Response of Wax Apple Cultivars by Applied GA3 and 2,4-D on Fruit Growth and Fruit Quality
The experiment was performed to evaluate the effect
of GA3, 2,4-D on fruit growth and fruit quality of wax apple. The
experiment consisted of Red A, Monulla, Atu, Red B cultivars. GA3
and 2,4-D were applied at the small bud and petal fall stage.
Physiological, biochemical characters of fruit were recoded. The
result showed application of GA3, 2,4-D greatly response in
increasing fruit set for all treatment as compared to control. Fruit
weight, fruit size were increased at 10 ppm 2,4-D in ‘Red A’, ‘Red
B’, however it was also enhancing at 10 ppm GA3 in ‘Monulla’,
‘Atu’. For ‘Monulla’, ‘Atu’ fruit crack reduced by 10 ppm 2,4-D
application, but ‘Red B’, ‘Red A’ gave least fruit crack at 10 and 30
ppm GA3, respectively. ‘Monulla’, ‘Atu’ and ‘Red B’ resulted in
response well to 10 ppm GA3 on improving TSS, whereas
application of 30 ppm GA3 greatly enhancing TSS in ‘Red A’. For
‘Atu’ titratable acidity markedly reduced by 10 ppm GA3
application, but spraying with 30 ppm GA3 greatly response in
reducing titratable acidity in ‘Red A’, ‘Red B’ and ‘Monulla’. It was
concluded that GA3, 2,4-D can be an effective tool to enhancing fruit
set, fruit growth as well as improving fruit quality of wax apple.
[1] M. Agustí, M. Juan, A. Martínez-Fuentes, C. Mesejo, C. Reig, and V.
Almela, "Application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxypropionic acid 2-
ethylhexyl reduces mature fruit abscission in citrus navel cultivars," J.
Hort. Sci. Biotechnol, 81(3),pp 532-536. 2006.
[2] I. Almeida, I.M. Leite, J.D. Rodrigues and E.O. Ono, "Application of
plant growth regulators at pre-harvest for fruit development of
'PERA-oranges," Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol, 47(4), pp 658-662. 2004
[3] M.F. Anthony, C.W. Coggins Jr, "The efficacy of five forms of 2,4-D in
controlling preharvest fruit drop in citrus," Scientia Horticulturae, 81,pp
267-277. 1999.
[4] T. Azuma, S. Ueno, N.Uchid, and T. Yasuda, "Gibbereliin induced
elongation and osmoregulation in internodes of floating rice,"
Physiologia Plantarum, 99, pp 517-522. 1997.
[5] A. Basak, E. Rozpara, and Z. Grzyb, "Use of bioregulators to reduce
sweet cherry tree growth and to improve fruit quality," Acta
Horticulturae, vol. 468, pp. 719-723, 1998.
[6] W. Baogang,W. Jianhui, and L. Hao, "Reduced chilling injury in mango
fruit by 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and the antioxidant response,"
Postharvest Biology and Technology, vol. 48(2), pp. 172-181. 2008.
[7] U. Batlang, "Benzyladenine plus gibberellins (GA4+7) increase fruit
size and yield in greenhouse-grown hot pepper (Capsicum annuum
L.)," J. Biol. Sci, 8(3), pp 659-662. 2008.
[8] D.R. Bhattarai, D.M. Gautam, "E ect of harvesting method and calcium
on post harvest physiology of tomato," Nepal Agriculture Research
Journal, 7, pp 37-41. 2006.
[9] L. Casanova, R. Casanova, A. Moret, and M. Agusti, "The application of
gibberellic acid increases berry size of ÔÇÿEmperatriz- seedless grape,"
Span J Agric Res, 7, pp 919-927. 2009.
[10] J.C. Chang, T.S. Lin, "GA3 increases fruit weight in ÔÇÿYu Her Pau-
litchi," Sci Hortic, 108, pp 442-443. 2006.
[11] C.W. Coggins Jr, C.J. Lovatt, "Pest management guidelines," Citrus UC
Publication, University of California, Riverside, California, 2004, 3441.
[12] G. Costa, F. Bucchi, M. Montefiori, A.M. Bregoli, and L. Corelli
Grappadelli, "Thinning activity and fruit quality of Gala and Fuji apple
varieties as affected by cytokinins," Acta Hort, 653,pp 107-113. 2004
(Proc. 9th Intl. Symp. Plant Bioregulators in Fruit Prod.).
[13] M. De Jong, C. Mariani, and W.H. Vriezen, "The role of auxin and
gibberellin in tomato fruit set," J Exp Bot, 60, pp 1523-1532. 2009
[14] A. S. El-Sabagh, and H. S. Ahmed, "Effects of Gibberellic acid (GA3)
and (Sitofex) on "Anna" apple crop load and fruit quality," Alex. J.
Agric. Res, 49(1), pp 71-79. 2004.
[15] A. A. El-Shaikh, B. M. Khalil, and A.Y. Hamza, "The effect of girdling
and some growth regulators on fruit drop of persimmon," Egypt. J.
Agric. Res, 77(4), pp 1707 - 1724. 1999.
[16] M. Gemici, B. T├╝rkyilmaz, and K. Tan, "Effect of 2,4-D and 4-CPA
on yield and quality of the tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill,"
JFS, 29,pp 24-32. 2006.
[17] J.L. Guardiola, A. Garcia-Luis, "Increasing fruit size in citrus. Thinning
and stimulation of fruit growth," Plant Growth Regul, 31, pp 121-132.
2000.
[18] N. Iqbal, R. Nazar, M.I.R.Khan, A. Masood, and N.A Khan, "Role of
gibberellins in regulation of source-sink relations under optimal and
limiting environmental conditions," Curr. Sci, 100,pp 998-1007. 2011
[19] S.Kondo, N. Mizuno, "Relation between early drop of apple fruit and
endogenous growth regulators and effects of MCPB, GA3 plus GA4 and
BA sprays on fruit abscission," Journal of Japanese Society for
Horticultural Science, 58,pp 9-16. 1989.
[20] F.A. Michael, W. Charles, and C.W. Coggins Jr, ÔÇÿThe efficacy of
five forms of 2,4-D in controlling pre-harvest fruit drops in citrus,"
HortScience, 81,pp 266-277. 1999.
[21] A.Miguel, J.V. Maroto, and S. Lo 'pez, "Triploid seedless watermelon
production with-out pollinators. Effect of the number of sprayed flowers
on fruit size," Acta Hort, 559,pp 135-138. 2001.
[22] D.M. Modise , A. S. Likuku , M. Thuma and R. Phuti, "The influence
of exogenously applied 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on fruit drop and
quality of navel oranges (Citrus sinensis L.)," African Journal of
Biotechnology, 8 (10), pp. 2131-2137. 2009.
[23] S.P.Monselise, "The use of growth regulators in citriculture A review,"
Sci. Hort, 11, pp 151-162. 1979.
[24] J.F.Morton, "Fruits of Warm Climates," Morton Collectanea, Miami,
FL, 1987.
[25] P.Morgan, "Synthetic growth regulators: potential for development,"
Botanical Gazette, 141, pp 337-346. 1980.
[26] G. G. Mostafa, M. F. Abou Al-Hamd, "Effect of gibberellic acis and
indole-3 acetic acid on improving growth and accumulation of
phytochemical composition in Balanites aegyptica plants," American
Journal of Plant physiology, 6, pp 36-43. 2011.
[27] H. Y.Nakasone, and R. E.Paull, "Tropical fruits," Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1998, p. 445.
[28] M.A. Nawaz, , A.Waqar, A. Saeed, and M. Mumtaz Khan, "Role of
growth regulators on preharvest fruit drop, yield and quality in kinnow
mandarin," Pak. J. Bot, 40(5), pp 1971-1981. 2008.
[29] J. Ozga, M. Dennis, "Hormonal interactions in fruit development," J
Plant Growth Regul, 22, pp 73-81. 2003.
[30] R.Ranjan, S. S. Purohit, and V. Prasad, "Plant Hormones: Action and
Application," Agrobios, India, 2003, pp. 183-189.
[31] D. Rivera, and C. Ob├│n, "The ethnopharmacology of Madeira and Porto
Santo islands, a review," J. Ethnopharmacol, 46, pp 73-93. 1995.
[32] S. Sarkar, and B. Ghosh, "Effect of growth regulators on biochemical
compostion of mango cv. "Amrapali"," Environment and Ecology,
23(2), pp 379-380. 2005.
[33] T.Saraswathi, P. Rangasamy, and R.S. Azhakiamanavalan, "Effect of
preharvest spray of growth regulators on fruit retention and quality of
mandarins (Citrus reticulata Balanco)," South Ind. Hort, 51(1/6),pp 110-
112. 2003.
[34] H. Sasaki, T. Yano, and A. Yamasaki, "Reduction of high temperature
inhibition in tomato fruit set by plant growth regulators," JARQ,
39,pp 135-138. 2005.
[35] Z.H.Shu¨, D.N.Wang, and T.F.Sheen, "Wax apple as a potential
economic crop for the world," In: S.Vijaysegaran, M.Pauziah,
M.S.Mohamed, S.Ahmad Tarmizi, (Eds.), Proc. Intl. Conf. Trop. Fruits,
Vol. I. Malaysian Agr. Res. Dev. Inst., Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,
1996,pp. 69-73.
[36] R.A. Stern, M. Flaishman, S. Applebaumc, and R. Ben-Arie, "Effect of
synthetic auxins on fruit development of ÔÇÿBing- cherry (Prunus avium
L.)," Scientia Horticulturae, 114,pp 275-280. 2007.
[37] B. R. Thakur, R. K. Singh, and P. Nelson, "Quality attributes of
processed tomato products: a review," Food Reviews International, vol.
12, no. 3, pp. 375-401, 1996.
[38] M. C. T.Trought, "Cherries. Research in Marlborough," NZ Fruit
Produce J, 3, pp 32-33, 35, 37. 1986.
[39] V.Usenik, D.Kastelec, and F.Stampar, "Physicochemical changes of
sweet cherry fruits related to application of gibberellic acid," Food
Chem, 90,pp 663-671. 2005.
[40] S.Vara-Ubol, E.Chambers, V. Kongpensook, C.Oupadissakoon,
R.Yenket, and A. Retiveau, "Determination of the sensory
characteristics of rose apples cultivated in Thailand," Journal of Food
Science, 71,pp 547-552. 2006.
[41] A.Vivian-Smith, M.Luo, A.Chaudhury, and A.Koltunow, "Fruit
development is actively restricted in the absence of fertilization in
Arabidopsis," Development 128, pp 2321-2331. 2001.
[42] P.Verma, N. L.Sen, "The Impact of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth
and Biochemical Constituents of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.),"
Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 14, pp 144-153. 2008.
[43] J. X. Xiao, S. Peng, H .P. Hua, and L. H. Jiang, "E ects of
calciumnitrate and IAA on calciumconcentration and quality of Satsuma
mandarin fruit," Journal of Fruit Science, vol. 22, pp. 211-215, 2005.
[44] C.Zhang, and M.D. Whiting, "Improving ÔÇÿBing- sweet cherry fruit
quality with plant growth regulators," Scientia Horticulturae, 127, pp
341-346. 2011.
[45] C.Zhang, K. Tanabe, F. Tamura, K. Matsumoto, and A. Yoshida, "13Cphotosynthate
accumulation in Japanese pear fruit during the period of
rapid fruit growth is limited by the sink strength of fruit rather than by
the transport capacity of the pedicel," J Exp Bot, 56, pp 2713-2719.
2005.
[1] M. Agustí, M. Juan, A. Martínez-Fuentes, C. Mesejo, C. Reig, and V.
Almela, "Application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxypropionic acid 2-
ethylhexyl reduces mature fruit abscission in citrus navel cultivars," J.
Hort. Sci. Biotechnol, 81(3),pp 532-536. 2006.
[2] I. Almeida, I.M. Leite, J.D. Rodrigues and E.O. Ono, "Application of
plant growth regulators at pre-harvest for fruit development of
'PERA-oranges," Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol, 47(4), pp 658-662. 2004
[3] M.F. Anthony, C.W. Coggins Jr, "The efficacy of five forms of 2,4-D in
controlling preharvest fruit drop in citrus," Scientia Horticulturae, 81,pp
267-277. 1999.
[4] T. Azuma, S. Ueno, N.Uchid, and T. Yasuda, "Gibbereliin induced
elongation and osmoregulation in internodes of floating rice,"
Physiologia Plantarum, 99, pp 517-522. 1997.
[5] A. Basak, E. Rozpara, and Z. Grzyb, "Use of bioregulators to reduce
sweet cherry tree growth and to improve fruit quality," Acta
Horticulturae, vol. 468, pp. 719-723, 1998.
[6] W. Baogang,W. Jianhui, and L. Hao, "Reduced chilling injury in mango
fruit by 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and the antioxidant response,"
Postharvest Biology and Technology, vol. 48(2), pp. 172-181. 2008.
[7] U. Batlang, "Benzyladenine plus gibberellins (GA4+7) increase fruit
size and yield in greenhouse-grown hot pepper (Capsicum annuum
L.)," J. Biol. Sci, 8(3), pp 659-662. 2008.
[8] D.R. Bhattarai, D.M. Gautam, "E ect of harvesting method and calcium
on post harvest physiology of tomato," Nepal Agriculture Research
Journal, 7, pp 37-41. 2006.
[9] L. Casanova, R. Casanova, A. Moret, and M. Agusti, "The application of
gibberellic acid increases berry size of ÔÇÿEmperatriz- seedless grape,"
Span J Agric Res, 7, pp 919-927. 2009.
[10] J.C. Chang, T.S. Lin, "GA3 increases fruit weight in ÔÇÿYu Her Pau-
litchi," Sci Hortic, 108, pp 442-443. 2006.
[11] C.W. Coggins Jr, C.J. Lovatt, "Pest management guidelines," Citrus UC
Publication, University of California, Riverside, California, 2004, 3441.
[12] G. Costa, F. Bucchi, M. Montefiori, A.M. Bregoli, and L. Corelli
Grappadelli, "Thinning activity and fruit quality of Gala and Fuji apple
varieties as affected by cytokinins," Acta Hort, 653,pp 107-113. 2004
(Proc. 9th Intl. Symp. Plant Bioregulators in Fruit Prod.).
[13] M. De Jong, C. Mariani, and W.H. Vriezen, "The role of auxin and
gibberellin in tomato fruit set," J Exp Bot, 60, pp 1523-1532. 2009
[14] A. S. El-Sabagh, and H. S. Ahmed, "Effects of Gibberellic acid (GA3)
and (Sitofex) on "Anna" apple crop load and fruit quality," Alex. J.
Agric. Res, 49(1), pp 71-79. 2004.
[15] A. A. El-Shaikh, B. M. Khalil, and A.Y. Hamza, "The effect of girdling
and some growth regulators on fruit drop of persimmon," Egypt. J.
Agric. Res, 77(4), pp 1707 - 1724. 1999.
[16] M. Gemici, B. T├╝rkyilmaz, and K. Tan, "Effect of 2,4-D and 4-CPA
on yield and quality of the tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill,"
JFS, 29,pp 24-32. 2006.
[17] J.L. Guardiola, A. Garcia-Luis, "Increasing fruit size in citrus. Thinning
and stimulation of fruit growth," Plant Growth Regul, 31, pp 121-132.
2000.
[18] N. Iqbal, R. Nazar, M.I.R.Khan, A. Masood, and N.A Khan, "Role of
gibberellins in regulation of source-sink relations under optimal and
limiting environmental conditions," Curr. Sci, 100,pp 998-1007. 2011
[19] S.Kondo, N. Mizuno, "Relation between early drop of apple fruit and
endogenous growth regulators and effects of MCPB, GA3 plus GA4 and
BA sprays on fruit abscission," Journal of Japanese Society for
Horticultural Science, 58,pp 9-16. 1989.
[20] F.A. Michael, W. Charles, and C.W. Coggins Jr, ÔÇÿThe efficacy of
five forms of 2,4-D in controlling pre-harvest fruit drops in citrus,"
HortScience, 81,pp 266-277. 1999.
[21] A.Miguel, J.V. Maroto, and S. Lo 'pez, "Triploid seedless watermelon
production with-out pollinators. Effect of the number of sprayed flowers
on fruit size," Acta Hort, 559,pp 135-138. 2001.
[22] D.M. Modise , A. S. Likuku , M. Thuma and R. Phuti, "The influence
of exogenously applied 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on fruit drop and
quality of navel oranges (Citrus sinensis L.)," African Journal of
Biotechnology, 8 (10), pp. 2131-2137. 2009.
[23] S.P.Monselise, "The use of growth regulators in citriculture A review,"
Sci. Hort, 11, pp 151-162. 1979.
[24] J.F.Morton, "Fruits of Warm Climates," Morton Collectanea, Miami,
FL, 1987.
[25] P.Morgan, "Synthetic growth regulators: potential for development,"
Botanical Gazette, 141, pp 337-346. 1980.
[26] G. G. Mostafa, M. F. Abou Al-Hamd, "Effect of gibberellic acis and
indole-3 acetic acid on improving growth and accumulation of
phytochemical composition in Balanites aegyptica plants," American
Journal of Plant physiology, 6, pp 36-43. 2011.
[27] H. Y.Nakasone, and R. E.Paull, "Tropical fruits," Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1998, p. 445.
[28] M.A. Nawaz, , A.Waqar, A. Saeed, and M. Mumtaz Khan, "Role of
growth regulators on preharvest fruit drop, yield and quality in kinnow
mandarin," Pak. J. Bot, 40(5), pp 1971-1981. 2008.
[29] J. Ozga, M. Dennis, "Hormonal interactions in fruit development," J
Plant Growth Regul, 22, pp 73-81. 2003.
[30] R.Ranjan, S. S. Purohit, and V. Prasad, "Plant Hormones: Action and
Application," Agrobios, India, 2003, pp. 183-189.
[31] D. Rivera, and C. Ob├│n, "The ethnopharmacology of Madeira and Porto
Santo islands, a review," J. Ethnopharmacol, 46, pp 73-93. 1995.
[32] S. Sarkar, and B. Ghosh, "Effect of growth regulators on biochemical
compostion of mango cv. "Amrapali"," Environment and Ecology,
23(2), pp 379-380. 2005.
[33] T.Saraswathi, P. Rangasamy, and R.S. Azhakiamanavalan, "Effect of
preharvest spray of growth regulators on fruit retention and quality of
mandarins (Citrus reticulata Balanco)," South Ind. Hort, 51(1/6),pp 110-
112. 2003.
[34] H. Sasaki, T. Yano, and A. Yamasaki, "Reduction of high temperature
inhibition in tomato fruit set by plant growth regulators," JARQ,
39,pp 135-138. 2005.
[35] Z.H.Shu¨, D.N.Wang, and T.F.Sheen, "Wax apple as a potential
economic crop for the world," In: S.Vijaysegaran, M.Pauziah,
M.S.Mohamed, S.Ahmad Tarmizi, (Eds.), Proc. Intl. Conf. Trop. Fruits,
Vol. I. Malaysian Agr. Res. Dev. Inst., Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,
1996,pp. 69-73.
[36] R.A. Stern, M. Flaishman, S. Applebaumc, and R. Ben-Arie, "Effect of
synthetic auxins on fruit development of ÔÇÿBing- cherry (Prunus avium
L.)," Scientia Horticulturae, 114,pp 275-280. 2007.
[37] B. R. Thakur, R. K. Singh, and P. Nelson, "Quality attributes of
processed tomato products: a review," Food Reviews International, vol.
12, no. 3, pp. 375-401, 1996.
[38] M. C. T.Trought, "Cherries. Research in Marlborough," NZ Fruit
Produce J, 3, pp 32-33, 35, 37. 1986.
[39] V.Usenik, D.Kastelec, and F.Stampar, "Physicochemical changes of
sweet cherry fruits related to application of gibberellic acid," Food
Chem, 90,pp 663-671. 2005.
[40] S.Vara-Ubol, E.Chambers, V. Kongpensook, C.Oupadissakoon,
R.Yenket, and A. Retiveau, "Determination of the sensory
characteristics of rose apples cultivated in Thailand," Journal of Food
Science, 71,pp 547-552. 2006.
[41] A.Vivian-Smith, M.Luo, A.Chaudhury, and A.Koltunow, "Fruit
development is actively restricted in the absence of fertilization in
Arabidopsis," Development 128, pp 2321-2331. 2001.
[42] P.Verma, N. L.Sen, "The Impact of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth
and Biochemical Constituents of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.),"
Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 14, pp 144-153. 2008.
[43] J. X. Xiao, S. Peng, H .P. Hua, and L. H. Jiang, "E ects of
calciumnitrate and IAA on calciumconcentration and quality of Satsuma
mandarin fruit," Journal of Fruit Science, vol. 22, pp. 211-215, 2005.
[44] C.Zhang, and M.D. Whiting, "Improving ÔÇÿBing- sweet cherry fruit
quality with plant growth regulators," Scientia Horticulturae, 127, pp
341-346. 2011.
[45] C.Zhang, K. Tanabe, F. Tamura, K. Matsumoto, and A. Yoshida, "13Cphotosynthate
accumulation in Japanese pear fruit during the period of
rapid fruit growth is limited by the sink strength of fruit rather than by
the transport capacity of the pedicel," J Exp Bot, 56, pp 2713-2719.
2005.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:53619", author = "Minh Tuan and Nguyen and Chung-Ruey Yen", title = "Response of Wax Apple Cultivars by Applied GA3 and 2,4-D on Fruit Growth and Fruit Quality", abstract = "The experiment was performed to evaluate the effect
of GA3, 2,4-D on fruit growth and fruit quality of wax apple. The
experiment consisted of Red A, Monulla, Atu, Red B cultivars. GA3
and 2,4-D were applied at the small bud and petal fall stage.
Physiological, biochemical characters of fruit were recoded. The
result showed application of GA3, 2,4-D greatly response in
increasing fruit set for all treatment as compared to control. Fruit
weight, fruit size were increased at 10 ppm 2,4-D in ‘Red A’, ‘Red
B’, however it was also enhancing at 10 ppm GA3 in ‘Monulla’,
‘Atu’. For ‘Monulla’, ‘Atu’ fruit crack reduced by 10 ppm 2,4-D
application, but ‘Red B’, ‘Red A’ gave least fruit crack at 10 and 30
ppm GA3, respectively. ‘Monulla’, ‘Atu’ and ‘Red B’ resulted in
response well to 10 ppm GA3 on improving TSS, whereas
application of 30 ppm GA3 greatly enhancing TSS in ‘Red A’. For
‘Atu’ titratable acidity markedly reduced by 10 ppm GA3
application, but spraying with 30 ppm GA3 greatly response in
reducing titratable acidity in ‘Red A’, ‘Red B’ and ‘Monulla’. It was
concluded that GA3, 2,4-D can be an effective tool to enhancing fruit
set, fruit growth as well as improving fruit quality of wax apple.", keywords = "Wax apple, GA3, 2,4-D, fruit growth, fruit quality. Abbreviations: GA3, gibberellic acid; 2,4-D, 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.", volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "20-9", }
