Recent Outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Chickens and Ducks in Egypt: Pathological Study
Clinically, chickens showed progressively developed
clinical signs represented by sever cyanosis of the comb and wattles
with hemorrhage at the shanks, depression, and ruffling feathers with
loss of appetite and high daily mortalities. The ducks showed severe
neurological signs as torticollus, seizures and inability to stand with
mild signs of diarrhea and depression. Grossly, chickens showed
hemorrhages and congestion in most of the organs particularly lung,
liver, spleen, trachea and kidney. The examined ducks showed
multiple petechial hemorrhages, multifocal hemorrhagic necrosis in
the pancreas, pulmonary edema, congestion and hemorrhage in
meninges and congestion in the skeletal muscles. Histopathology
revealed severe congestion and hemorrhages in most of the organs
particularly lung, liver and kidney. Microscopic erosive tracheitis,
sever pulmonary congestion and perivascular oedema and lymphogranulocytic
pneumonia were constant. The liver showed hepatocyts
necrosis and lympho-granulocytic infiltration. The kidney showed
renal tubular necrosis and diffuse congestion. Multifocal, neuronal
necrosis, hemorrhages, multifocal glial nodules, lympho- histiocytic
perivascular cuffing, and occasional neuronophagia were observed in
the cerebrum. Other organs showed moderate changes.
[1] H. M. Acland, L. A. Silverman Bachin, and R. J. Eckroade, "Lesions in
broiler and layer chickens in an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian
influenza virus infection," Vet. Patho1., vol. 21, pp. 564-569, 1984 .
[2] D. J. Alexander, "Avian influenza, Recent Developments," Vet. Bul., vol.
52, 341-359, 1982.
[3] A. Arafa, D. L. Suarez, M. K. Hassan, and M. M. Aly, "Phylogenetic
analysis of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of highly
pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 Egyptian strains isolated from 2006 to
2008 indicates heterogeneity with multiple distinct sublineages," Avian
Dis., vol. 54, pp. 345-349, 2010.
[4] J. D. Bancroft, A. Stevens, and D. R. Turner, "Theory and practice of
histopathological Techniques," 4th ed. Churchill Livingstone, New York,
London, and Madrid, 1996.
[5] M. M. Bahgat, M. A. Kutkat, M. H. Nasraa, A. Mostafa, R. Webby, I.
M. Bahgat, and M. A. A. Ali, "Characterization of an avian influenza
virus H5N1 Egyptian isolate," J. Virol. Methods, vol. 159, pp. 244-250,
2009.
[6] C. C. Brown, H. J. Olander, and D. A. Senne, "A pathogenesis study of
highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N2 in chickens, using
immunohistochemistry," J. Comp. Pathol., vol. 107, pp. 341-348, 1992.
[7] I. Capua, and F. Mutinelli, "Mortality in Muscovy ducks (Cairina
moschata) and domestic geese (Anser anser var. domestica) associated
with natural infection with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of
H7N1 subtype," Avian Pathol. Vol. 30, pp. 179-183, 2001.
[8] G. Cattoli, A. Drago, S. Maniero, A. Toffan, E. Bertoli, S. Fassina, C.
Terregino, C. Robbi, G Vicenzoni, and I. Cappua, "Comparison of three
rapid detection systems for type A Influenza virus on tracheal swabs of
experimentally and naturally infected birds," Avian Pathol., vol. 33, pp.
432-437, 2004.
[9] H. Chen, G. Deng, Z. Li, G. Tian, Y. Li, P. Jiao, L. Zhang, Z. Liu, R.G.
Webster, and K. Yu, "The evolution of H5N1 influenza viruses in ducks
in southern China," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 101, pp. 10452-
10457, 2004.
[10] E. M. El-gendy, "Detection and genetic characterization of avian
influenza virus in some Egyptian governorate," M.V.Sc. Thesis, Fac.
Vet. Med., Alex. Univ., 2010.
[11] T. M. Ellis, B. Bousfield, L. Bisset, K. Dyrting, G. S. M. Luk, S. T.
Tsim, K. Sturm-Ramirez, R. G. Webster, Y. Guan, and M. J. S Peiris,
"Investigation of outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza
in waterfowl and wild birds in Hong Kong in late 2002," Avian Pathol.
Vol. 33, pp. 492-505, 2004.
[12] T. Horimoto, and Y. kawaoka, "Pandemic threat posed by avian
influenza A viruses," Clin. Microbial. Rev., vol. 14, pp. 129-149, 2001.
[13] International federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies Egypt
"Avian influenza," MDREG002, 2006.
[14] P. Joan, P. Amisha, C. Bradley, C. Michael, O. C. Stephen, H. H.
Davidson, and C. J. Elaine, "2007 year in review: avian influenza and
pandemic planning," IJET/ SR, pp. 251-01, 2008.
[15] Y. L. Jones, and D. E. Swayne, "Comparative pathology of low and high
pathogenicity H7N3 Chilean avian influenza viruses in chickens," Avian
Diseases, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 119-28, 2004.
[16] C. Kawakami, H. Shimizu, and S. Watanabe. et al. "Evaluation of
immunochromatography method for rapid detection of influenza A and
B viruses," Kansenshogaku Zasshi, vol. 75, pp.792-799, 2001.
[17] Y. Kobayashi, T. Horimoto, Y. Kawaoka, D. J. Alexander, and C.
Itakura, "Pathological studies of chickens experimentally infected with
two highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses," Avian Pathol. Vol. 25,
pp. 285-304, 1996.
[18] M. S. Lee, P. C. Chang, J. H. Shien, M. C. Cheng, and H. K. Shieh,
"Identification and subtyping of avian influenza viruses by reverse
transcription-PCR," J. Virol. Meth., vol. 97, pp. 13-22, 2001..
[19] C. Magnard, M. Valette, M. Aymard, and B. Lina, "Comparison of two
nested PCR, cell culture and antigen detection for the diagnosis of upper
respiratory tract infections due to Influenza viruses," J. Med. Virol. Vol.
59, pp. 215-220, 1999.
[20] M. J. Mehrabanpour, H. Dadras, A. Khodakaram Tafti, A. Rahimian,
and A. Toffan, "Pathological findings of highly pathogenic avian
influenza VirusA/Duck /Vietnam/12/2005 (H5N1) in turkeys," Int. J.
Poult. Sci., vol. 6, pp. 679-683, 2007.
[21] Y. Muramoto, H. Ozaki, A. Takada, H. Park-Chun, Y. Sunden, T.
Umemura, Y. Kawaoka, H. Matsuda, and H. Kida, "Highly pathogenic
H5N1 influenza vius causes coagulopathy in chickens," Microbiol. andimmunol.,
vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 73-81, 2006.
[22] H. Nakatani, K. Nakamura, Y. Yamamoto, M. Yamada, and Y.
Yamamoto, "Epidemiology, pathology, and immunohistochemistry of
layer hens naturally affected with H5N1 highly pathogenic avian
influenza in Japan," Avian Dis., vol. 49, pp. 436-441, 2005.
[23] Office International des Épizooties (OIE) Standard Commission,
"Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals," 5th ed.,
OIE Publication, Chapter 2, 1-14, 2004.
[24] D. R. Perez, S. H. Nazarian, G. McFadden, and M. S. Gilmore,
"Miscellaneous threats: Highly pathogenic avian influenza, and novel
bioengineered organisms," in Biodefense: Principles and Pathogens, M.
S. Bronze, and R. A. Greenfield, ed., 2005, Horizon Bioscience,
Norfolk, England.
[25] L. E. Perkins, and D. E. Swayne, "Pathobiology of A/chicken/hong
Kong/220/97(h5n1) avian influenza virus in seven gallinaceous
species," Vet. Pathol., Vol. 38, pp. 149-164, 2001.
[26] M.D. Saad, M.A. Gammal-Eldein, L.S. Ahmed, A.S.A. Goda, M.S.
Khalil, M.A. Fouda, S.L. Yingst, M.A. Parker, and M.R. Montevillel,
"First record of Avian Influenza (H5N1) in migratory birds in Egypt,".
SCVMJ, vol. 8, no. 1 pp. 93-104, 2008.
[27] D. E. Swayne, "Understanding the complex pathobiology of high
pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in birds," Avian Diseases, vol. 50,
pp. 242-249, 2007.
[28] D. E. Swayne, and D. Suarez, "Highly pathogenic avian influenza,"
Office International des Epizooties press, Scientific and Technical
Review, vol. 19, pp. 463-482. (2000):
[29] D. E. Swayne, M. J. Radin, T. M. Hoepf, and R. D. Slemons, "Acute
renal failure as the cause of death in chickens following intravenous
inoculation with avian influenza virus Al thicken/Alabama/7395/75
(H4N8)," Avian Dis., vol. 38, pp. 151- 157, 1994.
[30] Y. Tsuda,, Y. Sakoda, S. Sakabe,, T. Mochizuki,, Y. Namba, and H.
Kida, "Development of an immunochromatographic kit for rapid
diagnosis of H5 avian influenza virus infection," Microbiol. and
Immunol., vol. 51, pp. 903-907, 2007.
[31] M. Vascellari, A. Granato, L. Trevisan, L. Basilicata, A. Toffan, A.
Milani, and F. Mutinelli, "Pathologic Findings of Highly Pathogenic
Avian Influenza Virus A/Duck/Vietnam/12/05 (H5N1) in
Experimentally Infected Pekin Ducks, Based on Immunohistochemistry
and In Situ Hybridization," Vet. Pathol., vol. 44, pp. 635-642, 2007.
[32] G. W. WOOD, G. Parsons, and D. J. Alexander, "Replication of
influenza A viruses of high and low pathogenicity for chickens at
different sites in chickens and ducks following intranasal Inoculation.
Short communication," Avian Pathol., vol. 24, pp. 545-551, 1995.
[33] M. Yamazaki, K. Mitamura, and K. Kimura, et al, "Clinical evaluation
of an immunochromatography test for rapid diagnosis of influenza,"
Kansenshogaku Zasshi, vol. 75, pp. 1047-1053, 2001.
[1] H. M. Acland, L. A. Silverman Bachin, and R. J. Eckroade, "Lesions in
broiler and layer chickens in an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian
influenza virus infection," Vet. Patho1., vol. 21, pp. 564-569, 1984 .
[2] D. J. Alexander, "Avian influenza, Recent Developments," Vet. Bul., vol.
52, 341-359, 1982.
[3] A. Arafa, D. L. Suarez, M. K. Hassan, and M. M. Aly, "Phylogenetic
analysis of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of highly
pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 Egyptian strains isolated from 2006 to
2008 indicates heterogeneity with multiple distinct sublineages," Avian
Dis., vol. 54, pp. 345-349, 2010.
[4] J. D. Bancroft, A. Stevens, and D. R. Turner, "Theory and practice of
histopathological Techniques," 4th ed. Churchill Livingstone, New York,
London, and Madrid, 1996.
[5] M. M. Bahgat, M. A. Kutkat, M. H. Nasraa, A. Mostafa, R. Webby, I.
M. Bahgat, and M. A. A. Ali, "Characterization of an avian influenza
virus H5N1 Egyptian isolate," J. Virol. Methods, vol. 159, pp. 244-250,
2009.
[6] C. C. Brown, H. J. Olander, and D. A. Senne, "A pathogenesis study of
highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N2 in chickens, using
immunohistochemistry," J. Comp. Pathol., vol. 107, pp. 341-348, 1992.
[7] I. Capua, and F. Mutinelli, "Mortality in Muscovy ducks (Cairina
moschata) and domestic geese (Anser anser var. domestica) associated
with natural infection with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of
H7N1 subtype," Avian Pathol. Vol. 30, pp. 179-183, 2001.
[8] G. Cattoli, A. Drago, S. Maniero, A. Toffan, E. Bertoli, S. Fassina, C.
Terregino, C. Robbi, G Vicenzoni, and I. Cappua, "Comparison of three
rapid detection systems for type A Influenza virus on tracheal swabs of
experimentally and naturally infected birds," Avian Pathol., vol. 33, pp.
432-437, 2004.
[9] H. Chen, G. Deng, Z. Li, G. Tian, Y. Li, P. Jiao, L. Zhang, Z. Liu, R.G.
Webster, and K. Yu, "The evolution of H5N1 influenza viruses in ducks
in southern China," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 101, pp. 10452-
10457, 2004.
[10] E. M. El-gendy, "Detection and genetic characterization of avian
influenza virus in some Egyptian governorate," M.V.Sc. Thesis, Fac.
Vet. Med., Alex. Univ., 2010.
[11] T. M. Ellis, B. Bousfield, L. Bisset, K. Dyrting, G. S. M. Luk, S. T.
Tsim, K. Sturm-Ramirez, R. G. Webster, Y. Guan, and M. J. S Peiris,
"Investigation of outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza
in waterfowl and wild birds in Hong Kong in late 2002," Avian Pathol.
Vol. 33, pp. 492-505, 2004.
[12] T. Horimoto, and Y. kawaoka, "Pandemic threat posed by avian
influenza A viruses," Clin. Microbial. Rev., vol. 14, pp. 129-149, 2001.
[13] International federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies Egypt
"Avian influenza," MDREG002, 2006.
[14] P. Joan, P. Amisha, C. Bradley, C. Michael, O. C. Stephen, H. H.
Davidson, and C. J. Elaine, "2007 year in review: avian influenza and
pandemic planning," IJET/ SR, pp. 251-01, 2008.
[15] Y. L. Jones, and D. E. Swayne, "Comparative pathology of low and high
pathogenicity H7N3 Chilean avian influenza viruses in chickens," Avian
Diseases, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 119-28, 2004.
[16] C. Kawakami, H. Shimizu, and S. Watanabe. et al. "Evaluation of
immunochromatography method for rapid detection of influenza A and
B viruses," Kansenshogaku Zasshi, vol. 75, pp.792-799, 2001.
[17] Y. Kobayashi, T. Horimoto, Y. Kawaoka, D. J. Alexander, and C.
Itakura, "Pathological studies of chickens experimentally infected with
two highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses," Avian Pathol. Vol. 25,
pp. 285-304, 1996.
[18] M. S. Lee, P. C. Chang, J. H. Shien, M. C. Cheng, and H. K. Shieh,
"Identification and subtyping of avian influenza viruses by reverse
transcription-PCR," J. Virol. Meth., vol. 97, pp. 13-22, 2001..
[19] C. Magnard, M. Valette, M. Aymard, and B. Lina, "Comparison of two
nested PCR, cell culture and antigen detection for the diagnosis of upper
respiratory tract infections due to Influenza viruses," J. Med. Virol. Vol.
59, pp. 215-220, 1999.
[20] M. J. Mehrabanpour, H. Dadras, A. Khodakaram Tafti, A. Rahimian,
and A. Toffan, "Pathological findings of highly pathogenic avian
influenza VirusA/Duck /Vietnam/12/2005 (H5N1) in turkeys," Int. J.
Poult. Sci., vol. 6, pp. 679-683, 2007.
[21] Y. Muramoto, H. Ozaki, A. Takada, H. Park-Chun, Y. Sunden, T.
Umemura, Y. Kawaoka, H. Matsuda, and H. Kida, "Highly pathogenic
H5N1 influenza vius causes coagulopathy in chickens," Microbiol. andimmunol.,
vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 73-81, 2006.
[22] H. Nakatani, K. Nakamura, Y. Yamamoto, M. Yamada, and Y.
Yamamoto, "Epidemiology, pathology, and immunohistochemistry of
layer hens naturally affected with H5N1 highly pathogenic avian
influenza in Japan," Avian Dis., vol. 49, pp. 436-441, 2005.
[23] Office International des Épizooties (OIE) Standard Commission,
"Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals," 5th ed.,
OIE Publication, Chapter 2, 1-14, 2004.
[24] D. R. Perez, S. H. Nazarian, G. McFadden, and M. S. Gilmore,
"Miscellaneous threats: Highly pathogenic avian influenza, and novel
bioengineered organisms," in Biodefense: Principles and Pathogens, M.
S. Bronze, and R. A. Greenfield, ed., 2005, Horizon Bioscience,
Norfolk, England.
[25] L. E. Perkins, and D. E. Swayne, "Pathobiology of A/chicken/hong
Kong/220/97(h5n1) avian influenza virus in seven gallinaceous
species," Vet. Pathol., Vol. 38, pp. 149-164, 2001.
[26] M.D. Saad, M.A. Gammal-Eldein, L.S. Ahmed, A.S.A. Goda, M.S.
Khalil, M.A. Fouda, S.L. Yingst, M.A. Parker, and M.R. Montevillel,
"First record of Avian Influenza (H5N1) in migratory birds in Egypt,".
SCVMJ, vol. 8, no. 1 pp. 93-104, 2008.
[27] D. E. Swayne, "Understanding the complex pathobiology of high
pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in birds," Avian Diseases, vol. 50,
pp. 242-249, 2007.
[28] D. E. Swayne, and D. Suarez, "Highly pathogenic avian influenza,"
Office International des Epizooties press, Scientific and Technical
Review, vol. 19, pp. 463-482. (2000):
[29] D. E. Swayne, M. J. Radin, T. M. Hoepf, and R. D. Slemons, "Acute
renal failure as the cause of death in chickens following intravenous
inoculation with avian influenza virus Al thicken/Alabama/7395/75
(H4N8)," Avian Dis., vol. 38, pp. 151- 157, 1994.
[30] Y. Tsuda,, Y. Sakoda, S. Sakabe,, T. Mochizuki,, Y. Namba, and H.
Kida, "Development of an immunochromatographic kit for rapid
diagnosis of H5 avian influenza virus infection," Microbiol. and
Immunol., vol. 51, pp. 903-907, 2007.
[31] M. Vascellari, A. Granato, L. Trevisan, L. Basilicata, A. Toffan, A.
Milani, and F. Mutinelli, "Pathologic Findings of Highly Pathogenic
Avian Influenza Virus A/Duck/Vietnam/12/05 (H5N1) in
Experimentally Infected Pekin Ducks, Based on Immunohistochemistry
and In Situ Hybridization," Vet. Pathol., vol. 44, pp. 635-642, 2007.
[32] G. W. WOOD, G. Parsons, and D. J. Alexander, "Replication of
influenza A viruses of high and low pathogenicity for chickens at
different sites in chickens and ducks following intranasal Inoculation.
Short communication," Avian Pathol., vol. 24, pp. 545-551, 1995.
[33] M. Yamazaki, K. Mitamura, and K. Kimura, et al, "Clinical evaluation
of an immunochromatography test for rapid diagnosis of influenza,"
Kansenshogaku Zasshi, vol. 75, pp. 1047-1053, 2001.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:54765", author = "A.A Abou-Rawash and H.S. Abd EL-Hamed. H A. Abd-Ellatieff and S. M. Elsamanoudy", title = "Recent Outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Chickens and Ducks in Egypt: Pathological Study", abstract = "Clinically, chickens showed progressively developed
clinical signs represented by sever cyanosis of the comb and wattles
with hemorrhage at the shanks, depression, and ruffling feathers with
loss of appetite and high daily mortalities. The ducks showed severe
neurological signs as torticollus, seizures and inability to stand with
mild signs of diarrhea and depression. Grossly, chickens showed
hemorrhages and congestion in most of the organs particularly lung,
liver, spleen, trachea and kidney. The examined ducks showed
multiple petechial hemorrhages, multifocal hemorrhagic necrosis in
the pancreas, pulmonary edema, congestion and hemorrhage in
meninges and congestion in the skeletal muscles. Histopathology
revealed severe congestion and hemorrhages in most of the organs
particularly lung, liver and kidney. Microscopic erosive tracheitis,
sever pulmonary congestion and perivascular oedema and lymphogranulocytic
pneumonia were constant. The liver showed hepatocyts
necrosis and lympho-granulocytic infiltration. The kidney showed
renal tubular necrosis and diffuse congestion. Multifocal, neuronal
necrosis, hemorrhages, multifocal glial nodules, lympho- histiocytic
perivascular cuffing, and occasional neuronophagia were observed in
the cerebrum. Other organs showed moderate changes.", keywords = "Chicken, Ducks, H5N1 Avian Influenza, Pathology", volume = "6", number = "5", pages = "273-9", }
