Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Eimeria in Sheep of Punjab, Pakistan
A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence, species characterization and associated risk factors with Eimeria (E.) in sheep of district Toba Tek Singh from April, 2009 to March, 2010. Of the total 486 faecal samples examined for Eimeria, 209 (43%) were found infected with five species of Eimeria. Amongst the identified species of Eimeria, E. ovinoidalis was the commonest one (48.32%), followed in order by E. ahsata, E. intricata, E. parva and E. faurei with prevalence of 45.45, 28.71, 24.40 and 19.14 percent respectively. Peak prevalence was observed in August. Wet season (rainy and post-rainy) was found to be favourable for Eimeria infection. Lambs had significantly higher prevalence (P < 0.05) of Eimeria than adults. Similarly higher prevalence of Eimeria was observed in female as compared to male. Among management and husbandry practices; watering system, housing system, floor type and herd size strongly influenced the prevalence of Eimeria. Coccidiosis was more prevalent in closed housing system, non-cemented floor type, pond watered animals and larger herds (P < 0.05) as compared to open housing system, partially cemented floor type, tap watered animals and smaller herds respectively. Feeding system, breed and body condition of animals were not found as risk factors (P>0.05) influencing prevalence of Eimeria.
[1] Abebe, R., Wossene, A., Kumsa, B., 2008. Epidemiology of Eimeria
Infections in Calves in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit Dairy Farms,
Ethiopia. Int. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med. 6, 24-30.
[2] Agyei, A.D., M. Odonkor and A. Osei-Somuah, 2004. Concurrence of
Eimeria and helminth parasitic infections in West African Dwarf kids in
Ghana. Small Ruminant Research, 51: 29-35
[3] Alzieu, J.P., C. Mage, L. Maes and C. de Mˆuelenaere, 1999. Economic
benefits of prophylaxis with diclazuril against subclinical coccidiosis in
lambs reared indoors. Vet. Rec. 144; 442-444.
[4] Bauer, C., 1989. Infektionen mit Nematodirus battus (CROFTON und
THOMAS, 1951) und Weide-Eimeriose bei Schaflämmern in
Deutschland (Fallbericht). Dtsch. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. 96, 382-384.
[5] Berriatua, E., Green, L.E., Morgan, K.L., 1994. A descriptive
epidemiological study of coccidiosis in early lambing housed flocks.
Vet. Parasitol. 54, 337-351.
[6] Biu, A.A., A. Maimunatu, A.F. Salamatu and E.T. Agbadu, 2009. A
faecal survey of gastrointestinal parasites of ruminants on the University
of Maiduguri Research Farm. International Journal of Biomedical and
Health Sciences, 5: 175-179.
[7] Chandrawathani P., R. Nurulaini, M. Adnan, B. Premalaatha, S.1.
Khadijah, O. Jamnah, C.M. Zaini, S.K. Khor and Z. Zawida, 2009. A
survey of parasitic infection on small ruminant farms in Kinta and Hilir
Perak districts, Perak, Malaysia. Tropical Biomedicine, 26: 11-15
[8] Gauly, M., J. Reeg, C. Bauer and G. Erhardt, 2004. Influence of
production systems in lambs on the Eimeria oocyst output and weight
gain. Small Ruminant Research, 55: 159-167
[9] Iqbal, Z., Sajid, M.S., Jabbar, A., Rao Z.A., Khan, M.N. (Eds.), 2006.
Techniques in Parasitology. Higher Education Commission, Islamabad-
Pakistan. pp, 52-54.
[10] Kanyari, P.W.N., 1990. Prevalence of coccidian oocysts in sheep and
goat faecal samples. A preliminary report based on laboratory records.
Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afri. 38, 473-474.
[11] Kaya, G., 2004. Prevalence of Eimeria Species in Lambs in Antakya
Province. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science, 28: 687-
692
[12] Kusiluka, L.J.M., Kambaragea, D.M., Harrisonb, L.J.S., Dabornb C.J.,
Matthewman, R.W., 1998. Prevalence and seasonal patterns of coccidial
infections in goats in two ecoclimatic areas in Morogoro, Tanzania.
Small Rumin. Res. 30, 85-91.
[13] Levine, N.D. (Ed.), 1961. Protozoan Parasites of Domestic Animals and
Man. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, pp, 189.
[14] MAFF, 1986. Manual of Veterinary Parasitological Laboratory
Techniques. ADAS, HMSO, UK.
[15] McKellar, A.Q., 2008. Gastrointestinal Parasites of Ruminants. In:
Kahn, C.M., Line, S., Aiello, S.E. (Eds.), The Merck Veterinary Manual.
Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
[16] Pout, D.D., 1973. Coccidiosis of lambs. I. Observations on the naturally
acquired infection. Br. Vet. J. 129, 555-567.
[17] Radostits, O.M., Blood, D.C., Gay, C.C. (Eds.), 2009. Veterinary
Medicine. A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats, and
Horses. Philadelphia, PA: Bailliere Tindall, London. pp, 1181- 1199.
[18] Rommel, M., 2000. Parasitosen der Wiederkäuer (Rind, Schaf, Ziege)
[Parasites of ruminants (Cattle, Sheep, Goats)]. In: Rommel M, Eckert J,
Kutzer E, Körting W & Schnieder T (eds.) Veterin├ñrmedizinische
Parasitologie. Parey Buchverlag, Berlin, pp. 121-191 (In German).
[19] Ruiz, A., J. F. Gonza'lez, E. Rodr─▒'guez, S. Mart─▒'n, Y. I. Herna'ndez, R.
Almeida and J. M. Molina, 2006. Influence of climatic and management
factors on Eimeria infections in goats from semi-arid zones. The Journal
of Veterinary Medical Science., 53: 399-402
[20] SAS, 1998. SAS/STAT User Guides version 6.12. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary,
NC.
[21] Sisodia, SL., K.M.L. Pathak, M. Kapoor and P.P.S. Chauhan, 1997.
Prevalence and seasonal variation in Eimeria infection in sheep in
western Rajasthan. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 11: 95-98.
[22] Skirnisson, K., 2007. Eimeria spp. (Coccidia, Protozoa) infections in a
flock of sheep in Iceland: Species composition and seasonal abundance.
Ice. Agri. Sci. 20, 73-80.
[23] Soulsby, E.J.L. (Ed.), 2006. Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of
Domesticated Animals, Baillier Tindall, UK. pp. 720.
[24] Taylor, M.A., Coop, R.L., Wall, R.L. (Eds), 2007. Veterinary
Pararsitology. Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford, UK. pp, 224-234.
[25] Thrusfield, M. (Ed.), 2008. Veterinary Epidemiology. Blackwell
publishing, London, UK. pp, 178.
[26] Yakhchali, M. and E. Golami, 2008. Eimeria infection (Coccidia:
Eimeriidae) in sheep of different age groups in Sanandaj city, Iran.
Veterinarski Arhive 78: 57-64
[27] Yakhchali, M. and M.R. Zarei, 2008. Prevalence of Eimeria infection in
sheep of Tabriz suburb, Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 9:
277-280
[28] Zajac, A.M., Conboy, G.A. (Eds.), 2006. Veterinary Clinical Parasitoloy.
Blackwell publishing, USA. pp, 3-4.
[1] Abebe, R., Wossene, A., Kumsa, B., 2008. Epidemiology of Eimeria
Infections in Calves in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit Dairy Farms,
Ethiopia. Int. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med. 6, 24-30.
[2] Agyei, A.D., M. Odonkor and A. Osei-Somuah, 2004. Concurrence of
Eimeria and helminth parasitic infections in West African Dwarf kids in
Ghana. Small Ruminant Research, 51: 29-35
[3] Alzieu, J.P., C. Mage, L. Maes and C. de Mˆuelenaere, 1999. Economic
benefits of prophylaxis with diclazuril against subclinical coccidiosis in
lambs reared indoors. Vet. Rec. 144; 442-444.
[4] Bauer, C., 1989. Infektionen mit Nematodirus battus (CROFTON und
THOMAS, 1951) und Weide-Eimeriose bei Schaflämmern in
Deutschland (Fallbericht). Dtsch. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. 96, 382-384.
[5] Berriatua, E., Green, L.E., Morgan, K.L., 1994. A descriptive
epidemiological study of coccidiosis in early lambing housed flocks.
Vet. Parasitol. 54, 337-351.
[6] Biu, A.A., A. Maimunatu, A.F. Salamatu and E.T. Agbadu, 2009. A
faecal survey of gastrointestinal parasites of ruminants on the University
of Maiduguri Research Farm. International Journal of Biomedical and
Health Sciences, 5: 175-179.
[7] Chandrawathani P., R. Nurulaini, M. Adnan, B. Premalaatha, S.1.
Khadijah, O. Jamnah, C.M. Zaini, S.K. Khor and Z. Zawida, 2009. A
survey of parasitic infection on small ruminant farms in Kinta and Hilir
Perak districts, Perak, Malaysia. Tropical Biomedicine, 26: 11-15
[8] Gauly, M., J. Reeg, C. Bauer and G. Erhardt, 2004. Influence of
production systems in lambs on the Eimeria oocyst output and weight
gain. Small Ruminant Research, 55: 159-167
[9] Iqbal, Z., Sajid, M.S., Jabbar, A., Rao Z.A., Khan, M.N. (Eds.), 2006.
Techniques in Parasitology. Higher Education Commission, Islamabad-
Pakistan. pp, 52-54.
[10] Kanyari, P.W.N., 1990. Prevalence of coccidian oocysts in sheep and
goat faecal samples. A preliminary report based on laboratory records.
Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afri. 38, 473-474.
[11] Kaya, G., 2004. Prevalence of Eimeria Species in Lambs in Antakya
Province. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science, 28: 687-
692
[12] Kusiluka, L.J.M., Kambaragea, D.M., Harrisonb, L.J.S., Dabornb C.J.,
Matthewman, R.W., 1998. Prevalence and seasonal patterns of coccidial
infections in goats in two ecoclimatic areas in Morogoro, Tanzania.
Small Rumin. Res. 30, 85-91.
[13] Levine, N.D. (Ed.), 1961. Protozoan Parasites of Domestic Animals and
Man. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, pp, 189.
[14] MAFF, 1986. Manual of Veterinary Parasitological Laboratory
Techniques. ADAS, HMSO, UK.
[15] McKellar, A.Q., 2008. Gastrointestinal Parasites of Ruminants. In:
Kahn, C.M., Line, S., Aiello, S.E. (Eds.), The Merck Veterinary Manual.
Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
[16] Pout, D.D., 1973. Coccidiosis of lambs. I. Observations on the naturally
acquired infection. Br. Vet. J. 129, 555-567.
[17] Radostits, O.M., Blood, D.C., Gay, C.C. (Eds.), 2009. Veterinary
Medicine. A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats, and
Horses. Philadelphia, PA: Bailliere Tindall, London. pp, 1181- 1199.
[18] Rommel, M., 2000. Parasitosen der Wiederkäuer (Rind, Schaf, Ziege)
[Parasites of ruminants (Cattle, Sheep, Goats)]. In: Rommel M, Eckert J,
Kutzer E, Körting W & Schnieder T (eds.) Veterin├ñrmedizinische
Parasitologie. Parey Buchverlag, Berlin, pp. 121-191 (In German).
[19] Ruiz, A., J. F. Gonza'lez, E. Rodr─▒'guez, S. Mart─▒'n, Y. I. Herna'ndez, R.
Almeida and J. M. Molina, 2006. Influence of climatic and management
factors on Eimeria infections in goats from semi-arid zones. The Journal
of Veterinary Medical Science., 53: 399-402
[20] SAS, 1998. SAS/STAT User Guides version 6.12. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary,
NC.
[21] Sisodia, SL., K.M.L. Pathak, M. Kapoor and P.P.S. Chauhan, 1997.
Prevalence and seasonal variation in Eimeria infection in sheep in
western Rajasthan. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 11: 95-98.
[22] Skirnisson, K., 2007. Eimeria spp. (Coccidia, Protozoa) infections in a
flock of sheep in Iceland: Species composition and seasonal abundance.
Ice. Agri. Sci. 20, 73-80.
[23] Soulsby, E.J.L. (Ed.), 2006. Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of
Domesticated Animals, Baillier Tindall, UK. pp. 720.
[24] Taylor, M.A., Coop, R.L., Wall, R.L. (Eds), 2007. Veterinary
Pararsitology. Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford, UK. pp, 224-234.
[25] Thrusfield, M. (Ed.), 2008. Veterinary Epidemiology. Blackwell
publishing, London, UK. pp, 178.
[26] Yakhchali, M. and E. Golami, 2008. Eimeria infection (Coccidia:
Eimeriidae) in sheep of different age groups in Sanandaj city, Iran.
Veterinarski Arhive 78: 57-64
[27] Yakhchali, M. and M.R. Zarei, 2008. Prevalence of Eimeria infection in
sheep of Tabriz suburb, Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 9:
277-280
[28] Zajac, A.M., Conboy, G.A. (Eds.), 2006. Veterinary Clinical Parasitoloy.
Blackwell publishing, USA. pp, 3-4.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:62011", author = "M.N. Khan and T. Rehman and Z Iqbal and M.S Sajid and M Ahmad and M Riaz", title = "Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Eimeria in Sheep of Punjab, Pakistan", abstract = "A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence, species characterization and associated risk factors with Eimeria (E.) in sheep of district Toba Tek Singh from April, 2009 to March, 2010. Of the total 486 faecal samples examined for Eimeria, 209 (43%) were found infected with five species of Eimeria. Amongst the identified species of Eimeria, E. ovinoidalis was the commonest one (48.32%), followed in order by E. ahsata, E. intricata, E. parva and E. faurei with prevalence of 45.45, 28.71, 24.40 and 19.14 percent respectively. Peak prevalence was observed in August. Wet season (rainy and post-rainy) was found to be favourable for Eimeria infection. Lambs had significantly higher prevalence (P < 0.05) of Eimeria than adults. Similarly higher prevalence of Eimeria was observed in female as compared to male. Among management and husbandry practices; watering system, housing system, floor type and herd size strongly influenced the prevalence of Eimeria. Coccidiosis was more prevalent in closed housing system, non-cemented floor type, pond watered animals and larger herds (P < 0.05) as compared to open housing system, partially cemented floor type, tap watered animals and smaller herds respectively. Feeding system, breed and body condition of animals were not found as risk factors (P>0.05) influencing prevalence of Eimeria.
", keywords = "Eimeria, Pakistan prevalence, sheep.", volume = "5", number = "7", pages = "405-5", }
