Removal of Chlorinated Resin and Fatty Acids from Paper Mill wastewater through Constructed Wetland
This study evaluates the performance of horizontal
subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSF-CW) for the removal of
chlorinated resin and fatty acids (RFAs) from pulp and paper mill
wastewater. The dimensions of the treatment system were 3.5 m x 1.5
m x 0.28 m with surface area of 5.25 m2, filled with fine sand and
gravel. The cell was planted with an ornamental plant species Canna
indica. The removal efficiency of chlorinated RFAs was in the range
of 92-96% at the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5.9 days. Plant
biomass and soil (sand and gravel) were analyzed for chlorinated
RFAs content. No chlorinated RFAs were detected in plant biomass
but detected in soil samples. Mass balance studies of chlorinated
RFAs in HSSF-CW were also carried out.
[1] E.L. Back, and Allen, L.H., Pitch Control, Wood Resin and
Deresination, Atlanta, Tappi Press, 2000.
[2] E.C. Catalkaya, and F. Kargi, "Advanced oxidation treatment of pulp
mill effluent for TOC and toxicity removals", J. of Environ. Manag.,
vol. 87, pp. 396-404, 2008.
[3] D. Pokhrel, and T.Viraraghavan, "Treatment of pulp and paper mill
wastewater a review", Sci. of the Total Environ., vol. 3, pp. 37-58,
2004.
[4] G. S. Furman, and D. B. Easty, "Chlorination of dehydroabietic acid
under pulp bleaching conditions", TAPPI J., vol. 67:89, 1983.
[5] C. Sharma, S. Mahanty, S. Kumar , and N.J. Rao, "Gas
chromatographic determination of pollutants in thechlorination and
caustic extraction stage effluent from the bleaching of a bamboo pulp",
Talanta, vol. 44, pp. 1911-1918, 1997.
[6] M. H. Priha, and E. T. Talka, "Biological activity of bleached kraft mill
effluent (BKME) fractions and process streams", Pulp Pap. Can., vol.
87, pp. 143-147, 1986.
[7] T. R. Stuthridge, K. Johnsen, H. Hoel, and J. Tana, "Bioaccumulation of
resin acids in trout exposed to thermomechanical pulping effluents and
their receiving waters", In 49th Appita Annual General Conference
Proceedings, Appita, Carlton, Australia, 1995, pp. 533-538.
[8] R.H. Kadlec, and R.L. Knight, Treatment Wetlands, Lewis Publishers,
CRC, New York. 1996.
[9] EPA, Constructed treatment wetlands, Office of water, 843-F-03-013,
2004.
[10] J.T. Watson, S.C. Reed, R.H. Kadlec, R.L. Knight, and A.E.
Whitehouse, "Performance expectations and loading rates of
constructed wetlands", In constructed wetlands for wastewater
treatment Hammer DA (ed.), Lewis, Chelsac, pp. 319-351, 1989.
[11] H. Brix, "Wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands: systems
design, removal processes, and treatment performance", In Constructed
wetlands for water quality improvement, G.A. (ed.) Moshiri, CRC
press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 9-22, 1993.
[12] M.T. Madigan, L.M. Martinko, and P.J. Brock, Biology of
microorganisms, 8th ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall, pp. 986,
1997.
[13] A.K Kivaisi, "The potential for constructed wetlands for wastewater
treatment and reuse in developing countries: a review", Ecol. Eng., vol.
16, pp. 545-560, 2001.
[14] K.R. Reddy, and E.M. D-Angelo, "Biogeochemical indicators to
evaluate pollutant removal efficiency in constructed wetlands", Water
Sci. and Technol., vol. 35, pp. 1-10, 1997.
[15] T. Suyama, H. Hosoya, and Y. Tokiya, "Bacteria isolate degrading
aliphatic polycarbonates", FEMS MIcrobiology Letters, vol. 161, pp.
255-261, 1998.
[16] J. Garcia, P. Aguirre, J. Barragan, R. Mujeriego, V. Matamoros, and
J.M. Bayona, "Effect of key design parameters on the efficiency of
horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands". Ecol. Eng., vol. 25,
pp. 405-418, 2005.
[17] R.H. Kadlec, R.L. Knight, J. Vymazal, H. Brix, P. Cooper, and R.
Haberl, Constructed wetlands for pollution control: Processes,
performance, design, and operation, IWA Scientific and Technical Rep.
8, International Water Association, London, 2000.
[18] G. Langergraber, "Modeling of Processes in Subsurface Flow
Constructed Wetlands: A Review". Vadose Zone J., vol. 7, pp. 830-
842, 2008.
[19] EPA, Subsurface flow constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment:
A technology assessment, Office of water, 832-R-93-008, 1993.
[20] L.S. Clesceri, A.E. Greenberg, and A.D Eaton, Standard Methods for
the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed., American Public
Health Association, Washington, DC, USA 1998.
[21] R.H., Voss, and A. Rapsomatiotis, "An improved solvent extraction
based procedure for the GC analysis of resin and fatty acids in pulp mill
effluents", J. Chromatography, vol. 346, pp. 205-214, 1985.
[22] A. Vogel, A textbook on practical organic chemistry, Third Ed.,
London, English language book society, 1975, pp. 291.
[23] EPA, Design Manual: Constructed Wetlands Treatment of Municipal
Wastewaters, EPA/625/R-99/010, 2000.
[24] H.W. Liu, S.N. Lo, and H. C. Lavallée, "Mechanisms of removing resin
and fatty acids in CTMP effluent during aerobic biological treatment",
TAPPI J., vol. 79, no. 5, May 1996.
[25] W. M. William, and R. S., Gordon, "Bacterial metabolism of
chlorinated dehydroabietic acids occurring in pulp and paper mill
effluents", Appl. Environ. Microbio., vol. 63, no. 8, pp. 3014-3020,
Aug. 1997.
[26] J. Vymazal, H. Brix, P.F. Cooper, M.B Green and R. Haberl,
Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Europe, Backhuys,
Leiden, Netherlands, 1998.
[27] G. Imfeld, M. Braeckevelt, P. Kuschk, and H. H. Richnow, "Monitoring
and assessing processes of organic chemicals removal in constructed
wetlands", Chemosphere, vol. 74, pp. 349-362, 2009.
[28] J.A. Ryan, R.M. Bell, and G.A. O-Connor, "Plant uptake of non-ionic
organic chemicals from soils", Chemosphere, vol. 17, pp. 2299-2323,
1988.
[29] S. Trapp, Model for uptake of xenobiotics into plants. In: S. Trapp, J.C.
McFarlane (Eds.), Plant Contamination: Modeling and Simulation of
Organic Chemical Processes, Boca Raton (FL), USA, Lewis Publishers,
1995, pp. 107-152.
[30] B.F. Campanella, C. Bock, and P. Schröder, "Phytoremediation to
increase the degradation of PCBs and PCDD/Fs Potential and
limitations", Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Vol. 9, pp. 73-85, 2002.
[31] M.B. Leigh, P. Prouzová, M. Macková, T. Macek, D.P. Nagle, and J.S.
Fletcher, "Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-degrading bacteria
associated with trees in a PCB contaminated site", Appl. Environ.
Microbiol., vol. 72, pp. 2331-2342, 2006.
[32] J.P. Amon, A. Agrawal, M.L., Shelley, B.C. Opperman, M.P. Enright,
N.D. Clemmer, T. Slusser, J. Lach, T. Sobolewski, W. Gruner, and A.C.
Entingh, "Development of a wetland constructed for the treatment of
groundwater contaminated by chlorinated ethenes", Ecol. Eng. vol. 30,
pp. 51-66, 2007.
[33] S.W. Karickhoff, "Semi-empirical estimation of sorption of
hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments and soils", Chemosphere,
vol. 10, pp. 833-846, 1981.
[34] K. Omari, M. Revitt, B. Shutes, and H. Garelick, "Hydrocarbon removal
in an experimental gravel bed constructed wetland", Water Sci.
Technol., vol. 48 no. 5, pp. 275-281, 2003.
[35] J.H. Pardue, Remediating chlorinated solvents in wetlands: Natural
processesor an active approach? In: K.W. Nehring, S.E. Brauning
(Eds.), Wetlands and Remediation II, in Proc. Second International
Conference on Wetlands & Remediation, Burlington (VT), September
2001, pp. 5-6, Batelle Press, Columbus (OH), USA, 2002, pp. 1-8.
[1] E.L. Back, and Allen, L.H., Pitch Control, Wood Resin and
Deresination, Atlanta, Tappi Press, 2000.
[2] E.C. Catalkaya, and F. Kargi, "Advanced oxidation treatment of pulp
mill effluent for TOC and toxicity removals", J. of Environ. Manag.,
vol. 87, pp. 396-404, 2008.
[3] D. Pokhrel, and T.Viraraghavan, "Treatment of pulp and paper mill
wastewater a review", Sci. of the Total Environ., vol. 3, pp. 37-58,
2004.
[4] G. S. Furman, and D. B. Easty, "Chlorination of dehydroabietic acid
under pulp bleaching conditions", TAPPI J., vol. 67:89, 1983.
[5] C. Sharma, S. Mahanty, S. Kumar , and N.J. Rao, "Gas
chromatographic determination of pollutants in thechlorination and
caustic extraction stage effluent from the bleaching of a bamboo pulp",
Talanta, vol. 44, pp. 1911-1918, 1997.
[6] M. H. Priha, and E. T. Talka, "Biological activity of bleached kraft mill
effluent (BKME) fractions and process streams", Pulp Pap. Can., vol.
87, pp. 143-147, 1986.
[7] T. R. Stuthridge, K. Johnsen, H. Hoel, and J. Tana, "Bioaccumulation of
resin acids in trout exposed to thermomechanical pulping effluents and
their receiving waters", In 49th Appita Annual General Conference
Proceedings, Appita, Carlton, Australia, 1995, pp. 533-538.
[8] R.H. Kadlec, and R.L. Knight, Treatment Wetlands, Lewis Publishers,
CRC, New York. 1996.
[9] EPA, Constructed treatment wetlands, Office of water, 843-F-03-013,
2004.
[10] J.T. Watson, S.C. Reed, R.H. Kadlec, R.L. Knight, and A.E.
Whitehouse, "Performance expectations and loading rates of
constructed wetlands", In constructed wetlands for wastewater
treatment Hammer DA (ed.), Lewis, Chelsac, pp. 319-351, 1989.
[11] H. Brix, "Wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands: systems
design, removal processes, and treatment performance", In Constructed
wetlands for water quality improvement, G.A. (ed.) Moshiri, CRC
press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 9-22, 1993.
[12] M.T. Madigan, L.M. Martinko, and P.J. Brock, Biology of
microorganisms, 8th ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall, pp. 986,
1997.
[13] A.K Kivaisi, "The potential for constructed wetlands for wastewater
treatment and reuse in developing countries: a review", Ecol. Eng., vol.
16, pp. 545-560, 2001.
[14] K.R. Reddy, and E.M. D-Angelo, "Biogeochemical indicators to
evaluate pollutant removal efficiency in constructed wetlands", Water
Sci. and Technol., vol. 35, pp. 1-10, 1997.
[15] T. Suyama, H. Hosoya, and Y. Tokiya, "Bacteria isolate degrading
aliphatic polycarbonates", FEMS MIcrobiology Letters, vol. 161, pp.
255-261, 1998.
[16] J. Garcia, P. Aguirre, J. Barragan, R. Mujeriego, V. Matamoros, and
J.M. Bayona, "Effect of key design parameters on the efficiency of
horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands". Ecol. Eng., vol. 25,
pp. 405-418, 2005.
[17] R.H. Kadlec, R.L. Knight, J. Vymazal, H. Brix, P. Cooper, and R.
Haberl, Constructed wetlands for pollution control: Processes,
performance, design, and operation, IWA Scientific and Technical Rep.
8, International Water Association, London, 2000.
[18] G. Langergraber, "Modeling of Processes in Subsurface Flow
Constructed Wetlands: A Review". Vadose Zone J., vol. 7, pp. 830-
842, 2008.
[19] EPA, Subsurface flow constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment:
A technology assessment, Office of water, 832-R-93-008, 1993.
[20] L.S. Clesceri, A.E. Greenberg, and A.D Eaton, Standard Methods for
the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed., American Public
Health Association, Washington, DC, USA 1998.
[21] R.H., Voss, and A. Rapsomatiotis, "An improved solvent extraction
based procedure for the GC analysis of resin and fatty acids in pulp mill
effluents", J. Chromatography, vol. 346, pp. 205-214, 1985.
[22] A. Vogel, A textbook on practical organic chemistry, Third Ed.,
London, English language book society, 1975, pp. 291.
[23] EPA, Design Manual: Constructed Wetlands Treatment of Municipal
Wastewaters, EPA/625/R-99/010, 2000.
[24] H.W. Liu, S.N. Lo, and H. C. Lavallée, "Mechanisms of removing resin
and fatty acids in CTMP effluent during aerobic biological treatment",
TAPPI J., vol. 79, no. 5, May 1996.
[25] W. M. William, and R. S., Gordon, "Bacterial metabolism of
chlorinated dehydroabietic acids occurring in pulp and paper mill
effluents", Appl. Environ. Microbio., vol. 63, no. 8, pp. 3014-3020,
Aug. 1997.
[26] J. Vymazal, H. Brix, P.F. Cooper, M.B Green and R. Haberl,
Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Europe, Backhuys,
Leiden, Netherlands, 1998.
[27] G. Imfeld, M. Braeckevelt, P. Kuschk, and H. H. Richnow, "Monitoring
and assessing processes of organic chemicals removal in constructed
wetlands", Chemosphere, vol. 74, pp. 349-362, 2009.
[28] J.A. Ryan, R.M. Bell, and G.A. O-Connor, "Plant uptake of non-ionic
organic chemicals from soils", Chemosphere, vol. 17, pp. 2299-2323,
1988.
[29] S. Trapp, Model for uptake of xenobiotics into plants. In: S. Trapp, J.C.
McFarlane (Eds.), Plant Contamination: Modeling and Simulation of
Organic Chemical Processes, Boca Raton (FL), USA, Lewis Publishers,
1995, pp. 107-152.
[30] B.F. Campanella, C. Bock, and P. Schröder, "Phytoremediation to
increase the degradation of PCBs and PCDD/Fs Potential and
limitations", Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Vol. 9, pp. 73-85, 2002.
[31] M.B. Leigh, P. Prouzová, M. Macková, T. Macek, D.P. Nagle, and J.S.
Fletcher, "Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-degrading bacteria
associated with trees in a PCB contaminated site", Appl. Environ.
Microbiol., vol. 72, pp. 2331-2342, 2006.
[32] J.P. Amon, A. Agrawal, M.L., Shelley, B.C. Opperman, M.P. Enright,
N.D. Clemmer, T. Slusser, J. Lach, T. Sobolewski, W. Gruner, and A.C.
Entingh, "Development of a wetland constructed for the treatment of
groundwater contaminated by chlorinated ethenes", Ecol. Eng. vol. 30,
pp. 51-66, 2007.
[33] S.W. Karickhoff, "Semi-empirical estimation of sorption of
hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments and soils", Chemosphere,
vol. 10, pp. 833-846, 1981.
[34] K. Omari, M. Revitt, B. Shutes, and H. Garelick, "Hydrocarbon removal
in an experimental gravel bed constructed wetland", Water Sci.
Technol., vol. 48 no. 5, pp. 275-281, 2003.
[35] J.H. Pardue, Remediating chlorinated solvents in wetlands: Natural
processesor an active approach? In: K.W. Nehring, S.E. Brauning
(Eds.), Wetlands and Remediation II, in Proc. Second International
Conference on Wetlands & Remediation, Burlington (VT), September
2001, pp. 5-6, Batelle Press, Columbus (OH), USA, 2002, pp. 1-8.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:60583", author = "Ashutosh Kumar Choudhary and Satish Kumar and Chhaya Sharma", title = "Removal of Chlorinated Resin and Fatty Acids from Paper Mill wastewater through Constructed Wetland", abstract = "This study evaluates the performance of horizontal
subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSF-CW) for the removal of
chlorinated resin and fatty acids (RFAs) from pulp and paper mill
wastewater. The dimensions of the treatment system were 3.5 m x 1.5
m x 0.28 m with surface area of 5.25 m2, filled with fine sand and
gravel. The cell was planted with an ornamental plant species Canna
indica. The removal efficiency of chlorinated RFAs was in the range
of 92-96% at the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5.9 days. Plant
biomass and soil (sand and gravel) were analyzed for chlorinated
RFAs content. No chlorinated RFAs were detected in plant biomass
but detected in soil samples. Mass balance studies of chlorinated
RFAs in HSSF-CW were also carried out.", keywords = "Canna indica, Chlorinated resin & fatty acids,Constructed wetland, Pulp and paper mill wastewater.", volume = "5", number = "8", pages = "458-5", }
