Statistical Description of Counterpoise Effective Length Based On Regressive Formulas
This paper presents a novel statistical description of
the counterpoise effective length due to lightning surges, where the
(impulse) effective length had been obtained by means of regressive
formulas applied to the transient simulation results. The effective
length is described in terms of a statistical distribution function, from
which median, mean, variance, and other parameters of interest could
be readily obtained. The influence of lightning current amplitude,
lightning front duration, and soil resistivity on the effective length has
been accounted for, assuming statistical nature of these parameters. A
method for determining the optimal counterpoise length, in terms of
the statistical impulse effective length, is also presented. It is based on
estimating the number of dangerous events associated with lightning
strikes. Proposed statistical description and the associated method
provide valuable information which could aid the design engineer in
optimising physical lengths of counterpoises in different grounding
arrangements and soil resistivity situations.
[1] F. M. Gatta, A. Geri, S. Lauria, and M. Maccioni, “Backflashover
simulation of HV transmission lines with enhanced counterpoise
groundings,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 79, pp. 1076–1084,
2009.
[2] L. Grcev, “Improved design of power transmission line arrangements
for better protection against effects of lightning,” in Proceedings of the
International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Roma, Italy,
September, 14-18 1998, pp. 100–103.
[3] D. Cavka, D. Poljak, and R. Goic, “Transient analysis of grounding
systems for wind turbines,” Renewable Energy, vol. 43, pp. 284–291,
2012.
[4] S. Sekioka and T. Funabashi, “Effective length of long grounding
conductor in windfarm,” in International Conference on Power System
Transients, Lyon, France, June, 4-7 2007.
[5] B. P. Gupta and B. Thapar, “Impulse characteristics of grounding
electrodes,” Journal of the Institution of Engineering (India), vol. 61,
no. 4, pp. 178–182, 1981.
[6] L. Grcev, “Impulse efficiency of ground electrodes,” IEEE Transactions
on Power Delivery, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 441–451, 2009.
[7] J. He, Y. Gao, R. Zeng, J. Zou, X. Liang, B. Zhang, J. Lee, and S. Chang,
“Effective length of counterpoise wire under lightning current,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1585–1591, 2005.
[8] S. Wojtas, “Lightning impulse efficiency of horizontal earthings,”
Electrical Review, vol. 88, no. 10b, pp. 332–334, 2012.
[9] J.-H. Choi and B.-H. Lee, “An analysis of conventional grounding
impedance based on the impulsive current distribution of a horizontal
electrode,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 85, pp. 30–37, 2012.
[10] A. K. Mishra, N. Nagaoka, and A. Ametani, “Frequency-dependent
distributed-parameter modelling of counterpoise by time-domain fitting,”
IEE Proceedings – Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 153,
no. 4, pp. 485–492, 2006.
[11] R. S. Alipio, M. A. O. Schroeder, M. M. Afonso, and T. A. S. Oliveira,
“The influence of the soil parameters dependence with frequency
on impulse grounding behavior,” in X International Symposium on
Lightning Protection, Curitiba, Brasil, November, 9-13 2009.
[12] J. He, R. Zeng, and B. Zhang, Methodology and Technology for Power
System Grounding. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd.,
2013.
[13] CIGRE, “Lightning parameters for engineering applications,” CIGRE,
Tech. Rep., 2013, Working Group C4.407.
[14] IEEE WG, “Parameters of lightning strokes: A review,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 346–358, 2005.
[15] A. Borghetti, C. A. Nucci, and M. Paolone, “Estimation of the statistical
distributions of lightning current parameters at ground level from the
data recorded by instrumented towers,” IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, vol. 19, pp. 1400–1409, 2004.
[16] J. Takami and S. Okabe, “Observational results of lightning current on
transmission towers,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 22,
no. 1, pp. 547–556, 2007.
[17] Y. P. Tu, J. L. He, and R. Zeng, “Lightning impulse performances
of grounding devices covered with low-resistivity-materials,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 1706–1713, 2003.
[18] W. K. Hardle and L. Simar, Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis,
3rd ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2012.
[19] H. P. Langtangen, A Primer on Scientific Programming with Python,
3rd ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2012.
[20] IEC, “IEC 61400-24: Wind turbines – Part 24: Lightning protection,”
2010, International standard, Edition 1.0 2010-06.
[1] F. M. Gatta, A. Geri, S. Lauria, and M. Maccioni, “Backflashover
simulation of HV transmission lines with enhanced counterpoise
groundings,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 79, pp. 1076–1084,
2009.
[2] L. Grcev, “Improved design of power transmission line arrangements
for better protection against effects of lightning,” in Proceedings of the
International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Roma, Italy,
September, 14-18 1998, pp. 100–103.
[3] D. Cavka, D. Poljak, and R. Goic, “Transient analysis of grounding
systems for wind turbines,” Renewable Energy, vol. 43, pp. 284–291,
2012.
[4] S. Sekioka and T. Funabashi, “Effective length of long grounding
conductor in windfarm,” in International Conference on Power System
Transients, Lyon, France, June, 4-7 2007.
[5] B. P. Gupta and B. Thapar, “Impulse characteristics of grounding
electrodes,” Journal of the Institution of Engineering (India), vol. 61,
no. 4, pp. 178–182, 1981.
[6] L. Grcev, “Impulse efficiency of ground electrodes,” IEEE Transactions
on Power Delivery, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 441–451, 2009.
[7] J. He, Y. Gao, R. Zeng, J. Zou, X. Liang, B. Zhang, J. Lee, and S. Chang,
“Effective length of counterpoise wire under lightning current,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1585–1591, 2005.
[8] S. Wojtas, “Lightning impulse efficiency of horizontal earthings,”
Electrical Review, vol. 88, no. 10b, pp. 332–334, 2012.
[9] J.-H. Choi and B.-H. Lee, “An analysis of conventional grounding
impedance based on the impulsive current distribution of a horizontal
electrode,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 85, pp. 30–37, 2012.
[10] A. K. Mishra, N. Nagaoka, and A. Ametani, “Frequency-dependent
distributed-parameter modelling of counterpoise by time-domain fitting,”
IEE Proceedings – Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 153,
no. 4, pp. 485–492, 2006.
[11] R. S. Alipio, M. A. O. Schroeder, M. M. Afonso, and T. A. S. Oliveira,
“The influence of the soil parameters dependence with frequency
on impulse grounding behavior,” in X International Symposium on
Lightning Protection, Curitiba, Brasil, November, 9-13 2009.
[12] J. He, R. Zeng, and B. Zhang, Methodology and Technology for Power
System Grounding. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd.,
2013.
[13] CIGRE, “Lightning parameters for engineering applications,” CIGRE,
Tech. Rep., 2013, Working Group C4.407.
[14] IEEE WG, “Parameters of lightning strokes: A review,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 346–358, 2005.
[15] A. Borghetti, C. A. Nucci, and M. Paolone, “Estimation of the statistical
distributions of lightning current parameters at ground level from the
data recorded by instrumented towers,” IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, vol. 19, pp. 1400–1409, 2004.
[16] J. Takami and S. Okabe, “Observational results of lightning current on
transmission towers,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 22,
no. 1, pp. 547–556, 2007.
[17] Y. P. Tu, J. L. He, and R. Zeng, “Lightning impulse performances
of grounding devices covered with low-resistivity-materials,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 1706–1713, 2003.
[18] W. K. Hardle and L. Simar, Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis,
3rd ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2012.
[19] H. P. Langtangen, A Primer on Scientific Programming with Python,
3rd ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2012.
[20] IEC, “IEC 61400-24: Wind turbines – Part 24: Lightning protection,”
2010, International standard, Edition 1.0 2010-06.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:68992", author = "Petar Sarajcev and Josip Vasilj and Damir Jakus", title = "Statistical Description of Counterpoise Effective Length Based On Regressive Formulas", abstract = "This paper presents a novel statistical description of
the counterpoise effective length due to lightning surges, where the
(impulse) effective length had been obtained by means of regressive
formulas applied to the transient simulation results. The effective
length is described in terms of a statistical distribution function, from
which median, mean, variance, and other parameters of interest could
be readily obtained. The influence of lightning current amplitude,
lightning front duration, and soil resistivity on the effective length has
been accounted for, assuming statistical nature of these parameters. A
method for determining the optimal counterpoise length, in terms of
the statistical impulse effective length, is also presented. It is based on
estimating the number of dangerous events associated with lightning
strikes. Proposed statistical description and the associated method
provide valuable information which could aid the design engineer in
optimising physical lengths of counterpoises in different grounding
arrangements and soil resistivity situations.
", keywords = "Counterpoise, Grounding conductor, Effective length,
Lightning, Monte Carlo method, Statistical distribution.", volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "155-7", }
