Recent Trends in Nonlinear Methods of HRV Analysis: A Review
The linear methods of heart rate variability analysis
such as non-parametric (e.g. fast Fourier transform analysis) and
parametric methods (e.g. autoregressive modeling) has become an
established non-invasive tool for marking the cardiac health, but their
sensitivity and specificity were found to be lower than expected with
positive predictive value <30%. This may be due to considering the
RR-interval series as stationary and re-sampling them prior to their
use for analysis, whereas actually it is not. This paper reviews the
non-linear methods of HRV analysis such as correlation dimension,
largest Lyupnov exponent, power law slope, fractal analysis,
detrended fluctuation analysis, complexity measure etc. which are
currently becoming popular as these uses the actual RR-interval
series. These methods are expected to highly accurate cardiac health
prognosis.
[1] A. Voss, J. Kurths, H. J. Kleiner, A. Witt and N. Wessel, " Improved
analysis of heart rate variabilityby methods of nonlinear dynamics",
Journal of Electrocardiology, vol. 28 supplement, pp. 81-88, 1995.
[2] Christian Braun, Peter Kowallik, Ansgar Freking, Dorte Hadeler,
Klaus-Dietrich Kniffki and Malte Meesmann, "Demonstration of
nonlinear components in heart rate variability of healthy persons,"
American Journal of Physiology, vol.275, no. 5, pp. 1577-1584, June,
1998.
[3] C.K. Peng, Shlomo Havlin, H. Eugene Stanley and Ary L.
Goldberger, "Quantification of scaling exponents and crossover
phenomena in nonstationary heartbeat time series", Chaos, vol. 5, no.
1, pp. 82-87, 1995.
[4] T. Bieberle, A. Bolz and M. Schaldach, "Characterization of heart
rate variability using a nonlinear model", IEEE-EMBC and CMBEC,
1995.
[5] Steven M. Pincus, "Approximate entropy as a measure of system
complexity," In Proceedings of National Academy of Science, USA,
vol. 88, pp. 2297-2301, March, 1991.
[6] Task Force of European Society of Cardiology and the North
American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology, "Heart rate
variability-standards of measurement, physiological interpretation
and clinical interpretation and clinical use," European Heart Journal,
vol. 17, pp. 354-381, 1996.
[7] D. Hoyer, K. Schmidt, R. Bauer, U. Zwiener, M. Kohler, B. Luthke
and M. Eiselt, " Nonlinear analysis of heart rate and respiratory
dynamics", IEEE engineering in medicine and biology, February
1997, pp. 31-39.
[8] P. Van Leeuwen and H. Bettermann, "The status of nonlinear
dynamics in the analysis of heart rate variability", Herzschr
Elektrophys, vol. 10, pp. 127-130, 1999.
[9] Joshua S. Richman and J. Randall Moorman, " Physiological timeseries
analysis using approximate entropy and sample entropy", Am J
Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, vol. 278, pp. H2039-H2049, 2000.
[10] Juha S. Perkioamaki, Wojciech Zareba, Vijay G. Kalaria, Jean-
Philippe Couderc, Heikki V. Huikuri and Arthur J. Moss, "
Comparability of nonlinear measures of heart rate variability between
long- and short -term electrocardiographic recordings", the American
journal of cardiology, vol. 87, April 1, 2001.
[11] Kun Hu, Plamen CH. Ivanov, Zhi Chen, Pedro Carpena and H.
Eugene Stanley, " Effects of trends on detrended fluctuation
analysis", The American Physical Society- Physical Review E, vol.
64, 011114, June, 2001.
[12] Ary L. Goldberger, Luis A. N. Amaral, Jeffrey M. Hausdorff, Plamen
Ch. Ivanov, C. K. Peng and H. Eugene Stanley, " Fractal dynamics in
physiology: Alterations with disease and aging", PNAS, vol. 99,
suppl. 1, pp. 2466-2472, February 19, 2002.
[13] Jan W. Kantelhardt, Stephan A. Zschiengner, Eva Koscielny-Bunde,
Armin Bunde, Shlomo Havlin and H. Eugene Stanley, " Multifractal
detrended fluctuation analysis of non stationary time series," Phsica
A, vol.316, pp. 87-114, February 2002.
[14] Zhi Chen, Plamen Ch. Ivanov, Kun Hu and H. Eugene Stanley, "
Effects of non stationarities on detrended fluctuation analysis", The
American Physical Society- Physial review E, vol. 65, pp. 041107,
April 2002.
[15] Heikki V. Huikuri, Timo H. Makikallio and Juha Perkioamaki, "
Measurement of heart rate variability by methods based on nonlinear
dynamics", Journal of Electrocardiology, vol. 36, supplement 2003.
[16] J. C. Echeverria, M. S. Woolfson, J. A. Crowe, B. R. Hayes-Gill, G.
D. H. Croaker and H. Vyas. "Interpretation of heart rate variability
via detrended fluctuation analysis and ╬▒β filter,"Chaos 13, vol. 13,
no. 2, pp. 467-475, June 2006.
[17] Volkan Tuzcu and Selman Nas. "Sample entropy analysis of heart
rhythm is following cardiac transplantation," In Proceedings of IEEE
International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernatics,
Waikova, Hawaii, pp. 198-202, 2005.
[18] Yuru Zhong, Hengliang Wang, Ki Hwan Ju, Kung-Ming Jan and Ki
H. Chon, " Nonlinear analysis of the separate contributions of
autonomic nervous system to heart rate variability using principal
dynamic modes", IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering, vol.
51, no. 2, February 2004.
[19] C. S. Yoo and S. H. Yi, " Effects of detrending for analysis of heart
rate variability and applications to the estimation of depth of
anesthesia", Journal of the Korean Physical Society, vol. 44, no. 3,
March 2004, pp. 561-568.
[20] M. G. Signorini, " Nonlinear analysis of Heart Rate Variability
signal: Physilogical knowledge and diagnostic indications", In
Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE
EMBS, San Francisco, CA, USA; September 1-5, 2004.
[21] Phyllis K. Stein and Anand Reddy, "Non-Linear Heart Rate
Variability and Risk Stratification in Cardiovascular Disease", Indian
Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal (ISSN 0972-6292), vol. 5, no.
3, pp. 210-220, 2005.
[22] R Maestri, GD Pinna, P Allegrini, R Balocchi, A Casaleggio, G
D-Addio, M Ferrario, D Menicucci, A Porta, R Sassi, MG Signorini,
MT La Rovere and S Cerutti, "Linear and nonlinear indices of heart
rate variability in chronic heart failure: Mutual interrelationships and
prognostic value", Computers in cardiology 2005, vol. 32, pp. 981-
984.
[23] L. Moraru, S. Tong, A. Malhotra, R. Geocadin, N. Thakor and A.
Bezerianos, " Investigation of the effects of ischemic preconditioning
on the HRV response to transient global ischemia using linear and
nonlinear methods", Medical engineering and physics, vol. 27, pp.
465-473, 2005.
[24] Vesna Vuksanovic and Vera gal, "Nonlinear and chaos
characteristics of heart period time series: Healthy aging and postural
change", Autonomic neuroscience: Basic and clinical, vol. 121, pp.
94-100, 2005.
[25] Gley Kheder, Abdennaceur Kachouri, Mouhamed Ben Messouad and
mounir Samet, "Application of a nonlinear dynamic method in the
analysis of the HRV ( Heart Rate Variability) towards clinical
application: Tiresome diagnosis", In Proceedings of IEEE
International Conference on Information and Communication
Technologies, pp. 177-182, 2006.
[26] U. Rajendra Acharya, K. Paul Joseph, N. Kannathal, Choo Min Lim
and Jasjit S. Suri, "Heart rate variability: a review", Med Bio Eng
Comput, vol. 44, pp. 1031-1051, 2006.
[27] Mirjana M Platisa and Vera Gal. "Reflection of heart rate regulation
on linear and nonlinear heart rate variability measures", physiological
measurements, vol. 27, pp. 145-154, January 2006.
[28] Rong-Guan Yeh, Jiann-Shing Shieh, Yin-Yi Han, Yu-Jung Wang and
Shih-Chun Tseng, " Detrended fluctuation analysis of short-term
heary rate variability in surgical intensive care units", biomedical
engineering-applications, basis and communications,vol. 18, no. 2,
April 2006.
[29] Alberto Porta, Stefano Guzzetti, Raffaello Furlan, Tomaso Gnecchi-
Ruscone, Nicola Montano and Alberto Malliani, " Complexity and
nonlinearity in short-term heart period variability: Comparison of
methods based on local nonlinear prediction", IEEE transaction on
biomedical engineering, vol. 54, no. 1, January 2007.
[30] Haitham M. Al-Angari and Alan V. Sahakian, "Use of sample
entropy approach to study hear rate variability in obstructive sleep
apnea syndrome", IEEE transaction on biomedical engineering, vol.
54, no. 10, October 2007.
[31] S. Vandeput, B. Verheyden, AE Aubert and S. Van Huffel,
"Nonlinear heart rate variability in a healthy population: Influence of
age", Computers in cardiology 2008, vol. 35, pp. 53-56.
[32] A Voss, R Schroeder, M Vallverdu, I Cygankiewicz, R Vazquez, A
Bayes de Luna and P Caminal, " Linear and nonlinear heart rate
variability risk stratification in heart failure patients", Computers in
cardiology 2008, vol. 35, pp. 557-560.
[33] Luca Faes, Ki H. Chon and Giandomenico Nollo, "A method for the
time-varying nonlinear prediction of complex nonstationary
biomedical signals", IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering,
vol. 56, no. 2, February 2009.
[1] A. Voss, J. Kurths, H. J. Kleiner, A. Witt and N. Wessel, " Improved
analysis of heart rate variabilityby methods of nonlinear dynamics",
Journal of Electrocardiology, vol. 28 supplement, pp. 81-88, 1995.
[2] Christian Braun, Peter Kowallik, Ansgar Freking, Dorte Hadeler,
Klaus-Dietrich Kniffki and Malte Meesmann, "Demonstration of
nonlinear components in heart rate variability of healthy persons,"
American Journal of Physiology, vol.275, no. 5, pp. 1577-1584, June,
1998.
[3] C.K. Peng, Shlomo Havlin, H. Eugene Stanley and Ary L.
Goldberger, "Quantification of scaling exponents and crossover
phenomena in nonstationary heartbeat time series", Chaos, vol. 5, no.
1, pp. 82-87, 1995.
[4] T. Bieberle, A. Bolz and M. Schaldach, "Characterization of heart
rate variability using a nonlinear model", IEEE-EMBC and CMBEC,
1995.
[5] Steven M. Pincus, "Approximate entropy as a measure of system
complexity," In Proceedings of National Academy of Science, USA,
vol. 88, pp. 2297-2301, March, 1991.
[6] Task Force of European Society of Cardiology and the North
American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology, "Heart rate
variability-standards of measurement, physiological interpretation
and clinical interpretation and clinical use," European Heart Journal,
vol. 17, pp. 354-381, 1996.
[7] D. Hoyer, K. Schmidt, R. Bauer, U. Zwiener, M. Kohler, B. Luthke
and M. Eiselt, " Nonlinear analysis of heart rate and respiratory
dynamics", IEEE engineering in medicine and biology, February
1997, pp. 31-39.
[8] P. Van Leeuwen and H. Bettermann, "The status of nonlinear
dynamics in the analysis of heart rate variability", Herzschr
Elektrophys, vol. 10, pp. 127-130, 1999.
[9] Joshua S. Richman and J. Randall Moorman, " Physiological timeseries
analysis using approximate entropy and sample entropy", Am J
Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, vol. 278, pp. H2039-H2049, 2000.
[10] Juha S. Perkioamaki, Wojciech Zareba, Vijay G. Kalaria, Jean-
Philippe Couderc, Heikki V. Huikuri and Arthur J. Moss, "
Comparability of nonlinear measures of heart rate variability between
long- and short -term electrocardiographic recordings", the American
journal of cardiology, vol. 87, April 1, 2001.
[11] Kun Hu, Plamen CH. Ivanov, Zhi Chen, Pedro Carpena and H.
Eugene Stanley, " Effects of trends on detrended fluctuation
analysis", The American Physical Society- Physical Review E, vol.
64, 011114, June, 2001.
[12] Ary L. Goldberger, Luis A. N. Amaral, Jeffrey M. Hausdorff, Plamen
Ch. Ivanov, C. K. Peng and H. Eugene Stanley, " Fractal dynamics in
physiology: Alterations with disease and aging", PNAS, vol. 99,
suppl. 1, pp. 2466-2472, February 19, 2002.
[13] Jan W. Kantelhardt, Stephan A. Zschiengner, Eva Koscielny-Bunde,
Armin Bunde, Shlomo Havlin and H. Eugene Stanley, " Multifractal
detrended fluctuation analysis of non stationary time series," Phsica
A, vol.316, pp. 87-114, February 2002.
[14] Zhi Chen, Plamen Ch. Ivanov, Kun Hu and H. Eugene Stanley, "
Effects of non stationarities on detrended fluctuation analysis", The
American Physical Society- Physial review E, vol. 65, pp. 041107,
April 2002.
[15] Heikki V. Huikuri, Timo H. Makikallio and Juha Perkioamaki, "
Measurement of heart rate variability by methods based on nonlinear
dynamics", Journal of Electrocardiology, vol. 36, supplement 2003.
[16] J. C. Echeverria, M. S. Woolfson, J. A. Crowe, B. R. Hayes-Gill, G.
D. H. Croaker and H. Vyas. "Interpretation of heart rate variability
via detrended fluctuation analysis and ╬▒β filter,"Chaos 13, vol. 13,
no. 2, pp. 467-475, June 2006.
[17] Volkan Tuzcu and Selman Nas. "Sample entropy analysis of heart
rhythm is following cardiac transplantation," In Proceedings of IEEE
International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernatics,
Waikova, Hawaii, pp. 198-202, 2005.
[18] Yuru Zhong, Hengliang Wang, Ki Hwan Ju, Kung-Ming Jan and Ki
H. Chon, " Nonlinear analysis of the separate contributions of
autonomic nervous system to heart rate variability using principal
dynamic modes", IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering, vol.
51, no. 2, February 2004.
[19] C. S. Yoo and S. H. Yi, " Effects of detrending for analysis of heart
rate variability and applications to the estimation of depth of
anesthesia", Journal of the Korean Physical Society, vol. 44, no. 3,
March 2004, pp. 561-568.
[20] M. G. Signorini, " Nonlinear analysis of Heart Rate Variability
signal: Physilogical knowledge and diagnostic indications", In
Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE
EMBS, San Francisco, CA, USA; September 1-5, 2004.
[21] Phyllis K. Stein and Anand Reddy, "Non-Linear Heart Rate
Variability and Risk Stratification in Cardiovascular Disease", Indian
Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal (ISSN 0972-6292), vol. 5, no.
3, pp. 210-220, 2005.
[22] R Maestri, GD Pinna, P Allegrini, R Balocchi, A Casaleggio, G
D-Addio, M Ferrario, D Menicucci, A Porta, R Sassi, MG Signorini,
MT La Rovere and S Cerutti, "Linear and nonlinear indices of heart
rate variability in chronic heart failure: Mutual interrelationships and
prognostic value", Computers in cardiology 2005, vol. 32, pp. 981-
984.
[23] L. Moraru, S. Tong, A. Malhotra, R. Geocadin, N. Thakor and A.
Bezerianos, " Investigation of the effects of ischemic preconditioning
on the HRV response to transient global ischemia using linear and
nonlinear methods", Medical engineering and physics, vol. 27, pp.
465-473, 2005.
[24] Vesna Vuksanovic and Vera gal, "Nonlinear and chaos
characteristics of heart period time series: Healthy aging and postural
change", Autonomic neuroscience: Basic and clinical, vol. 121, pp.
94-100, 2005.
[25] Gley Kheder, Abdennaceur Kachouri, Mouhamed Ben Messouad and
mounir Samet, "Application of a nonlinear dynamic method in the
analysis of the HRV ( Heart Rate Variability) towards clinical
application: Tiresome diagnosis", In Proceedings of IEEE
International Conference on Information and Communication
Technologies, pp. 177-182, 2006.
[26] U. Rajendra Acharya, K. Paul Joseph, N. Kannathal, Choo Min Lim
and Jasjit S. Suri, "Heart rate variability: a review", Med Bio Eng
Comput, vol. 44, pp. 1031-1051, 2006.
[27] Mirjana M Platisa and Vera Gal. "Reflection of heart rate regulation
on linear and nonlinear heart rate variability measures", physiological
measurements, vol. 27, pp. 145-154, January 2006.
[28] Rong-Guan Yeh, Jiann-Shing Shieh, Yin-Yi Han, Yu-Jung Wang and
Shih-Chun Tseng, " Detrended fluctuation analysis of short-term
heary rate variability in surgical intensive care units", biomedical
engineering-applications, basis and communications,vol. 18, no. 2,
April 2006.
[29] Alberto Porta, Stefano Guzzetti, Raffaello Furlan, Tomaso Gnecchi-
Ruscone, Nicola Montano and Alberto Malliani, " Complexity and
nonlinearity in short-term heart period variability: Comparison of
methods based on local nonlinear prediction", IEEE transaction on
biomedical engineering, vol. 54, no. 1, January 2007.
[30] Haitham M. Al-Angari and Alan V. Sahakian, "Use of sample
entropy approach to study hear rate variability in obstructive sleep
apnea syndrome", IEEE transaction on biomedical engineering, vol.
54, no. 10, October 2007.
[31] S. Vandeput, B. Verheyden, AE Aubert and S. Van Huffel,
"Nonlinear heart rate variability in a healthy population: Influence of
age", Computers in cardiology 2008, vol. 35, pp. 53-56.
[32] A Voss, R Schroeder, M Vallverdu, I Cygankiewicz, R Vazquez, A
Bayes de Luna and P Caminal, " Linear and nonlinear heart rate
variability risk stratification in heart failure patients", Computers in
cardiology 2008, vol. 35, pp. 557-560.
[33] Luca Faes, Ki H. Chon and Giandomenico Nollo, "A method for the
time-varying nonlinear prediction of complex nonstationary
biomedical signals", IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering,
vol. 56, no. 2, February 2009.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:51412", author = "Ramesh K. Sunkaria", title = "Recent Trends in Nonlinear Methods of HRV Analysis: A Review", abstract = "The linear methods of heart rate variability analysis
such as non-parametric (e.g. fast Fourier transform analysis) and
parametric methods (e.g. autoregressive modeling) has become an
established non-invasive tool for marking the cardiac health, but their
sensitivity and specificity were found to be lower than expected with
positive predictive value ", keywords = "chaos, nonlinear dynamics, sample entropy,approximate entropy, detrended fluctuation analysis.", volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "93-6", }
