Strength and Permeability of the Granular Pavement Materials Treated with Polyacrylamide Based Additive
Among other traditional and non-traditional
additives, polymers have shown an efficient performance in the field
and improved sustainability. Polyacrylamide (PAM) is one such
additive that has demonstrated many advantages including a
reduction in permeability, an increase in durability and the provision
of strength characteristics. However, information about its effect on
the improved geotechnical characteristics is very limited to the field
performance monitoring. Therefore, a laboratory investigation was
carried out to examine the basic and engineering behaviors of three
types of soils treated with a PAM additive. The results showed an
increase in dry density and unconfined compressive strength for all
the soils. The results further demonstrated an increase in unsoaked
CBR and a reduction in permeability for all stabilized samples.
[1] Chamberlain, P, 'Polymers as soil conditioners', Chemistry in Britain,
1988, vol. 24, pp. 144-6.
[2] Lahalih, SM & Ahmed, N, 'Effect of new soil stabilizers on the
compressive strength of dune sand', Construction and building
Materials, 1998, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 321-328.
[3] Iyengar, SR, Masad, E, Rodriguez, AK, Bazzi, HS, Little, D &
Hanley, HJ, 'Pavement Subgrade Stabilization Using Polymers:
Characterization and Performance', Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering, 2012, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 472-483.
[4] Wilmot, TD, 'Selection of additives for stabilisation and recycling of
road pavements,' Proceedings-australian road research board,
Australian road research board ltd, 1994, 25-35.
[5] Andrews, R & Duffy, P, 'Polymer Stabilisation and Best Value
Management of Unsealed Road Networks', Road & Transport
Research: A Journal of Australian and New Zealand Research and
Practice, 2008, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 59.
[6] Santoni, RL, Tingle, JS & Nieves, M, 'Accelerated strength
improvement of silty sand with nontraditional additives',
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation
Research Board, 2005, vol. 1936, no. 1, pp. 34-42.
[7] Austroads 2006a, Guide to pavement technology: part 4L: stabilising
Binders, Austroads, Australia.
[8] Seybold, C, 'Polyacrylamide review: Soil conditioning and
environmental fate', Communications in Soil Science & Plant
Analysis, 1994, vol. 25, no. 11-12, pp. 2171-2185.
[9] Wallace, A & Terry, RE, Handbook of soil conditioners: Substances
that enhance the physical properties of soil, Marcel Dekker Inc., New
York, 1998.
[10] Hefer, AW, Little, DN & Lytton, RL, 'A Synthesis of Theories and
Mechanisms of Bitumen-Aggregate Adhesion Including Recent
Advances in Quantifying the Effects of Water (With Discussion)',
Journal of the association of asphalt paving technologists, 2005, vol.
74.
[11] Santoni, RL, Tingle, JS & Webster, SL, 'Stabilization of silty sand
with nontraditional additives', Transportation Research Record:
Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2002, vol. 1787, no. 1,
pp. 61-70.
[12] Ben-Hur, M, Malik, M, Letey, J & Mingelgrin, U, 'Adsorption of
polymers on clays as affected by clay charge and structure, polymer
properties, and water quality', Soil science, 1992, vol. 153, no. 5, pp.
349-356.
[13] Orts, WJ, Roa-Espinosa, A, Sojka, RE, Glenn, GM, Imam, SH,
Erlacher, K & Pedersen, JS, 'Use of synthetic polymers and
biopolymers for soil stabilization in agricultural, construction, and
military applications', Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2007,
vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 58-66.
[14] Li, Y, Shao, M & Horton, R, 'Effect of Polyacrylamide Applications
on Soil Hydraulic Characteristics and Sediment Yield of Sloping
Land', Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2011, vol. 11, pp. 763-773.
[15] Miller, W, Willis, R & Levy, G, 'Aggregate stabilization in kaolinitic
soils by low rates of anionic polyacrylamide', Soil use and
management, 1998, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 101-105.
[16] Camarena, S, 'Sustainable road maintenance and construction utilising
new technologies,' International Public Works Conference, Darwin,
Northern Territory, Australia, 2013. [17] Yongfeng, D, Songyu, L, Jian’an, H, Kan, L, Yanjun, D & Fei, J,
'Strength and Permeability of Cemented Soil with PAM.,' Grouting
and Deep Mixing 2012, ASCE, 1800-1807.
[18] AS 2009a, Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Method
3.6.1: soil classification tests- determination of the particle size
distribution of a soil-Standard method of analysis by sieving,
Australia.
[19] AS 2003a, Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Method
3.6.3: Soil classification tests- Determination of the particle size
distribution of a soil-Standard method of fine analysis using
hydrometer, Australia.
[20] AS 2009b, Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Method
3.2.1: soil classification tests- Determination of the plastic limit of a
soil—Standard method, Australia.
[21] AS 2009c, Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Method
3.1.1: Soil classification tests - Determination of the liquid limit of a
soil - Four point Casagrande method Australia.
[22] AS 2002, Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes method
3.9.1: Soil classification tests - Determination of the cone liquid limit
of a soil Australia.
[23] ASTM 2011, Standard practice for classification of soils for
engineering purposes (unified soil classification system), West
Conshohocken, PA, USA.
[24] AS 2001a, Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Method
1.1: Sampling and preparation of soils-Preparation of disturbed soil
samples for testing, Australia.
[25] AS 2003b, Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Method
5.2.1: Soil compaction and density tests—Determination of the dry
density/moisture content relation of a soil using modified compactive
effort, Australia.
[26] Georgees, RN, Hassan, RA, Evans, RP & Jegatheesan, P, 'Effect of
the Use of a Polymeric Stabilizing Additive on Unconfined
Compressive Strength of Soils', Transportation Research Record:
Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2015, vol. 2473, pp.
200-208.
[27] AS 2008, Methods for preparation and testing of stabilized materials
Method 4: Unconfined compressive strength of compacted materials,
Australia.
[28] ASTM 2008, Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive
Strength of Cohesive Soil, USA.
[29] AS 1998, Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Method
6.1.1: Soil strength and consolidation tests-determination of the
california bearing ratioo of a soil- standard laboratory method for a
remoulded specimen, Australia.
[30] AS 2001b, Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Method
6.7.2: Soil Strength and consolidation tests- determination of
permeability of a soil- Falling head method for a remoulded specimen,
Australia.
[31] Malik, M & Letey, J, 'Adsorption of polyacrylamide and
polysaccharide polymers on soil materials', Soil Science Society of
America Journal, 1991, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 380-383.
[32] Austroads 2006b, Guide to pavement technology: part 4D: stabilised
materials, Austroads, Australia.
[33] Terzaghi, K, Peck, RB & Mesri, G, Soil mechanics in engineering
practice, John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
[34] Sojka, R, Bjorneberg, D, Entry, J, Lentz, R & Orts, W,
'Polyacrylamide in agriculture and environmental land management',
Advances in Agronomy, 2007, vol. 92, pp. 75-162.
[1] Chamberlain, P, 'Polymers as soil conditioners', Chemistry in Britain,
1988, vol. 24, pp. 144-6.
[2] Lahalih, SM & Ahmed, N, 'Effect of new soil stabilizers on the
compressive strength of dune sand', Construction and building
Materials, 1998, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 321-328.
[3] Iyengar, SR, Masad, E, Rodriguez, AK, Bazzi, HS, Little, D &
Hanley, HJ, 'Pavement Subgrade Stabilization Using Polymers:
Characterization and Performance', Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering, 2012, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 472-483.
[4] Wilmot, TD, 'Selection of additives for stabilisation and recycling of
road pavements,' Proceedings-australian road research board,
Australian road research board ltd, 1994, 25-35.
[5] Andrews, R & Duffy, P, 'Polymer Stabilisation and Best Value
Management of Unsealed Road Networks', Road & Transport
Research: A Journal of Australian and New Zealand Research and
Practice, 2008, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 59.
[6] Santoni, RL, Tingle, JS & Nieves, M, 'Accelerated strength
improvement of silty sand with nontraditional additives',
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation
Research Board, 2005, vol. 1936, no. 1, pp. 34-42.
[7] Austroads 2006a, Guide to pavement technology: part 4L: stabilising
Binders, Austroads, Australia.
[8] Seybold, C, 'Polyacrylamide review: Soil conditioning and
environmental fate', Communications in Soil Science & Plant
Analysis, 1994, vol. 25, no. 11-12, pp. 2171-2185.
[9] Wallace, A & Terry, RE, Handbook of soil conditioners: Substances
that enhance the physical properties of soil, Marcel Dekker Inc., New
York, 1998.
[10] Hefer, AW, Little, DN & Lytton, RL, 'A Synthesis of Theories and
Mechanisms of Bitumen-Aggregate Adhesion Including Recent
Advances in Quantifying the Effects of Water (With Discussion)',
Journal of the association of asphalt paving technologists, 2005, vol.
74.
[11] Santoni, RL, Tingle, JS & Webster, SL, 'Stabilization of silty sand
with nontraditional additives', Transportation Research Record:
Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2002, vol. 1787, no. 1,
pp. 61-70.
[12] Ben-Hur, M, Malik, M, Letey, J & Mingelgrin, U, 'Adsorption of
polymers on clays as affected by clay charge and structure, polymer
properties, and water quality', Soil science, 1992, vol. 153, no. 5, pp.
349-356.
[13] Orts, WJ, Roa-Espinosa, A, Sojka, RE, Glenn, GM, Imam, SH,
Erlacher, K & Pedersen, JS, 'Use of synthetic polymers and
biopolymers for soil stabilization in agricultural, construction, and
military applications', Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2007,
vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 58-66.
[14] Li, Y, Shao, M & Horton, R, 'Effect of Polyacrylamide Applications
on Soil Hydraulic Characteristics and Sediment Yield of Sloping
Land', Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2011, vol. 11, pp. 763-773.
[15] Miller, W, Willis, R & Levy, G, 'Aggregate stabilization in kaolinitic
soils by low rates of anionic polyacrylamide', Soil use and
management, 1998, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 101-105.
[16] Camarena, S, 'Sustainable road maintenance and construction utilising
new technologies,' International Public Works Conference, Darwin,
Northern Territory, Australia, 2013. [17] Yongfeng, D, Songyu, L, Jian’an, H, Kan, L, Yanjun, D & Fei, J,
'Strength and Permeability of Cemented Soil with PAM.,' Grouting
and Deep Mixing 2012, ASCE, 1800-1807.
[18] AS 2009a, Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Method
3.6.1: soil classification tests- determination of the particle size
distribution of a soil-Standard method of analysis by sieving,
Australia.
[19] AS 2003a, Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Method
3.6.3: Soil classification tests- Determination of the particle size
distribution of a soil-Standard method of fine analysis using
hydrometer, Australia.
[20] AS 2009b, Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Method
3.2.1: soil classification tests- Determination of the plastic limit of a
soil—Standard method, Australia.
[21] AS 2009c, Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Method
3.1.1: Soil classification tests - Determination of the liquid limit of a
soil - Four point Casagrande method Australia.
[22] AS 2002, Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes method
3.9.1: Soil classification tests - Determination of the cone liquid limit
of a soil Australia.
[23] ASTM 2011, Standard practice for classification of soils for
engineering purposes (unified soil classification system), West
Conshohocken, PA, USA.
[24] AS 2001a, Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Method
1.1: Sampling and preparation of soils-Preparation of disturbed soil
samples for testing, Australia.
[25] AS 2003b, Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Method
5.2.1: Soil compaction and density tests—Determination of the dry
density/moisture content relation of a soil using modified compactive
effort, Australia.
[26] Georgees, RN, Hassan, RA, Evans, RP & Jegatheesan, P, 'Effect of
the Use of a Polymeric Stabilizing Additive on Unconfined
Compressive Strength of Soils', Transportation Research Record:
Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2015, vol. 2473, pp.
200-208.
[27] AS 2008, Methods for preparation and testing of stabilized materials
Method 4: Unconfined compressive strength of compacted materials,
Australia.
[28] ASTM 2008, Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive
Strength of Cohesive Soil, USA.
[29] AS 1998, Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Method
6.1.1: Soil strength and consolidation tests-determination of the
california bearing ratioo of a soil- standard laboratory method for a
remoulded specimen, Australia.
[30] AS 2001b, Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Method
6.7.2: Soil Strength and consolidation tests- determination of
permeability of a soil- Falling head method for a remoulded specimen,
Australia.
[31] Malik, M & Letey, J, 'Adsorption of polyacrylamide and
polysaccharide polymers on soil materials', Soil Science Society of
America Journal, 1991, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 380-383.
[32] Austroads 2006b, Guide to pavement technology: part 4D: stabilised
materials, Austroads, Australia.
[33] Terzaghi, K, Peck, RB & Mesri, G, Soil mechanics in engineering
practice, John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
[34] Sojka, R, Bjorneberg, D, Entry, J, Lentz, R & Orts, W,
'Polyacrylamide in agriculture and environmental land management',
Advances in Agronomy, 2007, vol. 92, pp. 75-162.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:72025", author = "Romel N. Georgees and Rayya A Hassan and Robert P. Evans and Piratheepan Jegatheesan", title = "Strength and Permeability of the Granular Pavement Materials Treated with Polyacrylamide Based Additive", abstract = "Among other traditional and non-traditional
additives, polymers have shown an efficient performance in the field
and improved sustainability. Polyacrylamide (PAM) is one such
additive that has demonstrated many advantages including a
reduction in permeability, an increase in durability and the provision
of strength characteristics. However, information about its effect on
the improved geotechnical characteristics is very limited to the field
performance monitoring. Therefore, a laboratory investigation was
carried out to examine the basic and engineering behaviors of three
types of soils treated with a PAM additive. The results showed an
increase in dry density and unconfined compressive strength for all
the soils. The results further demonstrated an increase in unsoaked
CBR and a reduction in permeability for all stabilized samples.", keywords = "CBR, Hydraulic conductivity, PAM, Unconfined
compressive strength.", volume = "10", number = "2", pages = "181-6", }
