Possible Exposure of Persons with Cardiac Pacemakers to Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields
The number of persons with implanted cardiac
pacemakers (PM) has increased in Western countries. The aim of this
paper is to investigate the possible situations where persons with a
PM may be exposed to extremely low frequency (ELF) electric (EF)
and magnetic fields (MF) that may disturb their PM. Based on our
earlier studies, it is possible to find such high public exposure to EFs
only in some places near 400 kV power lines, where an EF may
disturb a PM in unipolar mode. Such EFs cannot be found near 110
kV power lines. Disturbing MFs can be found near welding
machines. However, we do not have measurement data from welding.
Based on literature and earlier studies at Tampere University of
Technology, it is difficult to find public EF or MF exposure that is
high enough to interfere with PMs.
[1] G. Chiara, V. Primiani, and F. Moglie, “Experimental and numeric
investigation about electromagnetic interference between implantable
cardiac pacemaker and magnetic fields at power line frequency,” Ann.
Ist. Super Sanita, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 248–253,2007.
[2] D. Marco, G. Eisinger, and D. L. Hayes, “Testing of work environments
for electromagnetic interference,” Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 15,
pp. 2016–2022, 1992.
[3] M. Hirose, M. Hida, E. Sato, K. Kokubo, M. Nie, and H. Kobayashi,
“Electromagnetic interference of implantable unipolar cardiac
pacemakers by an induction oven,” Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 28,
pp. 540–548, 2005.
[4] A. Trigano, P. Deloy, O. Blandeau, and S. Levy, “Arc welding
interference recorded by an implanted cardiac pacemaker,” Int. J.
Cardiol., vol. 109, pp. 132–134, 2006.
[5] S. Lee, K. Fu, T. Kohno, B. Ransford, W. H. Maisel, “Clinically
significant magnetic interference of implanted cardiac devices by
portable headphones,” Heart Rhythm, vol. 6, pp. 1432–1436, 2009.
[6] M. Souques, I. Magne, and J. Lambrozo, “Implantable cardioverter
defibrillator and 50-Hz electric and magnetic fields exposure in the
workplace,” Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, vol. 84, pp. 1–6, 2011.
[7] M. Tiikkaja, A. L. Aro, T. Alanko, H. Lindholm, H. Sistonen, J. E. K.
Hartikainen, L. Toivonen, J. Juutilainen, and M. Hietanen,
“Electromagnetic interference with cardiac pacemakers and implantable
cardioverter-defibrillators from low frequency electromagnetic fields in
vivo,” Europace, vol. 15, pp. 388–394, 2013.
[8] L. Korpinen, H. Kuisti, J. Elovaara, and V. Virtanen, “Cardiac
pacemakers in electric and magnetic fields of 400-kV power lines,”
Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 35, pp. 422–430, 2012.
[9] L. Korpinen, H. Kuisti, J. Elovaara, V. Virtanen, “Response,” Pacing
Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 267–268, 2013.
[10] L. Korpinen, H. Kuisti, J. Elovaara, and V. Virtanen, “implantable
cardioverter defibrillators in electric and magnetic fields of 400 kV
power lines,” Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 37, pp. 297–303, 2014.
[11] J. Katrib, M. Nadi, D. Kourtiche, I. Magne, P. Schmitt, M. Souques, P.
Roth, “In vitro assessment of the immunity of implantable cardioverterdefibrillators
to magnetic fields of 50/60 Hz,” Physiol. Meas., vol. 34,
no. 10, pp. 1281–1292, 2013.
[12] CENELEC – European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization,
2010. Procedure for the assessment of the exposure to electromagnetic
fields of workers bearing active implantable medical devices – Part 1:
General. Brussels, Belgium.
[13] CENELEC – European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization,
2011. Procedure for the assessment of the exposure to electromagnetic
fields of workers bearing active implantable medical devices – Part 2-1:
Specific assessment for workers with cardiac pacemakers. Brussels,
Belgium.
[14] STM (Ministry of Social Affairs and Health in Finland), 2002. Decree
on the limitation of public exposure to non-ionizing radiation
(294/2002). Helsinki, 47 p. (In Finnish).
[15] J. Elovaara, H. Kuisti, and L. Korpinen, 2009, “Workers exposure to
electric fields in 400 kV substation and overhead line works,” in 2009
Proc. International Colloquium Power Frequency Electromagnetic
Fields ELF EMF, 3–4 June 2009, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Committee for Bosnia and Herzegovina and CIGRE SCs, B2 –
Overhead Lines, B1 – Insulated Cables, B3 – Substations, B4 – HVDC
and Power Electronics, C3 – System Environmental Performance and
C4 – System Technical Performance, paper 15, 8 p.
[16] R. Lehtelä, T. Laurila, L. Österholm, and L. Korpinen, “Magnetic field
exposure of 110 kV underground power cables,” in 2009 Proc. BIOEM
2009, June 14-19, 2009, Davos, Switzerland, 2 p.
[17] T. Keikko, “Technical management of the electric and magnetic fields in
electric power system,” Doctoral dissertation, Tampere University of
Technology, 422.
[18] F. Gobba, R. Pääkkönen, H. Tarao, and L. Korpinen, “The possible
exposure of children to extremely low frequency magnetic fields in the
home,” in 2012 Moscow Proc. PIERS, pp. 2012, Moscow proceedings,
August 19–23, 2012, Moscow, Russia. Progress in Electromagnetics
research symposium 286–288.
[19] R. Pääkkönen, M. Lundström, J, Mustaparta, L. Korpinen, “Preliminary
measurements of smart meter electromagnetic field (50-100 kHz)
emissions in Finland” 8th International Workshop on Biological Effects
of Electromagnetic Fields. 21st -25th September 2014, Varna, Bulgaria
[20] R. Pääkkönen, M. Lundström, J, Mustaparta, L. Korpinen, ”Examples of
electromagnetic field (50–100 kHz) emissions from smart meters in
Finland” Radioprotection, (in press)
[21] R. Pääkkönen, L. Korpinen, Emission of smart meter electromagnetic
field (50–100 kHz) in Finland, CIRED2015- 23rd International
Conference on Electricity Distribution, Lyon, 15-18 June 2015
(accepted)
[22] R. Pääkkönen, M. Lundström, J, Mustaparta, L. Korpinen, “Exposure to
RF fields during the remote readings of the smart meter in Finland”, 8th
International Workshop on Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields.
21st -25th September 2014, Varna, Bulgaria
[23] L. Korpinen, A. Lähdetie, Å. Amundin, H. Piippo, L. Sydänheimo,
“Example measurements of exposure to ELF magnetic fields on the
metro station in Finland”, 8th International Workshop on Biological
Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. 21st -25th September 2014, Varna,
Bulgaria
[24] A. Trigano, O. Blandeau, M. Souques, J. P. Gernez, and I. Magne,
“Clinical study of interferences with cardiac pacemakers by a magnetic
field at power-line frequency,” J. Am. Coll. Cadiol., vol. 45, pp. 896–
900, 2005.
[1] G. Chiara, V. Primiani, and F. Moglie, “Experimental and numeric
investigation about electromagnetic interference between implantable
cardiac pacemaker and magnetic fields at power line frequency,” Ann.
Ist. Super Sanita, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 248–253,2007.
[2] D. Marco, G. Eisinger, and D. L. Hayes, “Testing of work environments
for electromagnetic interference,” Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 15,
pp. 2016–2022, 1992.
[3] M. Hirose, M. Hida, E. Sato, K. Kokubo, M. Nie, and H. Kobayashi,
“Electromagnetic interference of implantable unipolar cardiac
pacemakers by an induction oven,” Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 28,
pp. 540–548, 2005.
[4] A. Trigano, P. Deloy, O. Blandeau, and S. Levy, “Arc welding
interference recorded by an implanted cardiac pacemaker,” Int. J.
Cardiol., vol. 109, pp. 132–134, 2006.
[5] S. Lee, K. Fu, T. Kohno, B. Ransford, W. H. Maisel, “Clinically
significant magnetic interference of implanted cardiac devices by
portable headphones,” Heart Rhythm, vol. 6, pp. 1432–1436, 2009.
[6] M. Souques, I. Magne, and J. Lambrozo, “Implantable cardioverter
defibrillator and 50-Hz electric and magnetic fields exposure in the
workplace,” Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, vol. 84, pp. 1–6, 2011.
[7] M. Tiikkaja, A. L. Aro, T. Alanko, H. Lindholm, H. Sistonen, J. E. K.
Hartikainen, L. Toivonen, J. Juutilainen, and M. Hietanen,
“Electromagnetic interference with cardiac pacemakers and implantable
cardioverter-defibrillators from low frequency electromagnetic fields in
vivo,” Europace, vol. 15, pp. 388–394, 2013.
[8] L. Korpinen, H. Kuisti, J. Elovaara, and V. Virtanen, “Cardiac
pacemakers in electric and magnetic fields of 400-kV power lines,”
Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 35, pp. 422–430, 2012.
[9] L. Korpinen, H. Kuisti, J. Elovaara, V. Virtanen, “Response,” Pacing
Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 267–268, 2013.
[10] L. Korpinen, H. Kuisti, J. Elovaara, and V. Virtanen, “implantable
cardioverter defibrillators in electric and magnetic fields of 400 kV
power lines,” Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 37, pp. 297–303, 2014.
[11] J. Katrib, M. Nadi, D. Kourtiche, I. Magne, P. Schmitt, M. Souques, P.
Roth, “In vitro assessment of the immunity of implantable cardioverterdefibrillators
to magnetic fields of 50/60 Hz,” Physiol. Meas., vol. 34,
no. 10, pp. 1281–1292, 2013.
[12] CENELEC – European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization,
2010. Procedure for the assessment of the exposure to electromagnetic
fields of workers bearing active implantable medical devices – Part 1:
General. Brussels, Belgium.
[13] CENELEC – European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization,
2011. Procedure for the assessment of the exposure to electromagnetic
fields of workers bearing active implantable medical devices – Part 2-1:
Specific assessment for workers with cardiac pacemakers. Brussels,
Belgium.
[14] STM (Ministry of Social Affairs and Health in Finland), 2002. Decree
on the limitation of public exposure to non-ionizing radiation
(294/2002). Helsinki, 47 p. (In Finnish).
[15] J. Elovaara, H. Kuisti, and L. Korpinen, 2009, “Workers exposure to
electric fields in 400 kV substation and overhead line works,” in 2009
Proc. International Colloquium Power Frequency Electromagnetic
Fields ELF EMF, 3–4 June 2009, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Committee for Bosnia and Herzegovina and CIGRE SCs, B2 –
Overhead Lines, B1 – Insulated Cables, B3 – Substations, B4 – HVDC
and Power Electronics, C3 – System Environmental Performance and
C4 – System Technical Performance, paper 15, 8 p.
[16] R. Lehtelä, T. Laurila, L. Österholm, and L. Korpinen, “Magnetic field
exposure of 110 kV underground power cables,” in 2009 Proc. BIOEM
2009, June 14-19, 2009, Davos, Switzerland, 2 p.
[17] T. Keikko, “Technical management of the electric and magnetic fields in
electric power system,” Doctoral dissertation, Tampere University of
Technology, 422.
[18] F. Gobba, R. Pääkkönen, H. Tarao, and L. Korpinen, “The possible
exposure of children to extremely low frequency magnetic fields in the
home,” in 2012 Moscow Proc. PIERS, pp. 2012, Moscow proceedings,
August 19–23, 2012, Moscow, Russia. Progress in Electromagnetics
research symposium 286–288.
[19] R. Pääkkönen, M. Lundström, J, Mustaparta, L. Korpinen, “Preliminary
measurements of smart meter electromagnetic field (50-100 kHz)
emissions in Finland” 8th International Workshop on Biological Effects
of Electromagnetic Fields. 21st -25th September 2014, Varna, Bulgaria
[20] R. Pääkkönen, M. Lundström, J, Mustaparta, L. Korpinen, ”Examples of
electromagnetic field (50–100 kHz) emissions from smart meters in
Finland” Radioprotection, (in press)
[21] R. Pääkkönen, L. Korpinen, Emission of smart meter electromagnetic
field (50–100 kHz) in Finland, CIRED2015- 23rd International
Conference on Electricity Distribution, Lyon, 15-18 June 2015
(accepted)
[22] R. Pääkkönen, M. Lundström, J, Mustaparta, L. Korpinen, “Exposure to
RF fields during the remote readings of the smart meter in Finland”, 8th
International Workshop on Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields.
21st -25th September 2014, Varna, Bulgaria
[23] L. Korpinen, A. Lähdetie, Å. Amundin, H. Piippo, L. Sydänheimo,
“Example measurements of exposure to ELF magnetic fields on the
metro station in Finland”, 8th International Workshop on Biological
Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. 21st -25th September 2014, Varna,
Bulgaria
[24] A. Trigano, O. Blandeau, M. Souques, J. P. Gernez, and I. Magne,
“Clinical study of interferences with cardiac pacemakers by a magnetic
field at power-line frequency,” J. Am. Coll. Cadiol., vol. 45, pp. 896–
900, 2005.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:69750", author = "Leena Korpinen and Rauno Pääkkönen and Fabriziomaria Gobba and Vesa Virtanen", title = "Possible Exposure of Persons with Cardiac Pacemakers to Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields", abstract = "The number of persons with implanted cardiac
pacemakers (PM) has increased in Western countries. The aim of this
paper is to investigate the possible situations where persons with a
PM may be exposed to extremely low frequency (ELF) electric (EF)
and magnetic fields (MF) that may disturb their PM. Based on our
earlier studies, it is possible to find such high public exposure to EFs
only in some places near 400 kV power lines, where an EF may
disturb a PM in unipolar mode. Such EFs cannot be found near 110
kV power lines. Disturbing MFs can be found near welding
machines. However, we do not have measurement data from welding.
Based on literature and earlier studies at Tampere University of
Technology, it is difficult to find public EF or MF exposure that is
high enough to interfere with PMs.
", keywords = "Cardiac Pacemaker, Electric Field, Magnetic Field.", volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "373-4", }
