J. Janick and A. Whipkey, Ed. Alexandria, VA:
ASHS Press, 2002,.pp. 17–21.
[2] M. Balat and H. Balat, "Recent trends in global production and
utilization of bio-ethanol fuel,” Appl. Energ., vol. 86, no. 11, pp. 2273–
2282, 2009.
[3] M. E. Scharf and A. Tartar, "Termite digestomes as sources for novel
lignocellulases,” Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefin., vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 540–552,
2008.
[4] P. Alvira, M. J. Negro, F. Saez, and M. Ballesteros, "Application of a
microassay method to study enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated wheat
straw,” J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., vol. 85, no. 9, pp. 1291–1297,
2010.
[5] S. Meehom, W. Iaprasert, and T. Kulworawanichpong, "Agricultural
residues biomass energy resources for electricity generation in
Nakhonratchasima province, Thailand,” in Conf. Rec. 2012 IERI Int.
Conf. FITMSE, vol. 14, pp. 409–413.
[6] Y. Sun and J. Cheng, "Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for
ethanol production: a review,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 1–
11, 2002.
[7] N. Mosier, C. Wyman, B. Dale, R. Elander, Y.Y. Lee, M. Holtzapple,
and M. Ladisch, "Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of
lignocellulosic biomass,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 96, no. 6, pp. 673–
686, 2005.
[8] C. Wan, and Y. Li, "Microbial pretreatment of corn stover with
Ceriporiopsis subvermispora for enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol
production,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 101, no. 16, pp. 6398–6403,
2010.
[9] F. A. Keller, J. E. Hamilton, and Q. A. Nguyen, "Microbial pretreatment
of biomass,” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., vol. 105, pp. 27–41, 2003.
[10] M. P. Vicentim and A. Ferraz, "Enzyme production and chemical
alterations of Eucalyptus grandis wood during biodegradation by
Ceriporiopsis subvermispora in cultures supplemented with Mn2+, corn
steep liquor and glucose,” Enzyme Microb. Tech., vol. 40, no. 4, pp.
645–652, 2007.
[11] C.Y. Liew, A. Husaini, H. Hussain, S. Muid, K.C. Liew, and H.A.
Roslan, "Lignin biodegradation and ligninolytic enzyme studies during
biopulping of Acacia mangium wood chips by tropical white rot fungi,”
World J. of Microbiol. Biotechnol., vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 1457–1468, 2011.
[12] M. Kurakake, N. Ide, and T. Komaki, "Biological pretreatment with two
bacterial strains for enzymatic hydrolysis of office paper,” Curr.
Microbiol., vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 424–428, 2007.
[13] K. Taechapoempol, T. Sreethawong, P. Rangsunvigit, W. Namprohm, B.
Thamprajamchit, S. Rengpipat, and S. Chavadej, "Cellulase-producing
bacteria from Thai higher termites, Microcerotermes sp.: Enzymatic
activities and ionic liquid tolerance,” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., vol.
164, no. 2, pp. 204–219, 2011.
[14] V. Sripat, "Pretreatment of Eucalypytus wood using tropical strains of
white rot fungi for kraft pulping,” M.S. thesis, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok, Thailand, 2013.
[15] C. D. Blasi, G. Signorelli, C. D. Russo, and G. Rea, "Product
distribution from pyrolysis of wood and agricultural r esidues,” Ind.
Eng. Chem. Res., vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 2216–2224, 1999.
[16] L. Lin, R. Yan, Y. Liu, and W. Jiang, "In-depth investigation of
enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass wastes based on three major
components: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin,” Bioresour. Technol.,
vol. 101, no. 21, pp. 8217–8223, 2010.
[17] T. K. Ghose, "Measurement of cellulase activities” Pure & Appl. Chem.,
vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 257–268, 1987.
[18] K.-L. Chang, J. Thitikorn-amorn, J.-F. Hsieh, B.-M. Ou, S.-H. Chen, K.
Ratanakhanokchai, P.-J. Huang, and S.-T. Chen, "Enhanced enzymatic
conversion with freeze pretreatment of rice straw,” Biomass Bioenerg.,
vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 90–95, 2011.
[19] Y. Cao and H. Tan, "Study on crystal structures of enzyme-hydrolyzed
cellulosic materials by X-ray diffraction,” Enzyme Microb., vol. 36, no.
2, pp. 314–317, 2005.
[20] K.K. Pandey and A.J. Pitman, "FTIR studies of the changes in wood
chemistry following decay by brown-rot and white-rot fungi,” Int.
Biodeterior. Biodegradation, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 151–160, 2003.
[21] R. A. Silverstein, Y. Chen, R. R. Sharma-Shivappa, M. D. Boyette, and
J. Osborne, "A comparison of chemical pretreatment methods for
improving saccharification of cotton stalks,” Bioresour. Technol., vol.
98, no. 16, pp. 3000–3011, 2007.
[22] J. M. Lee, H. Jameel, and R. A. Venditti, "A comparison of the
autohydrolysis and ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) pretreatments on
the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of coastal Bermuda grass,”
Bioresour. Technol., vol. 101, no. 14, pp. 5449–5458, 2010.
[23] T. L. Highley, L. L. Murmanis, and J. G. Palmer, "Ultrastructural
aspects of cellulose decomposition by white-rot fungi,” Holzforschung-
International Journal of the Biology, Chemistry, Physics and
Technology of Wood, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 73–78, 1984.
[24] B. K. Highina, O.A.J. Oladokun, and J. Apagu, "Production of glucose
from wheat straw using Aspergillus niger,” J. Appl. Phytotechnol.
Environ. Sanit., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 17–22, Jan. 2012.
[25] A. Boussaid and J. N. Saddler, "Adsorption and activity profiles of
cellulases during the hydrolysis of two Douglas fir pulps,” Enzyme
Microb., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 138–143, 1999.
[26] P. T. Gardner, T. J. Wood, A. Chesson, and T. Stuchbury, "Effect of
degradation on the porosity and surface area of forage cell walls of
differing lignin content,” J. Sci. Food Agr., vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 11–18,
1999.
[27] C. A. Mooney, S. D. Mansfield, M. G. Touhy, and J. N. Saddler, "The
effect of initial pore volume and lignin content on the enzymatic
hydrolysis of softwoods,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 113–
119, 1998.
[28] X. Zhang, H. Yu, H. Huang, and Y. Liu, "Evaluation of biological
pretreatment with white rot fungi for the enzymatic hydrolysis of
bamboo culms,” Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation, vol. 60, no. 3, pp.
159–164, 2007.
[29] J.-W. Lee, K.-S. Gwak, J.-Y. Park, M.-J. Park, D.-H. Choi, M. Kwon,
and I.-G. Choi, "Biological pretreatment of softwood Pinus densiflora
by three white rot fungi,” Journal of Microbiology, vol. 45, no. 6, pp.
485–491, Dec. 2007.
[30] Q. Qing and C. E. Wyman, "Supplementation with xylanase and β-
xylosidase to reduce xylo-oligomer and xylan inhibition of enzymatic
hydrolysis of cellulose and pretreated corn stover,” Biotechnol.
Biofuels., vol. 4, no. 18, pp. 1–12, 2011.
[31] M. Wolf, A. Geczi, O. Simon, and R. Borriss, "Genes encoding xylan
and β-glucan hydrolysing enzymes in Bacillus subtilis: characterization,
mapping and construction of strains deficient in lichenase, cellulase and
xylanase,” Microbiology, vol. 141, no. 2, pp. 281–290, 1995.
[32] M. G. Paice, R. Bourbonnais, M. Desrochers, L. Jurasek, and M.
Yaguchi, "A xylanase gene from Bacillus subtilis: nucleotide sequence
and comparison with B. pumilus gene,” Arch. Microbiol., vol. 144, no. 3,
pp. 201–206, 1986.
[33] M. Saleem, M. S. Akhtar, and S. Jamil, "Production of xylanase on
natural substrates by Bacillus subtilis,” Int. J. Agr. Biol., vol. 4, pp. 211–
213, 2002.
[34] Y.-C. Lo, G. D. Saratale, W.-M. Chen, M.-D. Bai, and J.-S. Chang,
"Isolation of cellulose-hydrolytic bacteria and applications of the
cellulolytic enzymes for cellulosic biohydrogen production,” Enzyme
Microb. Tech., vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 417–425, 2009.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:55004", author = "Kessara Seneesrisakul and Erdogan Gulari and Sumaeth Chavadej", title = "Study on Microbial Pretreatment for Enhancing Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Corncob", abstract = "The complex structure of lignocellulose leads to great
difficulties in converting it to fermentable sugars for the ethanol
production. The major hydrolysis impediments are the crystallinity of
cellulose and the lignin content. To improve the efficiency of
enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial pretreatment of corncob was
investigated using two bacterial strains of Bacillus subtilis A 002 and
Cellulomonas sp. TISTR 784 (expected to break open the crystalline
part of cellulose) and lignin-degrading fungus, Phanerochaete
sordida SK7 (expected to remove lignin from lignocellulose). The
microbial pretreatment was carried out with each strain under its
optimum conditions. The pretreated corncob samples were further
hydrolyzed to produce reducing glucose with low amounts of
commercial cellulase (25 U·g-1 corncob) from Aspergillus niger. The
corncob samples were determined for composition change by X-ray
diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),
and scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to the results,
the microbial pretreatment with fungus, P. sordida SK7 was the most
effective for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis, approximately, 40%
improvement.
", keywords = "Corncob, Enzymatic hydrolysis, Microorganisms,
Pretreatment.", volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "971-6", }
