Simulating Dynamics of Thoracolumbar Spine Derived from Life MOD under Haptic Forces
In this paper, the construction of a detailed spine
model is presented using the LifeMOD Biomechanics Modeler. The
detailed spine model is obtained by refining spine segments in
cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions into individual vertebra
segments, using bushing elements representing the intervertebral
discs, and building various ligamentous soft tissues between
vertebrae. In the sagittal plane of the spine, constant force will be
applied from the posterior to anterior during simulation to determine
dynamic characteristics of the spine. The force magnitude is
gradually increased in subsequent simulations. Based on these
recorded dynamic properties, graphs of displacement-force
relationships will be established in terms of polynomial functions by
using the least-squares method and imported into a haptic integrated
graphic environment. A thoracolumbar spine model with complex
geometry of vertebrae, which is digitized from a resin spine
prototype, will be utilized in this environment. By using the haptic
technique, surgeons can touch as well as apply forces to the spine
model through haptic devices to observe the locomotion of the spine
which is computed from the displacement-force relationship graphs.
This current study provides a preliminary picture of our ongoing
work towards building and simulating bio-fidelity scoliotic spine
models in a haptic integrated graphic environment whose dynamic
properties are obtained from LifeMOD. These models can be helpful
for surgeons to examine kinematic behaviors of scoliotic spines and
to propose possible surgical plans before spine correction operations.
[1] M. A. Adams, and P. Dolan, "Recent advances in lumbar spinal
mechanics and their clinical significance," Clin. Biomech., vol. 10, no.
1, pp. 3-19, Jan. 1995.
[2] J. P. Callaghan, and S. M. McGill, "Low back joint loading and
kinematics during standing and unsupported sitting," Ergonomics, vol.
44, no. 3, pp. 280-294, Feb. 2001.
[3] B. Vallfors, "Acute, subacute and chronic low back pain: clinical
symptoms, absenteeism and working environment," Scand. J. Rehab.
Med. Suppl., vol. 11, pp. 1-98, 1985.
[4] K. Luoma, H. Riihimaki, R. Luukkonen, R. Raininko, E. Viikari-
Juntura, and A. Lamminen, "Low back pain in relation to lumbar disc
degeneration," Spine, vol. 25, pp. 487-492, 2000.
[5] K. W. Lee, "CAD system for human-centered design," Computer-Aided
Design & Applications, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 615-628, 2006.
[6] H. S. Ahn, "A virtual model of the human cervical spine for physicsbased
simulation and applications," Ph.D dissertation, University of
Tennessee, May 2005.
[7] C. U. De Jongh, A. H. Basson, and C. Scheffer, "Dynamic simulation of
cervical spine following single-level cervical disc replacement," in
Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE
EMBS, Lyon, France, 2007, pp. 4289-4292.
[8] S. M. Kim, I. C. Yang, and M. P. Lee, "Cervical spine injury analysis
regarding frontal and side impacts of wheelchair occupant in vehicle by
LifeMOD," in IFMBE Proceedings, 2007, vol. 14, no.4, pp. 2521-2524.
[9] F. Cavalloa, G. Megalia, S. Sinigagliaa, O. Toneta, P. Darioa, and A.
Pietrabissa, "A step towards biomechanical analysis of surgeon-s
gesture on Adams-LifeMOD platform," Int. J. CARS, vol. 2, no. 1, pp.
160-180, 2007.
[10] SensAble.PHANTOMTM. Available: http://www.sensable.com
[11] R. L. Williams, M. Srivastava, J. N. Howell, et al, "The virtual haptic
back for palpatory training," in Proceedings of the 6th International
Conference on Multimodal Interfaces, Pennsylvania, USA, 2004, pp.
191-197.
[12] P. Gorman, T. Krummel, R. Webster, M. Smith, and D. Hutchens, "A
prototype haptic lumbar puncture simulator," Stud. Health Technol.
Inform., vol. 70, pp. 106-109, 2000.
[13] G. Boschetti, G. Rosati, and A. Rossi, "A haptic system for robotic
assisted spine surgery," IEEE Conference on Control Applications, pp.
19-24, Aug. 2005.
[14] Van C. Mow, and Wilson C. Hayes, Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics.
New York: Raven Press Ltd., 1991, ch. 8.
[15] M. H. Berkson, A. L. Nachemson, and A. B. Schultz, "Mechanical
properties of human lumbar spine motion segments - Part 2: responses
in compression and shear; influence of gross morphology," J. Biomech.
Eng., vol. 101, pp. 52-57, 1979.
[16] K. M. McGlashen, J. A. Miller, A. B. Schultz and G. B. Andersson,
"Load displacement behavior of the human lumbo-sacral joint," J.
Orthop. Res., vol. 5, pp. 488-496, 1987.
[17] S. P. Moroney, A. B. Schultz, J. A. Miller, and G. B. Andersson, "Loaddisplacement
properties of lower cervical spine motion segments," J.
Biomech., vol. 21, pp. 769-779, 1988.
[18] M. M. Panjabi, R. A. Brand, and Jr. White AA, III, "Mechanical
properties of the human thoracic spine as shown by three-dimensional
load-displacement curves," J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., vol. 58, pp. 642-
652, 1976.
[19] A. B. Schultz, D. N. Warwick, M. H. Berkson, and A. L. Nachemson,
"Mechanical properties of human lumbar spine motion segments. Part 1:
Responses in flexion, extension, lateral bending and torsion," J.
Biomech. Eng., vol. 101, pp. 46-52, 1979.
[20] N. Yoganandran, N. Kumaresan, and F. A. Pintar, "Biomechanics of the
cervical spine. Part 2. Cervical spine soft tissue responses and
biomechanical modeling," Clin. Biomech., vol. 16, pp. 1-27, 2001.
[1] M. A. Adams, and P. Dolan, "Recent advances in lumbar spinal
mechanics and their clinical significance," Clin. Biomech., vol. 10, no.
1, pp. 3-19, Jan. 1995.
[2] J. P. Callaghan, and S. M. McGill, "Low back joint loading and
kinematics during standing and unsupported sitting," Ergonomics, vol.
44, no. 3, pp. 280-294, Feb. 2001.
[3] B. Vallfors, "Acute, subacute and chronic low back pain: clinical
symptoms, absenteeism and working environment," Scand. J. Rehab.
Med. Suppl., vol. 11, pp. 1-98, 1985.
[4] K. Luoma, H. Riihimaki, R. Luukkonen, R. Raininko, E. Viikari-
Juntura, and A. Lamminen, "Low back pain in relation to lumbar disc
degeneration," Spine, vol. 25, pp. 487-492, 2000.
[5] K. W. Lee, "CAD system for human-centered design," Computer-Aided
Design & Applications, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 615-628, 2006.
[6] H. S. Ahn, "A virtual model of the human cervical spine for physicsbased
simulation and applications," Ph.D dissertation, University of
Tennessee, May 2005.
[7] C. U. De Jongh, A. H. Basson, and C. Scheffer, "Dynamic simulation of
cervical spine following single-level cervical disc replacement," in
Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE
EMBS, Lyon, France, 2007, pp. 4289-4292.
[8] S. M. Kim, I. C. Yang, and M. P. Lee, "Cervical spine injury analysis
regarding frontal and side impacts of wheelchair occupant in vehicle by
LifeMOD," in IFMBE Proceedings, 2007, vol. 14, no.4, pp. 2521-2524.
[9] F. Cavalloa, G. Megalia, S. Sinigagliaa, O. Toneta, P. Darioa, and A.
Pietrabissa, "A step towards biomechanical analysis of surgeon-s
gesture on Adams-LifeMOD platform," Int. J. CARS, vol. 2, no. 1, pp.
160-180, 2007.
[10] SensAble.PHANTOMTM. Available: http://www.sensable.com
[11] R. L. Williams, M. Srivastava, J. N. Howell, et al, "The virtual haptic
back for palpatory training," in Proceedings of the 6th International
Conference on Multimodal Interfaces, Pennsylvania, USA, 2004, pp.
191-197.
[12] P. Gorman, T. Krummel, R. Webster, M. Smith, and D. Hutchens, "A
prototype haptic lumbar puncture simulator," Stud. Health Technol.
Inform., vol. 70, pp. 106-109, 2000.
[13] G. Boschetti, G. Rosati, and A. Rossi, "A haptic system for robotic
assisted spine surgery," IEEE Conference on Control Applications, pp.
19-24, Aug. 2005.
[14] Van C. Mow, and Wilson C. Hayes, Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics.
New York: Raven Press Ltd., 1991, ch. 8.
[15] M. H. Berkson, A. L. Nachemson, and A. B. Schultz, "Mechanical
properties of human lumbar spine motion segments - Part 2: responses
in compression and shear; influence of gross morphology," J. Biomech.
Eng., vol. 101, pp. 52-57, 1979.
[16] K. M. McGlashen, J. A. Miller, A. B. Schultz and G. B. Andersson,
"Load displacement behavior of the human lumbo-sacral joint," J.
Orthop. Res., vol. 5, pp. 488-496, 1987.
[17] S. P. Moroney, A. B. Schultz, J. A. Miller, and G. B. Andersson, "Loaddisplacement
properties of lower cervical spine motion segments," J.
Biomech., vol. 21, pp. 769-779, 1988.
[18] M. M. Panjabi, R. A. Brand, and Jr. White AA, III, "Mechanical
properties of the human thoracic spine as shown by three-dimensional
load-displacement curves," J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., vol. 58, pp. 642-
652, 1976.
[19] A. B. Schultz, D. N. Warwick, M. H. Berkson, and A. L. Nachemson,
"Mechanical properties of human lumbar spine motion segments. Part 1:
Responses in flexion, extension, lateral bending and torsion," J.
Biomech. Eng., vol. 101, pp. 46-52, 1979.
[20] N. Yoganandran, N. Kumaresan, and F. A. Pintar, "Biomechanics of the
cervical spine. Part 2. Cervical spine soft tissue responses and
biomechanical modeling," Clin. Biomech., vol. 16, pp. 1-27, 2001.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:59304", author = "K. T. Huynh and I. Gibson and W. F. Lu and B. N. Jagdish", title = "Simulating Dynamics of Thoracolumbar Spine Derived from Life MOD under Haptic Forces", abstract = "In this paper, the construction of a detailed spine
model is presented using the LifeMOD Biomechanics Modeler. The
detailed spine model is obtained by refining spine segments in
cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions into individual vertebra
segments, using bushing elements representing the intervertebral
discs, and building various ligamentous soft tissues between
vertebrae. In the sagittal plane of the spine, constant force will be
applied from the posterior to anterior during simulation to determine
dynamic characteristics of the spine. The force magnitude is
gradually increased in subsequent simulations. Based on these
recorded dynamic properties, graphs of displacement-force
relationships will be established in terms of polynomial functions by
using the least-squares method and imported into a haptic integrated
graphic environment. A thoracolumbar spine model with complex
geometry of vertebrae, which is digitized from a resin spine
prototype, will be utilized in this environment. By using the haptic
technique, surgeons can touch as well as apply forces to the spine
model through haptic devices to observe the locomotion of the spine
which is computed from the displacement-force relationship graphs.
This current study provides a preliminary picture of our ongoing
work towards building and simulating bio-fidelity scoliotic spine
models in a haptic integrated graphic environment whose dynamic
properties are obtained from LifeMOD. These models can be helpful
for surgeons to examine kinematic behaviors of scoliotic spines and
to propose possible surgical plans before spine correction operations.", keywords = "Haptic interface, LifeMOD, spine modeling.", volume = "4", number = "4", pages = "145-8", }