Sexual Health and Reproductive Ageing among Rural Women of Marrakech (Morocco)
The reproductive aging of women is a biological process which is expressed by the loss of ovarian function and therefore the loss of the possibility of procreation. The present work aims to evaluate the effect of menopause on sexual health of rural women and to examine the determinants of female sexuality after menopause. A survey was conducted among 527 women in the rural area of Marrakech. The average age of women was 51.92 ± 7.24 years. It appears from this study that sexual activity in menopausal women decreases with age, 20% of women had no sexual activity after menopause. 72% of respondents reported having sex by obligation, 71% of women say they are not satisfied with their sexuality, while 29 % are very satisfied. The most common sexual complaints are represented by the decreased libido (81%), vaginal dryness (54%), and pain (22,7%). Of the 511 women with sexual dysfunction, only 34 (6, 4%) consulted for this disorder. Many factors may influence sex include menopause and all the biological changes but also the roles of culture, social constructions and perception of sexuality after menopause are complicated.
<p>[1] D. Snowdon, R. Kane, W. Besson, G. Burke, J.Sprafka, J. Potter, H. Iso,
D. Jascobs, R. Phillips, Is early natural menopause a biological marker
of health and ageing? Am. J. Public Health, 79 (6): 709-714, 1989.
[2] C. Bernis, Ecologia del envejecimiento reproductor: una vision global.
Conférence au Workshop « Ecologia del envejecimiento reproductor »,
Madrid, 2001.
[3] C. Varea, C. Bernis, P. Montero, S. Arias, A. Barroso , B. Gonzalez,
Secular trend and intrapopulational variation in age at menopause in
Spanish women. J. Biosoc. Sci., 32 (3): 383-393, 2000.
[4] Margaret R.H. Nusbaum, R. Helton Margaret, R. Neepa, The changing
nature of women’s sexual health concerns through the midlife years,
Maturitas 49,283-291, 2004.
[5] M. Lock, Menopause in cultural context, Exp Gerontol; 29: 307–317,
1994.
[6] L, Dennerstein, JL. Alexander & K. Kotz, The menopause and sexual
functioning: a review of the population-based studies, Annual Rev Sex
Res 14: 64–82, 2000.
[7] PM. Sarrel. Sexuality and menopause. Obstet Gynecol;75(4):265–
305,1995.
[8] MR. Soules, S. Sherman, E. Parrott, and al., Executive summary: stages
of reproductive aging workshop (STRAW). J Women’s Health Genderbased
Med, vol 10 , 2001.
[9] M. González, G. Viáfara, F. Caba, E. Molina, Sexual function,
menopause and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) , Maturitas ,48,
411–420, 2004.
[10] H.B. Yangın, G. AK Sozer, N. Sengun, K. Kukulu, The relationship
between depression and sexual function in menopause period, Maturitas
61 (2008) 233–237.
[11] M .Loukid . Vieillissement reproducteur d’une population feminine de la
ville de Marrakech (MAROC) : Approche anthropobiologique, Thèse de
doctorat d’état es-sciences. 2007.
[12] C. M. Obermeyer, M. Schulein, N. Hajji, M. Azelmat, Menopause in
Morocco: symptomatology and medical management. Maturitas, 41 (2):
87-95, 2002.
[13] JR. Guthrie, L. Dennerstein, JR. Taffe, et al. The menopausal transition:
9 year prospective population-based study. The Melbourne Women’s
Midlife Health Project. Climacteric, 7:375–89, 2004.
[14] Leiblum, R. Sandra, Sexuality and the midlife woman. Psychology of
Women Quarterly 14:495- 508, 1990.
[15] Morokoff, J. Patricia, Sexuality in perimenopausal and postmenopausal
women. Psychology of Women Quarterly 12:489-511, 1988.
[16] Barbach, Lonnie, The pause: A closer look at menopause and sexuality,
S iecus Report 21 (5): 1-5, 1993a,
[17] Deeks, A. Amanda and Marita McCabe, Sexual function and the
menopausal woman: The importance of age and partner's sexual
functioning. Journal of Sex Research 38 (3): 219-25, 2001.
[18] N.E. Avis, X. Zhao, C.B. Johannes, M. Ory, S. Brockwell, G.A.
Greendale Correlates of sexual function among multi-ethnic middleaged
women: results from the Study of Women's Health across the
Nation (SWAN), Menopause, 12, pp. 385–398, 2005.
[19] R.E. Nappi, F. Veneroni, J. Baldaro Verde et al. Climacteric complaints,
female identity, and sexual dysfunctions J Sex Marital Ther, 27, pp.
567–576, 2001.</p>
<p>[1] D. Snowdon, R. Kane, W. Besson, G. Burke, J.Sprafka, J. Potter, H. Iso,
D. Jascobs, R. Phillips, Is early natural menopause a biological marker
of health and ageing? Am. J. Public Health, 79 (6): 709-714, 1989.
[2] C. Bernis, Ecologia del envejecimiento reproductor: una vision global.
Conférence au Workshop « Ecologia del envejecimiento reproductor »,
Madrid, 2001.
[3] C. Varea, C. Bernis, P. Montero, S. Arias, A. Barroso , B. Gonzalez,
Secular trend and intrapopulational variation in age at menopause in
Spanish women. J. Biosoc. Sci., 32 (3): 383-393, 2000.
[4] Margaret R.H. Nusbaum, R. Helton Margaret, R. Neepa, The changing
nature of women’s sexual health concerns through the midlife years,
Maturitas 49,283-291, 2004.
[5] M. Lock, Menopause in cultural context, Exp Gerontol; 29: 307–317,
1994.
[6] L, Dennerstein, JL. Alexander & K. Kotz, The menopause and sexual
functioning: a review of the population-based studies, Annual Rev Sex
Res 14: 64–82, 2000.
[7] PM. Sarrel. Sexuality and menopause. Obstet Gynecol;75(4):265–
305,1995.
[8] MR. Soules, S. Sherman, E. Parrott, and al., Executive summary: stages
of reproductive aging workshop (STRAW). J Women’s Health Genderbased
Med, vol 10 , 2001.
[9] M. González, G. Viáfara, F. Caba, E. Molina, Sexual function,
menopause and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) , Maturitas ,48,
411–420, 2004.
[10] H.B. Yangın, G. AK Sozer, N. Sengun, K. Kukulu, The relationship
between depression and sexual function in menopause period, Maturitas
61 (2008) 233–237.
[11] M .Loukid . Vieillissement reproducteur d’une population feminine de la
ville de Marrakech (MAROC) : Approche anthropobiologique, Thèse de
doctorat d’état es-sciences. 2007.
[12] C. M. Obermeyer, M. Schulein, N. Hajji, M. Azelmat, Menopause in
Morocco: symptomatology and medical management. Maturitas, 41 (2):
87-95, 2002.
[13] JR. Guthrie, L. Dennerstein, JR. Taffe, et al. The menopausal transition:
9 year prospective population-based study. The Melbourne Women’s
Midlife Health Project. Climacteric, 7:375–89, 2004.
[14] Leiblum, R. Sandra, Sexuality and the midlife woman. Psychology of
Women Quarterly 14:495- 508, 1990.
[15] Morokoff, J. Patricia, Sexuality in perimenopausal and postmenopausal
women. Psychology of Women Quarterly 12:489-511, 1988.
[16] Barbach, Lonnie, The pause: A closer look at menopause and sexuality,
S iecus Report 21 (5): 1-5, 1993a,
[17] Deeks, A. Amanda and Marita McCabe, Sexual function and the
menopausal woman: The importance of age and partner's sexual
functioning. Journal of Sex Research 38 (3): 219-25, 2001.
[18] N.E. Avis, X. Zhao, C.B. Johannes, M. Ory, S. Brockwell, G.A.
Greendale Correlates of sexual function among multi-ethnic middleaged
women: results from the Study of Women's Health across the
Nation (SWAN), Menopause, 12, pp. 385–398, 2005.
[19] R.E. Nappi, F. Veneroni, J. Baldaro Verde et al. Climacteric complaints,
female identity, and sexual dysfunctions J Sex Marital Ther, 27, pp.
567–576, 2001.</p>
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:65025", author = "R. Lotfi and M. Loukid and M.K. Hilali", title = "Sexual Health and Reproductive Ageing among Rural Women of Marrakech (Morocco)", abstract = "The reproductive aging of women is a biological process which is expressed by the loss of ovarian function and therefore the loss of the possibility of procreation. The present work aims to evaluate the effect of menopause on sexual health of rural women and to examine the determinants of female sexuality after menopause. A survey was conducted among 527 women in the rural area of Marrakech. The average age of women was 51.92 ± 7.24 years. It appears from this study that sexual activity in menopausal women decreases with age, 20% of women had no sexual activity after menopause. 72% of respondents reported having sex by obligation, 71% of women say they are not satisfied with their sexuality, while 29 % are very satisfied. The most common sexual complaints are represented by the decreased libido (81%), vaginal dryness (54%), and pain (22,7%). Of the 511 women with sexual dysfunction, only 34 (6, 4%) consulted for this disorder. Many factors may influence sex include menopause and all the biological changes but also the roles of culture, social constructions and perception of sexuality after menopause are complicated.
", keywords = "Keywords—Reproductive aging, menopause, sexuality, rural
women.", volume = "7", number = "9", pages = "550-4", }
