Risk Assessment of Lead in Egyptian Vegetables and Fruits from Different Environments
Lead being a toxic heavy metal that mankind is
exposed to the highest levels of this metal. There are different sources
of environmental pollution with lead as lead alkyl additives in petrol
and manufacturing processes. The contaminated atmosphere in urban
and industrial areas by lead in Egypt may lead to the contamination
of foods beside the other different sources. The present investigation
studied the risk assessment of lead in some Egyptian edible
vegetables and fruits collected from different environments in Greater
Cairo Governorate, i.e. industrial, heavy traffic and rural areas. A
total of 325 leafy and fruity vegetables and fruits samples belonging
to 11, 6 and 4 different species, respectively were randomly collected
from markets of the three main models. Data indicated the variation
of lead levels in different three areas. The highest levels of lead were
detected in the samples collected from industrial and traffic areas.
However, the lowest levels were found in the rural areas. It could be
concluded that determination of lead levels in foods from different
localities and environments at regularly is very important.
[1] F. Beavington, P.A. Cawes, and A. Wakenshaw, “Comparative studies
of atmospheric trace elements: improvement in air quality near copper
smelters,” Total Environ., vol. 332, pp. 39-49, 2004.
[2] A.G. Fernandes, M.Ternero, and G.F. Barragan, “An approach to
characterization of sources of urban air born particles through heavy
metal speciation,” Chemosphere, vol.2, pp.123-136, 2000.
[3] M.S. Al-Masri, K. Al-Kharfan, and K. Al-Shamali, “Speciation of Pb,
Cu, and Zn determined by sequential extraction for identification of air
pollution sources in Syria,” Atmospheric Environment, vol 40, pp.753-
761, 2006.
[4] A. A. Shakour, N.M. El-Taieb, and S.K. Hassan, “Seasonal variation of
some heavy metals in total suspended particulate matter in Great Cairo
atmosphere,” The 2nd International Conference of Environmental
Science and Technology, Egypt, 2006.
[5] P.S. Khillare, S. Balachandaran, and B.R. Meena, “Spatial and temporal
variation of heavy metal in atmospheric aerosol of Delhi,”
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 90, pp. 1-21, 2004.
[6] Soliman and Borai, 2001, Cited by A.A Shakour, N.M. El-Taieb, and
S.K. Hassan, “Seasonal variation of some heavy metals in total
suspended particulate matter in Great Cairo atmosphere,” The 2nd
International Conference of Environmental Science and Technology,
Egypt, 2006.
[7] E. E. A. A, “Egyptian Environment Affair Agency,” Environmental
Protection Low, no.4, 1994.
[8] WHO, “Lead Environmental Aspects,” Environmental Health Criteria
85, Geneva, 1992.
[9] F. Mapanda, E.N. Mangwayana, J. Nyamangara, and K.E. Giller, “The
effect of long-term irrigation using wastewater on heavy contents of
soils under vegetables in Harare,” Zimbabwe. Agric. Ecosys. Environ.,
vol.107, pp. 151-165, 2005.
[10] D. Demirezen, and A. Ahmet, “Heavy metal levels in vegetables in
turkey are within safe limits for Cu, Zn, Ni and exceeded for Cd and
pb,” J. Food Qual., vol. 29, pp.252-265, 2006.
[11] I. Sawidis, M.K. Chettri, A. Papaionnou, G. Zachariadis, and J. Stratis,
“A study of metal distribution from lignite fuels using trees as biological
monitors,” Ecolox. Environ. Safe, vol. 48, pp. 27-35, 2001.
[12] R.K. Sharma, M. Agrawal, and I. Marshall, “Heavy metals
contamination in vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated areas of
Varanasi, India B Environ,” Contam. Tox., vol. 77, pp. 312-318, 2006.
[13] W. Wenzel, and F. Jackwer, “Accumulation of heavy metals in plants
grown on mineralized soils of the Austrian Alps,” Environ. Poll.,
vol.104, pp. 145-155, 1999.
[14] M. A. Abou Donia, “Lead concentrations in different animal's muscles
and consumable organs at specific localities in Cairo,” Global
Veterinaria, vol. 2, no.5, pp. 280-284, 2008.
[15] A.A.K. Abou-Arab, and M. A. Abou Donia, “Lead content in Egyptian
foods and the role of washing and peeling on its levels,” J. Egypt. Soc.
Toxicol., vol. 26, pp. 13-21, Jan, 2002.
[16] A.A.K. Abou-Arab, “Heavy metal contents in Egyptian meat and the
role of detergent washing on their levels,” Food and Chemical
Toxicology, vol.39, pp. 593-599, 2001.
[17] A.A.K. Abou-Arab, and M.A. Abou Donia, “Heavy metals in Egyptian
spices and medicinal plants and the effect of processing on their levels,”
J. Agric. Food Chem., vol. 48, pp. 2300-2304, 2000.
[18] R. Caggiano, S. Sabia, M. D'Emilio, A. Anastasio, and M. Ragosta,
“Metal levels in fodder, milk, dairy products, and tissues sampled in bovine farms of Southern Italy,” Environmental Research, vol.99, pp.
48-57, 2005.
[19] A. Lante, G. Lomolino, M. Cagnin, and P. Spettoli, “Content and
characterization of minerals in milk and in crescenza and squacquerone
Italian fresh cheese by ICP-OES,” Food Control, vol.17, pp. 229-233
2004.
[20] R.M. Tripathi, R. Raghunath, V.N. Sastry, and T.M. Krishnamoorthy,
“Daily intake of heavy metals by infants through milk and milk
products,” The Science of the Total Environment, vol. 227, pp. 229-235,
1999.
[21] P.C. Onianwa, I.G. Adetola, C.M.A. Iwegbue, M.F. Ojo, and O.O. Tella,
“Trace heavy metals composition of some Nigerian beverages and food
drinks,” Food Chemistry, vol. 66, pp. 275-279, 1999.
[22] N.V. Sharaf, A.A. Shakour, N.M. Amer, M.A. Abou-Donia, and N.
Khatab, “Evaluation of children's blood lead level in Cairo, Egypt,”
American-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci., vol. 3, no.3, pp. 414-419,
2008.
[23] P.R.M. Correia, E. Oliveira, and P.V. Oliveira, “Simultaneous
determination of Cd and Pb in foodstuffs by electrothermal atomic
absorption spectrometry,” Analytica Acta, vol. 405, pp. 405-211, 2000.
[24] P.B. Ryan, N. Huet, and D.L. Maclntosh, “Longitudinal investigation of
exposure to arsenic, cadmium and lead in drinking water,”
Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 108, pp. 731-735, 2000.
[25] C.H. Pitot, and P.Y. Dragan, “Chemical carcinogenesis. In: Casarett and
Doull's Toxicology, 5th Edn.,” International Edition, McGraw Hill, New
York, pp: 201-260, 1996.
[26] W. ED. Mertz, “Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition,” Vol.
1 and II, 5th ed. Academic Press, New York, 1986.
[27] R.A. Goyer, “Results of lead research: prenatal exposure and
neurological consequences,” Environmental Health Perspectives,
vol.104, pp. 1050-1054, 1996.
[28] J.P.F. D'Mello, “Food Safety Contaminants and Toxins,” CABI
Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, Cambridge, MA, 2003.
[29] AOAC, “Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Official Methods
of Analysis. Metals and other elements at trace levels in foods,”
Published by AOAC International Suite 400 2200 Wilson Boulevard
Arlington, Virginia 22201-3301 USA, 2000.
[30] G.W. Snedecor, and W.G. Cochran, “Statistical Methods”, 7th Ed.
Oxford and IBIT public. Co. New York, 1980.
[31] K. Chojnacha, A. Chojnacki, H. Gorecka, and H. Gorecki,
“Bioavailability of heavy metals from polluted soils to plants,” Sci.
Total Environ, vol. 337, no.13, pp. 175-185, 2005.
[32] T. Khairiah, M.K. Zalifah, Y.H. Yin, and A. Aminnah, “The uptake of
heavy metals by fruits type vegetables grown in selected agricultural
areas,” Pak. J. Biol. Sci., vol. 7, no.8, pp. 1438-1442, 2004.
[33] J.W. Delenberg, and W. VanDried, “Netherlands J. Agriculture
Science,” vol.38, pp. 369-379., Cabrera et al., 1994, J. of Association
Official Analytical Chemistry International, vol.17, no. 5, pp. 1249-
1252, 1990.
[34] K.P. Singh, D. Mohon, S. Sinha, and R. Dalwani, “Impact assessment of
treated untreated wastewater toxicants discharge by sewage treatment
plants on health, agricultural and environmental quality in waste water
disposal area,” Chemosphere, vol. 55, pp. 227-255, 2004.
[35] M. Farooq, F. Anwar, and U. Rashid, “Appraisal of heavy metal
contents in different vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial
area,” Pak. J. Bot., vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 2099-2106, 2008.
[36] A. Kloke, D.R. Sauerbeck, and H. Vetter, “Changing metal cycles and
human health,” Nriagu, J. ed, Springer Veriag Berlin, 113, 1994.
[37] S.M. Dogheim, E.M.M. Ashraf, S.A. Gad Alla, M.A. Khorshid, and
S.M. Fahmy, “Pesticides and heavy metals levels in Egyptian leafy
vegetables and some aromatic medicinal plants,” Food Additive and
Contaminants, vol. 21, no.4, pp.323-330, 2004.
[38] K.M. Soliman, A.A.K. Abou-Arab, A. Badawy, and Khyria Naguib,
“Heavy metals contamination levels in Egyptian vegetables and fruits
and removed by washing procedure,” Bulletin of the Nutrition Institute,
Cairo, Egypt, vol.17, pp.120-146, 1997.
[39] S. Karavoltsos, A. Sakellari, M. Dimopoulos, M. Dasenakis, and M.
Scoullos, “Cadmium content in foodstuffs from the Greek market,” Food
Addit. Contam., vol.19, no. 10, pp. 954- 962, 2002.
[40] T.E. Bahemuka, and E.B. Mubofu, “Heavy metals in edible green
vegetables grown along the sites of the Sinza and Msimbazi rivers in
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,” Food Chem., vol. 66, pp.63-66, 1999.
[41] S. I. Rahlenbeck, A. Burberg, and R. D. Zimmermann, “Lead and
cadmium in Ethiopian vegetables,” Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.,
vol. 62, pp.30-33, 1999.
[42] Z. Parveen, M.I. Khuhro, and N. Rafiq, “Market basket survey for lead,
cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel and zinc in fruits and vegetables,”
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., vol. 71, pp. 1260-1264, 2003.
[43] F.S.H. Rizk, and M.I.M. Khoder, “Decreased lead concentration in Cairo
atmosphere due to use of unleaded gasoline,” CEJOEM, vol.7, no.1, pp.
53-59, 2001.
[44] S.A. Mansour, M.H. Belal, A.A.K. Abou-Arab, and M.F. Gad,
“Monitoring of pesticides and heavy metals in cucumber fruits produced
from different farming systems,” Chemosphere, vol. 75, pp.601-609,
2009.
[45] M.A. Radwan, and A.K. Salama, “Market basket survey for some heavy
metals in Egyptian fruits and vegetables,” Food and Chemical
Toxicology, vol.44, pp. 1273-1278, 2006.
[46] A.A.K. Abou-Arab, and M.A. Abou Donia, “Occurrence of heavy
metals in selected spices and medicinal plants in Egypt and their
behavior during processing,” J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., vol. 24, no.
6, pp. 2937-2947, 1999.
[47] EHP, “Environmental Health Project. Lead exposure abatement plan for
Egypt. Results of Environmental sampling for lead,” Revised November
1997. Prepared for the USAID Mission to Egypt under EHP Activity
No. 256-CC. U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington
DC 20523, 1997.
[48] FAO/WHO, “Codex Alimentarius XVII. Report of the joint FAO/WHO
Expert Committee on Food,” WHO, Geneva. Arai, 2002, 1989.
[49] M. Muchuweti, J.W. Birkett, E. Chinyanga, R. Zvauya, M.D.
Scrimshaw, and J.N. Lester, “Heavy metal content of vegetables
irrigated with mixture of waste water and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe:
Implications for human health,” Agric. Ecosys. Environ., vol. 112, pp.
41-48, 2006.
[50] K. Fytianos, G. Katsianis, P. Triantafyllou, and G. Zachariadis,
“Accumulation of heavy metals in vegetables grown in an industrial area
in relation to soil,” B. Environ. Contam. Tox., vol.67, pp. 423-430,
2001.
[51] M.S. Al Jassir, A. Shaker, and M.A. Khaliq, “Deposition of heavy
metals on green leafy vegetables sold on roadsides of Riyadh City, Saudi
Arabia,” B. Environ. Contam. Tox., vol. 75, pp. 1020-1027, 2005.
[52] EPA, “Air quality criteria for lead. EPA publication 600/8- 83/028 df.
Environmental Protection Agency,” Research Triangle Park, NC USA,
1986.
[53] WHO, “Air Quality Guideline for Europe,” WHO Regional
Publication,European Series No. 23, Copenhagen, 1987.
[54] WHO, “Lead Environmental Aspects,” Environmental Health Criteria
85, Geneva, 1989.
[55] G. Moriber, “Environmental Science,” Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA,
1974.
[56] A. Turk, J. Turk, and J. wittes, “Ecología. Contamination Medio
Ambiente. Editorial Interamericana,” Mexico, PP. 96-101. Cited by
Durando and Aragon, 1982, 1973.
[57] M.M. Nasralla, and E.A. Ali, “Lead accumulation in edible portions of
crops grown near Egyptian traffic roads,” Agriculture Ecosystems and
Environment, vol.13, no. 1, pp. 73-82, 1985.
[58] M.A. Bosque, M. Schuhmacher, J.L. Domlngo, and J.M.L. Lobet,
“Concentrations of lead and cadmium in edible vegetables from
Tarragona Province, Spain,” The Science of the Total Environment,
vol.95, pp. 61-67, 1990.
[1] F. Beavington, P.A. Cawes, and A. Wakenshaw, “Comparative studies
of atmospheric trace elements: improvement in air quality near copper
smelters,” Total Environ., vol. 332, pp. 39-49, 2004.
[2] A.G. Fernandes, M.Ternero, and G.F. Barragan, “An approach to
characterization of sources of urban air born particles through heavy
metal speciation,” Chemosphere, vol.2, pp.123-136, 2000.
[3] M.S. Al-Masri, K. Al-Kharfan, and K. Al-Shamali, “Speciation of Pb,
Cu, and Zn determined by sequential extraction for identification of air
pollution sources in Syria,” Atmospheric Environment, vol 40, pp.753-
761, 2006.
[4] A. A. Shakour, N.M. El-Taieb, and S.K. Hassan, “Seasonal variation of
some heavy metals in total suspended particulate matter in Great Cairo
atmosphere,” The 2nd International Conference of Environmental
Science and Technology, Egypt, 2006.
[5] P.S. Khillare, S. Balachandaran, and B.R. Meena, “Spatial and temporal
variation of heavy metal in atmospheric aerosol of Delhi,”
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 90, pp. 1-21, 2004.
[6] Soliman and Borai, 2001, Cited by A.A Shakour, N.M. El-Taieb, and
S.K. Hassan, “Seasonal variation of some heavy metals in total
suspended particulate matter in Great Cairo atmosphere,” The 2nd
International Conference of Environmental Science and Technology,
Egypt, 2006.
[7] E. E. A. A, “Egyptian Environment Affair Agency,” Environmental
Protection Low, no.4, 1994.
[8] WHO, “Lead Environmental Aspects,” Environmental Health Criteria
85, Geneva, 1992.
[9] F. Mapanda, E.N. Mangwayana, J. Nyamangara, and K.E. Giller, “The
effect of long-term irrigation using wastewater on heavy contents of
soils under vegetables in Harare,” Zimbabwe. Agric. Ecosys. Environ.,
vol.107, pp. 151-165, 2005.
[10] D. Demirezen, and A. Ahmet, “Heavy metal levels in vegetables in
turkey are within safe limits for Cu, Zn, Ni and exceeded for Cd and
pb,” J. Food Qual., vol. 29, pp.252-265, 2006.
[11] I. Sawidis, M.K. Chettri, A. Papaionnou, G. Zachariadis, and J. Stratis,
“A study of metal distribution from lignite fuels using trees as biological
monitors,” Ecolox. Environ. Safe, vol. 48, pp. 27-35, 2001.
[12] R.K. Sharma, M. Agrawal, and I. Marshall, “Heavy metals
contamination in vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated areas of
Varanasi, India B Environ,” Contam. Tox., vol. 77, pp. 312-318, 2006.
[13] W. Wenzel, and F. Jackwer, “Accumulation of heavy metals in plants
grown on mineralized soils of the Austrian Alps,” Environ. Poll.,
vol.104, pp. 145-155, 1999.
[14] M. A. Abou Donia, “Lead concentrations in different animal's muscles
and consumable organs at specific localities in Cairo,” Global
Veterinaria, vol. 2, no.5, pp. 280-284, 2008.
[15] A.A.K. Abou-Arab, and M. A. Abou Donia, “Lead content in Egyptian
foods and the role of washing and peeling on its levels,” J. Egypt. Soc.
Toxicol., vol. 26, pp. 13-21, Jan, 2002.
[16] A.A.K. Abou-Arab, “Heavy metal contents in Egyptian meat and the
role of detergent washing on their levels,” Food and Chemical
Toxicology, vol.39, pp. 593-599, 2001.
[17] A.A.K. Abou-Arab, and M.A. Abou Donia, “Heavy metals in Egyptian
spices and medicinal plants and the effect of processing on their levels,”
J. Agric. Food Chem., vol. 48, pp. 2300-2304, 2000.
[18] R. Caggiano, S. Sabia, M. D'Emilio, A. Anastasio, and M. Ragosta,
“Metal levels in fodder, milk, dairy products, and tissues sampled in bovine farms of Southern Italy,” Environmental Research, vol.99, pp.
48-57, 2005.
[19] A. Lante, G. Lomolino, M. Cagnin, and P. Spettoli, “Content and
characterization of minerals in milk and in crescenza and squacquerone
Italian fresh cheese by ICP-OES,” Food Control, vol.17, pp. 229-233
2004.
[20] R.M. Tripathi, R. Raghunath, V.N. Sastry, and T.M. Krishnamoorthy,
“Daily intake of heavy metals by infants through milk and milk
products,” The Science of the Total Environment, vol. 227, pp. 229-235,
1999.
[21] P.C. Onianwa, I.G. Adetola, C.M.A. Iwegbue, M.F. Ojo, and O.O. Tella,
“Trace heavy metals composition of some Nigerian beverages and food
drinks,” Food Chemistry, vol. 66, pp. 275-279, 1999.
[22] N.V. Sharaf, A.A. Shakour, N.M. Amer, M.A. Abou-Donia, and N.
Khatab, “Evaluation of children's blood lead level in Cairo, Egypt,”
American-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci., vol. 3, no.3, pp. 414-419,
2008.
[23] P.R.M. Correia, E. Oliveira, and P.V. Oliveira, “Simultaneous
determination of Cd and Pb in foodstuffs by electrothermal atomic
absorption spectrometry,” Analytica Acta, vol. 405, pp. 405-211, 2000.
[24] P.B. Ryan, N. Huet, and D.L. Maclntosh, “Longitudinal investigation of
exposure to arsenic, cadmium and lead in drinking water,”
Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 108, pp. 731-735, 2000.
[25] C.H. Pitot, and P.Y. Dragan, “Chemical carcinogenesis. In: Casarett and
Doull's Toxicology, 5th Edn.,” International Edition, McGraw Hill, New
York, pp: 201-260, 1996.
[26] W. ED. Mertz, “Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition,” Vol.
1 and II, 5th ed. Academic Press, New York, 1986.
[27] R.A. Goyer, “Results of lead research: prenatal exposure and
neurological consequences,” Environmental Health Perspectives,
vol.104, pp. 1050-1054, 1996.
[28] J.P.F. D'Mello, “Food Safety Contaminants and Toxins,” CABI
Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, Cambridge, MA, 2003.
[29] AOAC, “Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Official Methods
of Analysis. Metals and other elements at trace levels in foods,”
Published by AOAC International Suite 400 2200 Wilson Boulevard
Arlington, Virginia 22201-3301 USA, 2000.
[30] G.W. Snedecor, and W.G. Cochran, “Statistical Methods”, 7th Ed.
Oxford and IBIT public. Co. New York, 1980.
[31] K. Chojnacha, A. Chojnacki, H. Gorecka, and H. Gorecki,
“Bioavailability of heavy metals from polluted soils to plants,” Sci.
Total Environ, vol. 337, no.13, pp. 175-185, 2005.
[32] T. Khairiah, M.K. Zalifah, Y.H. Yin, and A. Aminnah, “The uptake of
heavy metals by fruits type vegetables grown in selected agricultural
areas,” Pak. J. Biol. Sci., vol. 7, no.8, pp. 1438-1442, 2004.
[33] J.W. Delenberg, and W. VanDried, “Netherlands J. Agriculture
Science,” vol.38, pp. 369-379., Cabrera et al., 1994, J. of Association
Official Analytical Chemistry International, vol.17, no. 5, pp. 1249-
1252, 1990.
[34] K.P. Singh, D. Mohon, S. Sinha, and R. Dalwani, “Impact assessment of
treated untreated wastewater toxicants discharge by sewage treatment
plants on health, agricultural and environmental quality in waste water
disposal area,” Chemosphere, vol. 55, pp. 227-255, 2004.
[35] M. Farooq, F. Anwar, and U. Rashid, “Appraisal of heavy metal
contents in different vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial
area,” Pak. J. Bot., vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 2099-2106, 2008.
[36] A. Kloke, D.R. Sauerbeck, and H. Vetter, “Changing metal cycles and
human health,” Nriagu, J. ed, Springer Veriag Berlin, 113, 1994.
[37] S.M. Dogheim, E.M.M. Ashraf, S.A. Gad Alla, M.A. Khorshid, and
S.M. Fahmy, “Pesticides and heavy metals levels in Egyptian leafy
vegetables and some aromatic medicinal plants,” Food Additive and
Contaminants, vol. 21, no.4, pp.323-330, 2004.
[38] K.M. Soliman, A.A.K. Abou-Arab, A. Badawy, and Khyria Naguib,
“Heavy metals contamination levels in Egyptian vegetables and fruits
and removed by washing procedure,” Bulletin of the Nutrition Institute,
Cairo, Egypt, vol.17, pp.120-146, 1997.
[39] S. Karavoltsos, A. Sakellari, M. Dimopoulos, M. Dasenakis, and M.
Scoullos, “Cadmium content in foodstuffs from the Greek market,” Food
Addit. Contam., vol.19, no. 10, pp. 954- 962, 2002.
[40] T.E. Bahemuka, and E.B. Mubofu, “Heavy metals in edible green
vegetables grown along the sites of the Sinza and Msimbazi rivers in
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,” Food Chem., vol. 66, pp.63-66, 1999.
[41] S. I. Rahlenbeck, A. Burberg, and R. D. Zimmermann, “Lead and
cadmium in Ethiopian vegetables,” Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.,
vol. 62, pp.30-33, 1999.
[42] Z. Parveen, M.I. Khuhro, and N. Rafiq, “Market basket survey for lead,
cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel and zinc in fruits and vegetables,”
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., vol. 71, pp. 1260-1264, 2003.
[43] F.S.H. Rizk, and M.I.M. Khoder, “Decreased lead concentration in Cairo
atmosphere due to use of unleaded gasoline,” CEJOEM, vol.7, no.1, pp.
53-59, 2001.
[44] S.A. Mansour, M.H. Belal, A.A.K. Abou-Arab, and M.F. Gad,
“Monitoring of pesticides and heavy metals in cucumber fruits produced
from different farming systems,” Chemosphere, vol. 75, pp.601-609,
2009.
[45] M.A. Radwan, and A.K. Salama, “Market basket survey for some heavy
metals in Egyptian fruits and vegetables,” Food and Chemical
Toxicology, vol.44, pp. 1273-1278, 2006.
[46] A.A.K. Abou-Arab, and M.A. Abou Donia, “Occurrence of heavy
metals in selected spices and medicinal plants in Egypt and their
behavior during processing,” J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., vol. 24, no.
6, pp. 2937-2947, 1999.
[47] EHP, “Environmental Health Project. Lead exposure abatement plan for
Egypt. Results of Environmental sampling for lead,” Revised November
1997. Prepared for the USAID Mission to Egypt under EHP Activity
No. 256-CC. U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington
DC 20523, 1997.
[48] FAO/WHO, “Codex Alimentarius XVII. Report of the joint FAO/WHO
Expert Committee on Food,” WHO, Geneva. Arai, 2002, 1989.
[49] M. Muchuweti, J.W. Birkett, E. Chinyanga, R. Zvauya, M.D.
Scrimshaw, and J.N. Lester, “Heavy metal content of vegetables
irrigated with mixture of waste water and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe:
Implications for human health,” Agric. Ecosys. Environ., vol. 112, pp.
41-48, 2006.
[50] K. Fytianos, G. Katsianis, P. Triantafyllou, and G. Zachariadis,
“Accumulation of heavy metals in vegetables grown in an industrial area
in relation to soil,” B. Environ. Contam. Tox., vol.67, pp. 423-430,
2001.
[51] M.S. Al Jassir, A. Shaker, and M.A. Khaliq, “Deposition of heavy
metals on green leafy vegetables sold on roadsides of Riyadh City, Saudi
Arabia,” B. Environ. Contam. Tox., vol. 75, pp. 1020-1027, 2005.
[52] EPA, “Air quality criteria for lead. EPA publication 600/8- 83/028 df.
Environmental Protection Agency,” Research Triangle Park, NC USA,
1986.
[53] WHO, “Air Quality Guideline for Europe,” WHO Regional
Publication,European Series No. 23, Copenhagen, 1987.
[54] WHO, “Lead Environmental Aspects,” Environmental Health Criteria
85, Geneva, 1989.
[55] G. Moriber, “Environmental Science,” Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA,
1974.
[56] A. Turk, J. Turk, and J. wittes, “Ecología. Contamination Medio
Ambiente. Editorial Interamericana,” Mexico, PP. 96-101. Cited by
Durando and Aragon, 1982, 1973.
[57] M.M. Nasralla, and E.A. Ali, “Lead accumulation in edible portions of
crops grown near Egyptian traffic roads,” Agriculture Ecosystems and
Environment, vol.13, no. 1, pp. 73-82, 1985.
[58] M.A. Bosque, M. Schuhmacher, J.L. Domlngo, and J.M.L. Lobet,
“Concentrations of lead and cadmium in edible vegetables from
Tarragona Province, Spain,” The Science of the Total Environment,
vol.95, pp. 61-67, 1990.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:71634", author = "A. A. K. Abou-Arab and M. A. Abou Donia and Sherif R. Mohamed and A. K. Enab", title = "Risk Assessment of Lead in Egyptian Vegetables and Fruits from Different Environments", abstract = "Lead being a toxic heavy metal that mankind is
exposed to the highest levels of this metal. There are different sources
of environmental pollution with lead as lead alkyl additives in petrol
and manufacturing processes. The contaminated atmosphere in urban
and industrial areas by lead in Egypt may lead to the contamination
of foods beside the other different sources. The present investigation
studied the risk assessment of lead in some Egyptian edible
vegetables and fruits collected from different environments in Greater
Cairo Governorate, i.e. industrial, heavy traffic and rural areas. A
total of 325 leafy and fruity vegetables and fruits samples belonging
to 11, 6 and 4 different species, respectively were randomly collected
from markets of the three main models. Data indicated the variation
of lead levels in different three areas. The highest levels of lead were
detected in the samples collected from industrial and traffic areas.
However, the lowest levels were found in the rural areas. It could be
concluded that determination of lead levels in foods from different
localities and environments at regularly is very important.", keywords = "Heavy metals, Lead, Vegetables, Fruits,
Environments.", volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "335-7", }
