Stabilization of γ-Sterilized Food-Packaging Materials by Synergistic Mixtures of Food-Contact Approval Stabilizers
Food is widely packaged with plastic materials to
prevent microbial contamination and spoilage. Ionizing radiation is
widely used to sterilize the food-packaging materials. Sterilization by
γ-radiation causes degradation such as embrittlement, stiffening,
softening, discoloration, odour generation, and decrease in molecular
weight. Many antioxidants can prevent γ-degradation but most of
them are toxic. The migration of antioxidants to its environment
gives rise to major concerns in case of food packaging plastics. In
this attempt, we have aimed to utilize synergistic mixtures of
stabilizers which are approved for food-contact applications.
Ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer has been melt-mixed with
hindered amine stabilizers (HAS), phenolic antioxidants and organophosphites
(hydroperoxide decomposer). Results were discussed by
comparing the stabilizing efficiency of mixtures with and without
phenol system. Among phenol containing systems where we mostly
observed discoloration due to the oxidation of hindered phenol, the
combination of secondary HAS, tertiary HAS, organo-phosphite and
hindered phenol exhibited improved stabilization efficiency than
single or binary additive systems. The mixture of secondary HAS and
tertiary HAS, has shown antagonistic effect of stabilization.
However, the combination of organo-phosphite with secondary HAS,
tertiary HAS and phenol antioxidants have been found to give
synergistic even at higher doses of Gamma-irradiation. The effects
have been explained through the interaction between the stabilizers.
After γ-irradiation, the consumption of oligomeric stabilizer
significantly depends on the components of stabilization mixture. The
effect of the organo-phosphite antioxidant on the overall stability has
been discussed.
[1] A. F. Booth, "Sterilization of Medical devices," Buffalo Grove,
Interpharm Press, Illinois, 1979.
[2] M. Sturdevant, Plastics Engineering, vol. 47, pp. 27-32, 1991.
[3] M. Deng, S. W. Shalaby, J Appl Polym Sci, vol. 58, pp. 2111-2119,
1995.
[4] M. Goldman, M. Lee, R. Grousky, L. Pruitt, J Biomedical Material
Research, vol. 37(1), pp. 43-50, 1997.
[5] J. Fishcher, E. A. Reeves, G. H. Isaac, K. A. Saum, W. A. Sanford, J
Materials Science – Materials in medicine, vol. 8 (6), pp. 375-378, 1997.
[6] T. S. Dunn, J. L. Williams, J Indust Irrad Tech, vol. 1, pp. 33, 1983.
[7] D. J. Carlsson, S. Chmela, "Polymers and high-energy irradiation:
degradation and stabilization". In: Jellinek HHG, editor. Degradation
and stabilization of polymers, Amsterdam, Elsevier, vol. 1, 1983, ch. 4.
[8] P. P. Klemchuk, P. L. Horng, Polym Degrad Stab, vol. 34, pp. 333-346,
1991.
[9] H. Wilski, Radiat Phys Chem, vol. 29 pp. 1, 1987.
[10] P. Horng, P. Klemchuk, Plastics Engineering, pp. 35, April, 1984.
[11] N. Billingham "In Oxidation Inhibition in Organic Materials", J.
Pospisil, P. P. Klemchuk, Eds, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 2, 1990, ch.
6.
[12] S. Al-Malaika, M. R. J. Goonetilleka, G. Scott, Polym Degrad Stab,vol.
32, pp. 231, 1991.
[13] T. R. Crompton, "In Additive Migration from Plastics into Food",
Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979.
[14] J. D. McGuinness, Food Addit Contam, vol. 3(95), pp. 102, 1986.
[15] L. Clough, C. Norman, Billingham, T. Kenneth, Gillen, "Polymer
durability degradation, stabilization, and lifetime prediction",
Washington DC, American Chemical Society, (Advances in chemistry
series, ISSN 0065-2393;249) 375e96, 1996, ch.25.
[16] J. Malik, A. Hrivik, D. Alexyova, Polym Degrad Stab, vol. 35, pp. 125,
1992.
[17] Gugumus F. Res Discl 1981;209:357.
[18] S. Chmela, P. Hrdlovic, Z. Manasek, Polym Degrdn Stab, vol. 11, pp.
233, 1985.
[19] L. Clough, C. Norman Billingham, T. Kenneth Gillen, "Polym durability
degradation, stabilization, and lifetime prediction" Washington DC,
American Chemical Society; (Advances in chemistry series, ISSN 0065-
2393;249) 455e70, 1996, ch. 29.
[20] T. H. Schmutz, R. King, J. R. Pauquet, "In the International Plastics
Additives and Modifiers Conference, 1997; Addcon Asia , Paper 9.
[21] Kikkawa K. Polym Degrad Stab, vol. 49, pp. 135, 1995.
[22] Ciba specialty chemicals additives for polyolefins key products selection
guide, Pub. no. 016269.00.040, Switzerland: Ciba Specialty Chemicals
Inc.; http//www.cibasc.com
[23] D. J. Carlsson, D. M. Wiles, Macromolecues, vol. 2, pp. 597, 1969.
[24] “Annual Book of ASTM Standard”, American Society for Testing and
Materials", Philadelphia,Vol. 8.02, 1988.
[25] F. W. Billmeyer, Sultzman, "Principles of colour Technol", Interscience,
New Yourk, pp. 38, 1966.
[26] M. Hagiwara, T. Kagiya, "In Degradation and Stabilization of
Polymers", vol. 1. ed. H. H. G. Jellinek. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1983, ch.
8.
[27] L. Clough, C. Norman Billingham, T. Kenneth Gillen, "Polymer
Durability Degradation, Stabilization, and Lifetime Prediction",
Washington DC, pp. 359-374, 1996, ch. 24.
[28] Kawamura, Yoko, Sayama, Kayo, Yamada Takashi, Shokuhin Shosha,
vol. 35 (1,2), pp. 7-14, 2000.
[29] Darren McFarlane, "Diffusion controlled investigation of the parameters
responsible for the efficiency of hindered amine light stabilizers", Ph.D.
Thesis, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science,
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia,
August, 2002.
[30] D. W. Allen, D. A. Leathard, C. Smith, Chem Ind, pp. 854, 1987.
[31] J. Pospisil, Polym Degrad Stab, vol. 39, pp. 103, 1993.
[32] Vyprachticky D, Pospisil J. Polym Degrad Stab 1990;27: 227.
[33] K J. Murayama, Synth Org Chem, vol. 29, pp. 366, 1971.
[34] J. Pospisil, Polym Degrad Stab, vol. 34: pp. 85, 1991.
[35] J. Pospisil, Polym Adv Technol, vol. 3: pp. 443, 1992.
[36] P. Carloni, L. Greci, P. Stipa, C. Rizzoli, P. Sgatabotto, F. Ugozzoli,
Polym Degrad Stab, vol. 39: pp. 73, 1993.
[37] J. R. Pauquet, "In Processing of Wire and Cable", the 42nd International
Symposium, Eatontown, NJ, vol. 35, pp.105, 1992.
[38] W. O. Drake, J. R. Pauquet, R. V. Tedesco, H. Zweifel, Angew
Makromol Chem, vol. 176/177, pp. 215-230 (3068), 1990.
[1] A. F. Booth, "Sterilization of Medical devices," Buffalo Grove,
Interpharm Press, Illinois, 1979.
[2] M. Sturdevant, Plastics Engineering, vol. 47, pp. 27-32, 1991.
[3] M. Deng, S. W. Shalaby, J Appl Polym Sci, vol. 58, pp. 2111-2119,
1995.
[4] M. Goldman, M. Lee, R. Grousky, L. Pruitt, J Biomedical Material
Research, vol. 37(1), pp. 43-50, 1997.
[5] J. Fishcher, E. A. Reeves, G. H. Isaac, K. A. Saum, W. A. Sanford, J
Materials Science – Materials in medicine, vol. 8 (6), pp. 375-378, 1997.
[6] T. S. Dunn, J. L. Williams, J Indust Irrad Tech, vol. 1, pp. 33, 1983.
[7] D. J. Carlsson, S. Chmela, "Polymers and high-energy irradiation:
degradation and stabilization". In: Jellinek HHG, editor. Degradation
and stabilization of polymers, Amsterdam, Elsevier, vol. 1, 1983, ch. 4.
[8] P. P. Klemchuk, P. L. Horng, Polym Degrad Stab, vol. 34, pp. 333-346,
1991.
[9] H. Wilski, Radiat Phys Chem, vol. 29 pp. 1, 1987.
[10] P. Horng, P. Klemchuk, Plastics Engineering, pp. 35, April, 1984.
[11] N. Billingham "In Oxidation Inhibition in Organic Materials", J.
Pospisil, P. P. Klemchuk, Eds, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 2, 1990, ch.
6.
[12] S. Al-Malaika, M. R. J. Goonetilleka, G. Scott, Polym Degrad Stab,vol.
32, pp. 231, 1991.
[13] T. R. Crompton, "In Additive Migration from Plastics into Food",
Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979.
[14] J. D. McGuinness, Food Addit Contam, vol. 3(95), pp. 102, 1986.
[15] L. Clough, C. Norman, Billingham, T. Kenneth, Gillen, "Polymer
durability degradation, stabilization, and lifetime prediction",
Washington DC, American Chemical Society, (Advances in chemistry
series, ISSN 0065-2393;249) 375e96, 1996, ch.25.
[16] J. Malik, A. Hrivik, D. Alexyova, Polym Degrad Stab, vol. 35, pp. 125,
1992.
[17] Gugumus F. Res Discl 1981;209:357.
[18] S. Chmela, P. Hrdlovic, Z. Manasek, Polym Degrdn Stab, vol. 11, pp.
233, 1985.
[19] L. Clough, C. Norman Billingham, T. Kenneth Gillen, "Polym durability
degradation, stabilization, and lifetime prediction" Washington DC,
American Chemical Society; (Advances in chemistry series, ISSN 0065-
2393;249) 455e70, 1996, ch. 29.
[20] T. H. Schmutz, R. King, J. R. Pauquet, "In the International Plastics
Additives and Modifiers Conference, 1997; Addcon Asia , Paper 9.
[21] Kikkawa K. Polym Degrad Stab, vol. 49, pp. 135, 1995.
[22] Ciba specialty chemicals additives for polyolefins key products selection
guide, Pub. no. 016269.00.040, Switzerland: Ciba Specialty Chemicals
Inc.; http//www.cibasc.com
[23] D. J. Carlsson, D. M. Wiles, Macromolecues, vol. 2, pp. 597, 1969.
[24] “Annual Book of ASTM Standard”, American Society for Testing and
Materials", Philadelphia,Vol. 8.02, 1988.
[25] F. W. Billmeyer, Sultzman, "Principles of colour Technol", Interscience,
New Yourk, pp. 38, 1966.
[26] M. Hagiwara, T. Kagiya, "In Degradation and Stabilization of
Polymers", vol. 1. ed. H. H. G. Jellinek. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1983, ch.
8.
[27] L. Clough, C. Norman Billingham, T. Kenneth Gillen, "Polymer
Durability Degradation, Stabilization, and Lifetime Prediction",
Washington DC, pp. 359-374, 1996, ch. 24.
[28] Kawamura, Yoko, Sayama, Kayo, Yamada Takashi, Shokuhin Shosha,
vol. 35 (1,2), pp. 7-14, 2000.
[29] Darren McFarlane, "Diffusion controlled investigation of the parameters
responsible for the efficiency of hindered amine light stabilizers", Ph.D.
Thesis, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science,
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia,
August, 2002.
[30] D. W. Allen, D. A. Leathard, C. Smith, Chem Ind, pp. 854, 1987.
[31] J. Pospisil, Polym Degrad Stab, vol. 39, pp. 103, 1993.
[32] Vyprachticky D, Pospisil J. Polym Degrad Stab 1990;27: 227.
[33] K J. Murayama, Synth Org Chem, vol. 29, pp. 366, 1971.
[34] J. Pospisil, Polym Degrad Stab, vol. 34: pp. 85, 1991.
[35] J. Pospisil, Polym Adv Technol, vol. 3: pp. 443, 1992.
[36] P. Carloni, L. Greci, P. Stipa, C. Rizzoli, P. Sgatabotto, F. Ugozzoli,
Polym Degrad Stab, vol. 39: pp. 73, 1993.
[37] J. R. Pauquet, "In Processing of Wire and Cable", the 42nd International
Symposium, Eatontown, NJ, vol. 35, pp.105, 1992.
[38] W. O. Drake, J. R. Pauquet, R. V. Tedesco, H. Zweifel, Angew
Makromol Chem, vol. 176/177, pp. 215-230 (3068), 1990.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:68954", author = "Sameh A. S. Alariqi", title = "Stabilization of γ-Sterilized Food-Packaging Materials by Synergistic Mixtures of Food-Contact Approval Stabilizers", abstract = "Food is widely packaged with plastic materials to
prevent microbial contamination and spoilage. Ionizing radiation is
widely used to sterilize the food-packaging materials. Sterilization by
γ-radiation causes degradation such as embrittlement, stiffening,
softening, discoloration, odour generation, and decrease in molecular
weight. Many antioxidants can prevent γ-degradation but most of
them are toxic. The migration of antioxidants to its environment
gives rise to major concerns in case of food packaging plastics. In
this attempt, we have aimed to utilize synergistic mixtures of
stabilizers which are approved for food-contact applications.
Ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer has been melt-mixed with
hindered amine stabilizers (HAS), phenolic antioxidants and organophosphites
(hydroperoxide decomposer). Results were discussed by
comparing the stabilizing efficiency of mixtures with and without
phenol system. Among phenol containing systems where we mostly
observed discoloration due to the oxidation of hindered phenol, the
combination of secondary HAS, tertiary HAS, organo-phosphite and
hindered phenol exhibited improved stabilization efficiency than
single or binary additive systems. The mixture of secondary HAS and
tertiary HAS, has shown antagonistic effect of stabilization.
However, the combination of organo-phosphite with secondary HAS,
tertiary HAS and phenol antioxidants have been found to give
synergistic even at higher doses of Gamma-irradiation. The effects
have been explained through the interaction between the stabilizers.
After γ-irradiation, the consumption of oligomeric stabilizer
significantly depends on the components of stabilization mixture. The
effect of the organo-phosphite antioxidant on the overall stability has
been discussed.
", keywords = "Ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer, Synergistic
mixtures, Gamma-sterilization and stabilization.", volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "135-7", }
