Response of Wax Apple Cultivars by Applied S-Girdling on Fruit Development and Fruit Quality
The study was carried out to evaluated effect of S-gridling on fruit growth and quality of wax apple. The study was laid in Random completed block design with four replicated. Four treatment were applied as follows: S-girdling, fruit thinning plus bagging with 2,4-D sprayed, fruit thinning plus bagging and the control treatment. 2,4D was sprayed at the small bud and petal fall stage. Girdling was applied three week before flowering. The effect of all treatments on fruit growth was measured weekly. Number of flower, fruit set, fruit drop, fruit crack, and fruit quality were recorded. The result indicated that S-girdling, 2,4D application produced the lowest bud drop, fruit drop compared to untreated control. S-girdling improved faster fruit growth producing the best final fruit length and diameter compared to untreated control. S-girdling also markedly enhanced fruit set, fruit weight, and total soluble solid, reduced fruit crack, titratable acidity. On the other hand, it was noticed that with 2,4-D application also increased the fruit growth rate, improved physiological and biochemical characters of fruit than control treatment. It was concluded that S-girdling was recommended as the industry norm to increase fruit set, fruit quality in wax apple. 2,4D application had a distinctive and significant effect on most of the fruit quality characteristics assessed.
[1] M. Agusti, M. El-Otmani, M. Juan, and V. Almela, "Effect of 3,5,6- trichloro-2-pyridyloxyacetic acid on clementine early fruitlet development and on fruit size at maturity,” Journal of Horticultural Science, 1995,70,pp.955–962.
[2] M. Agusti,N. Gariglio, A. Castillo, M. Juan, V. Almela, A. Martinez-Fuentes, and C. Mesejo, "Effect of the synthetic auxin 2,4-DP on fruit development of loquat,” Plant Growth Regulators, 2003,41,pp.129–132.
[3] M. Agustı ´,N. Gariglio, M. Juan, V. Almela, C. Mesejo, and A. Martı ´nez-Fuentes, "Effect of branch scoring on fruit development in loquat,” Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 2005,80,pp.370–374.
[4] I .Almeida,I.M. Leite, J.D. Rodrigues, and E.O. Ono, "Application of plant growth regulators at pre-harvest for fruit development of ‘PERA’ oranges,” Brazilian Archive of Biology and Technology,2004, 47(4), pp.658-662.
[5] O. Arakawa,A. Kanetsuka, K. Kanno, and Y. Shiozaki, "Effects of five methods of bark inversion and girdling on the tree growth and fruit quality of ‘Megumi’ apple,”Journal of Japanese Society Horticultural Science 1998,67,pp.721–727 (in Japanese with English abstract).
[6] O. Bergh, "Effect of time of hand –thinning on apple fruit size,”South African Journal of Plant and Soil ,1990,7,pp.1-10.
[7] D.R. Bhattarai, and D. M. Gautam, "Effect of harvesting method and calcium on post harvest physiology of tomato,” Nepal Agriculture Research Journal ,2006,7,pp.37–41.
[8] C. T .Chao, and C. J. Lovatt, "Foliar-applied 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridoxylacetic acid (3,5,6-TPA) increases yield of commercially valuable large-size fruit of "Fina Sodea” clementine mandarin,”Acta Horticulturae 2010,884,pp.433-440.
[9] Y.L. Chun, W. David, and E.G. Eliezer, "Girdling affects carbohydrate-related gene expression in leaves, bark and roots of alternate-bearing citrus trees,” Annals of Botany, 2003,92,pp.137-143.
[10] C.W.Jr. Coggins, and C.J. Lovatt, "Pest management guidelines,”Citrus UC Publication 3441, University of California, Riverside, California,2004.
[11] P.J. Davis, "The plant hormones: their nature, occurrence and functions. In: P.J. Davis. (Ed.), Plant Hormones,”Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2004, pp. 1–15.
[12] F.S .Davies, and G. Zalman, "Gibberellic acid, fruit freezing, and post-freeze quality of Hamlin oranges,” Horticulture Technology, 2006,16,pp.301-305.
[13] Q .Ding, M.Y. Han, and Y.M. Tian, "Effect of bagging on nectarine fruit quality and fruit cracking,”.Journal of Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry,2004,32 (9),pp.81–83 (in Chinese with an English abstract)
[14] L. F. Ebell, "Girdling: its effect on carbohydrate status and reproductive bud on cone development of Douglas fir,” Canadian Journal of Botany 1971,49,pp.453-466
[15] C. Forshey, and D. C. G.-Elfving, "The relationship between vegetative growth and fruiting in apple trees,”.Hort. Rev, 1989,11,pp.229-287
[16] A.Garcia-Luis,F. Fornes, A. Sanz, and J.L. Guardiola, " The regulation of flowering and fruit set in Citrus: relationship with carbohydrate levels,’’ Israel Journal of Botany, 1988,37,pp.189–201
[17] E.E.Goldschmidt, N. Aschkenazi, Y. Herzano, A.A. Schaffer, and S.P. Monselise, "A role for carbohydrate levels in the control of flowering in citrus,” Scientia Horticulturae, 1985,26,pp. 159–166.
[18] R.Goren,M. Huberman, and J. Riov, "Girdling: physiological and horticultural aspects,” Horticultural Reviews (American Society Horticultural Science), 2003, 30, pp.1–36.
[19] R. Goren, M. Huberman, and E.E. Goldschmidt, "Girdling: physiological and horticultural aspects,” Horticultural Reviews, 2004,30,pp.1–36
[20] A. B. M. S. Hossain, F. Mizutani, J. M. Onguso, and A. R. El-Shereif, "Dwarfing peach trees and development of fruit quality by maintaining partially ringed bark strips as an innovative process in dwarfing technology,” Botanical Studies, 2006,47,pp.251- 57.
[21] C.H. Huang, M.L. Chai, Z.M. Pan, B. Yu, Z.M. Jiang, J.L. Hu, and Y.W. Teng, "Effects of bagging on fruit skin features and quality of Cuiguan pear cultivar,” Journal of Fruit Science 2007,24, pp.747–751 (in Chinese).
[22] X.M. Huang, "Fruit disorders. In: Menzel, C., G.K. Waite, (Eds.). Litchi and Longan-Botany, Production and Uses,”CABI Pub., Wallingford, Oxford, UK, 2005, pp.41–152.
[23] H.Link, "Significance of flower and fruit thinning on fruit quality,” Plant Growth Regulation, 2000, 31,pp. 17–26
[24] D.J.Iglesias, F.R. Tadeo, E. Primo-Millo, and M. Talon, "Fruit set dependence on carbohydrate availability in citrus trees,”Tree Physiology 2003,23,pp.99–204
[25] M.Iqbal, M. Q. Khan, U. D. Jalal, K. Rehman, and M. Munir, "effect of foliar application of NAA on fruit drop, yield and physico-chemical characteristics of guava (Psidiumguajava L.) Red flesh cultivar,” Journal of Agricultural Research, 2009,47(3), pp.259–269.
[26] M.C.Juan, A. Mesejo, C. Martı´nez-Fuentes, and M. Agustı, "Branch scoring encourages fruit development and climacteric in persimmon,” Scientia. Horticulturae, 2009,122,pp.497–500
[27] H.J .Jia,.A. Araki, and G. Okamoto, "Influence of fruit bagging on aroma volatiles and skin coloration of ‘Hakuho’ peach (Prunus persica Batsch),” Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2005,35,pp.61–68.
[28] H.Kitagawa, K. Manabe, and E.B. Esguerra, " Bagging of fruit on the tree to control disease,” Acta Horticulturae, 1992,321,pp.870–875.
[29] K.Lahey, R. Yuan, J.K. Burns, P.P. Ueng, L.W. Timmer, and K. Chung, "Induction of phytohormones and differential gene expression in citrus flowers infected by fungus Colletotrichum acutatum,” Molecular Plant Microbe-Interactions 2004, 17(12), pp. 1394-1401.
[30] E.M. Li,D.C. Shi, Y.H. Xu, F. Chen, and H. Zhai, "Changing characteristics of temperature and humidity in different type bags for bagging apple and their effects on fruit appearance quality,” Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2008,19,pp.208–212 (in Chinese with an English abstract).
[31] M.Mataa, S. Tominaga, and I. Kozaki, "The effect of time of girdling on carbohydrate contents and fruiting in ‘Ponkan’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco),”Scientia Horticulturae, 1998,73,pp. 203–211.
[32] E.A.M. Mostafa, and M.M.S. Saleh, "Response of Balady Mandarin trees to girdling and potassium sprays under sandy soil conditions,” Research Journal of Agriculture Biologycal Science, 2006,2,pp.137–141
[33] S.P.Monselise, ,R. Goren, and Y.I. Wallerstein, "Girdling effects on orange fruit set and young fruit abscission,” HortScience, 1972,7,pp.514–515.
[34] H.Y.Nakasone, and R.E. Paull, "Tropical Fruits,”CAB International, New York, 1998
[35] J.M.Onguso, F. Mizutani, and A.B.M.S. Hossain, "Effects of partial ringing and heating of trunk on shoot growth and fruit quality of peach trees,”Botanical Bulletin Academia Sinica, 2004,45,pp.301–306.
[36] Y.H .Peng, and E. Rabe, "Effect of summer trunk girdling on fruit quality, maturation, yield, fruit size and tree performance in 'Mihowase' satsumas,” Journal Horticultural Science 1996,71,pp. 581-589.
[37] C.A. Priestly, "Some effects of ringing branches on the distribution of dry matter in young apple trees,” Journal of Experimental Botany, 1976, 27: 1313-1324.
[38] F.Rivas,H.Arbiza, and A. Gravina, "Caracterización del comportamiento reproductive de la mandarin ‘Nova’ en el sur del Uruguay,”Agrociencia, 2004, 8,pp.79–88
[39] F.Rivas, Y. Erner, E. Alos, M. Luan, V. Almela, and M.Agustı, "Girdling increases carbohydrate availability and fruit-set in citrus cultivars irrespective of parthenocarpic ability,”Journal Horticultural Science Biotechnology, 2006, 81,pp.289–295.
[40] F.Rivas, F. Fernando, and M. Agustí, "Girdling induces oxidative damage and triggers enzymatic and non-enzymaticantioxidative defences in Citrus leaves,” Environmental Experimental Botany, 2008, 64,pp.256–263
[41] L.H.Shao, L. Deng, and L.Y. Qing, "Effects of floral promotion or inhibition treatments on flowering of citrus trees and protein fraction in buds,” J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot, 1998, 6,pp.124–130
[42] R.A.Stern, D. Stern, M. Harpaz, and S. Gazit, "Applications of 2,4,5-TP, 3,5,6-TPA and combinations thereof increases lychee fruit size and yield,” HortScience, 2000, 35, pp.661–664.
[43] Z.H.Shu¨ , D.N. Wang, and T.F. Sheen, "Wax apple as a potential economic crop for the world. In: Vijaysegaran, S., Pauziah, M., Mohamed, M.S., Ahmad Tarmizi, S. (Eds.),” Proceedings of the International Conference Tropical Fruits, vol. I. Malaysian Agr. Res. Dev. Inst., Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, 19961,pp. 69–73.
[44] B. R .Thakur,R. K. Singh, and P. Nelson, "Quality attributes of processed tomato products: a review,” Food Reviews International, 1996, 12(3),pp.375–401.
[45] T.Yamane, and K. Shibayama, "Effects of trunk girdling and crop load levels on fruit quality and root elongation in ‘Aki Queen’ grapevines,” Journal of Japanese Society Horticultural Science, 2006, 75,pp.439–444.
[46] W.H. Yang, X.C. Zhu, J.H. Bu, G.B. Hu, H.C. Wang, and X.M. Huang, "Effects of bagging on fruit development and quality in cross-winter off-season longan,” Scientia Horticulturae, 2009, 120,pp.194-200.
[47] O.K .Yamanishi, "Trunk strangulation and winter heating effects on fruit size, internal quality and maturation of ‘Tosa Buntan’ pummelo grown in a plastic house,” J Hortic Sci , 1995,70,pp.65–74
[48] N.C .Wheeler,C.T. Masters, S.C. Cade, S.D. Ross, J.W. Keeley, and L.Y. Hsin, "Girdling: an effective and practical treatment for enhancing seed yields in Douglas fir seed orchards,” Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 1985,15,pp.505-510.
[49] C.F. Wang,Y.You, F.Chen, X.S.Lu, J.Wang, and J.S. Wang, "Adjusting effect of brassinolide and GA3 on the orange growth,”.Acta Agronomica, 2004, 26,pp.759–762.
[50] S.Vara-Ubol, E. Chambers, V. Kongpensook, C. Oupadissakoon, R. Yenket, and A. Retiveau,”Determination of the sensory characteristics of rose apples cultivated in Thailand,”Journal of Food Science, 2006, 71,pp. 547–552.
[1] M. Agusti, M. El-Otmani, M. Juan, and V. Almela, "Effect of 3,5,6- trichloro-2-pyridyloxyacetic acid on clementine early fruitlet development and on fruit size at maturity,” Journal of Horticultural Science, 1995,70,pp.955–962.
[2] M. Agusti,N. Gariglio, A. Castillo, M. Juan, V. Almela, A. Martinez-Fuentes, and C. Mesejo, "Effect of the synthetic auxin 2,4-DP on fruit development of loquat,” Plant Growth Regulators, 2003,41,pp.129–132.
[3] M. Agustı ´,N. Gariglio, M. Juan, V. Almela, C. Mesejo, and A. Martı ´nez-Fuentes, "Effect of branch scoring on fruit development in loquat,” Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 2005,80,pp.370–374.
[4] I .Almeida,I.M. Leite, J.D. Rodrigues, and E.O. Ono, "Application of plant growth regulators at pre-harvest for fruit development of ‘PERA’ oranges,” Brazilian Archive of Biology and Technology,2004, 47(4), pp.658-662.
[5] O. Arakawa,A. Kanetsuka, K. Kanno, and Y. Shiozaki, "Effects of five methods of bark inversion and girdling on the tree growth and fruit quality of ‘Megumi’ apple,”Journal of Japanese Society Horticultural Science 1998,67,pp.721–727 (in Japanese with English abstract).
[6] O. Bergh, "Effect of time of hand –thinning on apple fruit size,”South African Journal of Plant and Soil ,1990,7,pp.1-10.
[7] D.R. Bhattarai, and D. M. Gautam, "Effect of harvesting method and calcium on post harvest physiology of tomato,” Nepal Agriculture Research Journal ,2006,7,pp.37–41.
[8] C. T .Chao, and C. J. Lovatt, "Foliar-applied 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridoxylacetic acid (3,5,6-TPA) increases yield of commercially valuable large-size fruit of "Fina Sodea” clementine mandarin,”Acta Horticulturae 2010,884,pp.433-440.
[9] Y.L. Chun, W. David, and E.G. Eliezer, "Girdling affects carbohydrate-related gene expression in leaves, bark and roots of alternate-bearing citrus trees,” Annals of Botany, 2003,92,pp.137-143.
[10] C.W.Jr. Coggins, and C.J. Lovatt, "Pest management guidelines,”Citrus UC Publication 3441, University of California, Riverside, California,2004.
[11] P.J. Davis, "The plant hormones: their nature, occurrence and functions. In: P.J. Davis. (Ed.), Plant Hormones,”Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2004, pp. 1–15.
[12] F.S .Davies, and G. Zalman, "Gibberellic acid, fruit freezing, and post-freeze quality of Hamlin oranges,” Horticulture Technology, 2006,16,pp.301-305.
[13] Q .Ding, M.Y. Han, and Y.M. Tian, "Effect of bagging on nectarine fruit quality and fruit cracking,”.Journal of Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry,2004,32 (9),pp.81–83 (in Chinese with an English abstract)
[14] L. F. Ebell, "Girdling: its effect on carbohydrate status and reproductive bud on cone development of Douglas fir,” Canadian Journal of Botany 1971,49,pp.453-466
[15] C. Forshey, and D. C. G.-Elfving, "The relationship between vegetative growth and fruiting in apple trees,”.Hort. Rev, 1989,11,pp.229-287
[16] A.Garcia-Luis,F. Fornes, A. Sanz, and J.L. Guardiola, " The regulation of flowering and fruit set in Citrus: relationship with carbohydrate levels,’’ Israel Journal of Botany, 1988,37,pp.189–201
[17] E.E.Goldschmidt, N. Aschkenazi, Y. Herzano, A.A. Schaffer, and S.P. Monselise, "A role for carbohydrate levels in the control of flowering in citrus,” Scientia Horticulturae, 1985,26,pp. 159–166.
[18] R.Goren,M. Huberman, and J. Riov, "Girdling: physiological and horticultural aspects,” Horticultural Reviews (American Society Horticultural Science), 2003, 30, pp.1–36.
[19] R. Goren, M. Huberman, and E.E. Goldschmidt, "Girdling: physiological and horticultural aspects,” Horticultural Reviews, 2004,30,pp.1–36
[20] A. B. M. S. Hossain, F. Mizutani, J. M. Onguso, and A. R. El-Shereif, "Dwarfing peach trees and development of fruit quality by maintaining partially ringed bark strips as an innovative process in dwarfing technology,” Botanical Studies, 2006,47,pp.251- 57.
[21] C.H. Huang, M.L. Chai, Z.M. Pan, B. Yu, Z.M. Jiang, J.L. Hu, and Y.W. Teng, "Effects of bagging on fruit skin features and quality of Cuiguan pear cultivar,” Journal of Fruit Science 2007,24, pp.747–751 (in Chinese).
[22] X.M. Huang, "Fruit disorders. In: Menzel, C., G.K. Waite, (Eds.). Litchi and Longan-Botany, Production and Uses,”CABI Pub., Wallingford, Oxford, UK, 2005, pp.41–152.
[23] H.Link, "Significance of flower and fruit thinning on fruit quality,” Plant Growth Regulation, 2000, 31,pp. 17–26
[24] D.J.Iglesias, F.R. Tadeo, E. Primo-Millo, and M. Talon, "Fruit set dependence on carbohydrate availability in citrus trees,”Tree Physiology 2003,23,pp.99–204
[25] M.Iqbal, M. Q. Khan, U. D. Jalal, K. Rehman, and M. Munir, "effect of foliar application of NAA on fruit drop, yield and physico-chemical characteristics of guava (Psidiumguajava L.) Red flesh cultivar,” Journal of Agricultural Research, 2009,47(3), pp.259–269.
[26] M.C.Juan, A. Mesejo, C. Martı´nez-Fuentes, and M. Agustı, "Branch scoring encourages fruit development and climacteric in persimmon,” Scientia. Horticulturae, 2009,122,pp.497–500
[27] H.J .Jia,.A. Araki, and G. Okamoto, "Influence of fruit bagging on aroma volatiles and skin coloration of ‘Hakuho’ peach (Prunus persica Batsch),” Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2005,35,pp.61–68.
[28] H.Kitagawa, K. Manabe, and E.B. Esguerra, " Bagging of fruit on the tree to control disease,” Acta Horticulturae, 1992,321,pp.870–875.
[29] K.Lahey, R. Yuan, J.K. Burns, P.P. Ueng, L.W. Timmer, and K. Chung, "Induction of phytohormones and differential gene expression in citrus flowers infected by fungus Colletotrichum acutatum,” Molecular Plant Microbe-Interactions 2004, 17(12), pp. 1394-1401.
[30] E.M. Li,D.C. Shi, Y.H. Xu, F. Chen, and H. Zhai, "Changing characteristics of temperature and humidity in different type bags for bagging apple and their effects on fruit appearance quality,” Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2008,19,pp.208–212 (in Chinese with an English abstract).
[31] M.Mataa, S. Tominaga, and I. Kozaki, "The effect of time of girdling on carbohydrate contents and fruiting in ‘Ponkan’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco),”Scientia Horticulturae, 1998,73,pp. 203–211.
[32] E.A.M. Mostafa, and M.M.S. Saleh, "Response of Balady Mandarin trees to girdling and potassium sprays under sandy soil conditions,” Research Journal of Agriculture Biologycal Science, 2006,2,pp.137–141
[33] S.P.Monselise, ,R. Goren, and Y.I. Wallerstein, "Girdling effects on orange fruit set and young fruit abscission,” HortScience, 1972,7,pp.514–515.
[34] H.Y.Nakasone, and R.E. Paull, "Tropical Fruits,”CAB International, New York, 1998
[35] J.M.Onguso, F. Mizutani, and A.B.M.S. Hossain, "Effects of partial ringing and heating of trunk on shoot growth and fruit quality of peach trees,”Botanical Bulletin Academia Sinica, 2004,45,pp.301–306.
[36] Y.H .Peng, and E. Rabe, "Effect of summer trunk girdling on fruit quality, maturation, yield, fruit size and tree performance in 'Mihowase' satsumas,” Journal Horticultural Science 1996,71,pp. 581-589.
[37] C.A. Priestly, "Some effects of ringing branches on the distribution of dry matter in young apple trees,” Journal of Experimental Botany, 1976, 27: 1313-1324.
[38] F.Rivas,H.Arbiza, and A. Gravina, "Caracterización del comportamiento reproductive de la mandarin ‘Nova’ en el sur del Uruguay,”Agrociencia, 2004, 8,pp.79–88
[39] F.Rivas, Y. Erner, E. Alos, M. Luan, V. Almela, and M.Agustı, "Girdling increases carbohydrate availability and fruit-set in citrus cultivars irrespective of parthenocarpic ability,”Journal Horticultural Science Biotechnology, 2006, 81,pp.289–295.
[40] F.Rivas, F. Fernando, and M. Agustí, "Girdling induces oxidative damage and triggers enzymatic and non-enzymaticantioxidative defences in Citrus leaves,” Environmental Experimental Botany, 2008, 64,pp.256–263
[41] L.H.Shao, L. Deng, and L.Y. Qing, "Effects of floral promotion or inhibition treatments on flowering of citrus trees and protein fraction in buds,” J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot, 1998, 6,pp.124–130
[42] R.A.Stern, D. Stern, M. Harpaz, and S. Gazit, "Applications of 2,4,5-TP, 3,5,6-TPA and combinations thereof increases lychee fruit size and yield,” HortScience, 2000, 35, pp.661–664.
[43] Z.H.Shu¨ , D.N. Wang, and T.F. Sheen, "Wax apple as a potential economic crop for the world. In: Vijaysegaran, S., Pauziah, M., Mohamed, M.S., Ahmad Tarmizi, S. (Eds.),” Proceedings of the International Conference Tropical Fruits, vol. I. Malaysian Agr. Res. Dev. Inst., Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, 19961,pp. 69–73.
[44] B. R .Thakur,R. K. Singh, and P. Nelson, "Quality attributes of processed tomato products: a review,” Food Reviews International, 1996, 12(3),pp.375–401.
[45] T.Yamane, and K. Shibayama, "Effects of trunk girdling and crop load levels on fruit quality and root elongation in ‘Aki Queen’ grapevines,” Journal of Japanese Society Horticultural Science, 2006, 75,pp.439–444.
[46] W.H. Yang, X.C. Zhu, J.H. Bu, G.B. Hu, H.C. Wang, and X.M. Huang, "Effects of bagging on fruit development and quality in cross-winter off-season longan,” Scientia Horticulturae, 2009, 120,pp.194-200.
[47] O.K .Yamanishi, "Trunk strangulation and winter heating effects on fruit size, internal quality and maturation of ‘Tosa Buntan’ pummelo grown in a plastic house,” J Hortic Sci , 1995,70,pp.65–74
[48] N.C .Wheeler,C.T. Masters, S.C. Cade, S.D. Ross, J.W. Keeley, and L.Y. Hsin, "Girdling: an effective and practical treatment for enhancing seed yields in Douglas fir seed orchards,” Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 1985,15,pp.505-510.
[49] C.F. Wang,Y.You, F.Chen, X.S.Lu, J.Wang, and J.S. Wang, "Adjusting effect of brassinolide and GA3 on the orange growth,”.Acta Agronomica, 2004, 26,pp.759–762.
[50] S.Vara-Ubol, E. Chambers, V. Kongpensook, C. Oupadissakoon, R. Yenket, and A. Retiveau,”Determination of the sensory characteristics of rose apples cultivated in Thailand,”Journal of Food Science, 2006, 71,pp. 547–552.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:56366", author = "Nguyen Minh and Tuan and Chung-Ruey and Yen and Bui Lan and Anh", title = "Response of Wax Apple Cultivars by Applied S-Girdling on Fruit Development and Fruit Quality", abstract = "The study was carried out to evaluated effect of S-gridling on fruit growth and quality of wax apple. The study was laid in Random completed block design with four replicated. Four treatment were applied as follows: S-girdling, fruit thinning plus bagging with 2,4-D sprayed, fruit thinning plus bagging and the control treatment. 2,4D was sprayed at the small bud and petal fall stage. Girdling was applied three week before flowering. The effect of all treatments on fruit growth was measured weekly. Number of flower, fruit set, fruit drop, fruit crack, and fruit quality were recorded. The result indicated that S-girdling, 2,4D application produced the lowest bud drop, fruit drop compared to untreated control. S-girdling improved faster fruit growth producing the best final fruit length and diameter compared to untreated control. S-girdling also markedly enhanced fruit set, fruit weight, and total soluble solid, reduced fruit crack, titratable acidity. On the other hand, it was noticed that with 2,4-D application also increased the fruit growth rate, improved physiological and biochemical characters of fruit than control treatment. It was concluded that S-girdling was recommended as the industry norm to increase fruit set, fruit quality in wax apple. 2,4D application had a distinctive and significant effect on most of the fruit quality characteristics assessed.
", keywords = "S-girdling, 2,4D, wax apple, fruit growth, fruit quality.", volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "842-9", }
