Plasma Lipid Profiles and Atherogenic Indices of Rats Fed Raw and Processed Jack Fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Seeds Diets at Different Concentrations
The effect of processing on plasma lipid profile and
atherogenic indices of rats fed Artocarpus heterophyllus seed diets at
different concentrations were investigated. Fifty five rats were used
for this study, they were divided into eleven groups of five rats each
(one control group and ten test groups), the test groups were fed raw,
boiled, roasted, fermented and soaked diets at 10% and 40%
concentrations. The study lasted for thirty five days. The diets led to
significant decrease (p<0.05) in plasma cholesterol and
triacylglycerol of rats fed 10% and 40% concentrations of the diets,
and a significant increase (p<0.05) in high density lipoprotein (HDL)
levels at 40% concentrations of the test diets. The diets also produced
decrease in low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density
lipoprotein (VLDL), cardiac risk ratio (CRR), atherogenic index of
plasma (AIP) and atherogenic coefficient (AC) at 40% concentrations
except the soaked group that showed slight elevation of LDL, CRR,
AC and AIP at 40% concentration. Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds
could be beneficial to health because of its ability to increase plasma
HDL and reduce plasma LDL, VLDL, cholesterol, triglycerides and
atherogenic indices at higher diet concentration.
[1] C. Gladine, et al. “Optimized rapeseed oil enriched with healthy
micronutrients: a relevant nutritional approach to prevent cardiovascular
diseases,” Results of the Optim'Oils randomized intervention trial. The
Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, March 2013, vol. 24, Issue 3, pp.
544–549
[2] J. Zicha, J. Kunes, and M .A. Devynck, “Abnormalities of membrane
function and lipid metabolism in hypertension: a review,” Am. J.
Hypertens., 1999, vol. 12, pp. 315-331.
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Garg, L. A. Holzeister, B. Hoogwerf, E. Mayer-Davies, A. D.
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148-198.
[4] H. Gyling, J. A. Tuominen, V. A. Koivsto and T. A. Miettinen,
“Cholesterol Metabolism in Type 1 Diabetes,” Diabetes Care, 2004, vol.
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[5] D. M. Martirosyan, L. A. Miroshnichenko, S. N. Kulokawa, A. V.
Pogojeva and V. I. Zoloedov, “Amaranth oil application for heart
disease and hypertension,” Lipids Health Dis., 2007, vol. 6 no. 1,
doi:10.1186/1476-511X-6-1.
[6] G. X. Shen, “Lipid Disorders in Diabetes Mellitus and Current
Management,” Curr. Pharmaceut. Analys., 2007, vol. 3, pp. 17-24.
[7] C. J. Ikewuchi and C. C. Ikewuchi, “Alteration of Plasma Lipid Profiles
and Atherogenic Indices by Stachytarpheta jamaicensis L. (Vahl),”
Biokemistri, 2009, vol. 21, pp. 71-77.
[8] F.B. Hu, J.E. Manson, W.C. Willett, “Types of dietary fat and risk of
coronary heart disease: A critical review,” J. Am. Coll. Nutr, 2001, vol.
20, pp. 5–19.
[9] C. Manach, A. Mazur, A. Scalbert, “Polyphenols and prevention of
cardiovascular diseases,” Curr Opin Lipidol, 2005, vol. 16, pp. 77–84.
[10] M. R. Fernando, M. I. Thabrew and E. H. Karunanayake,
“Hypoglycaemic activity of some medicinal plants in Sri-Lanka,”
General Pharmacology, 1990, vol. 21, pp. 779−782.
[11] M. Sato, S. Fujiwara, H. Tsuchiya, T. Fujii, M. Iinuma, H. Tosa,
“Flavones with antibacterial activity against cariogenic bacteria,”
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1996, vol. 54, pp. 171−176.
[12] U. B. Jagtap, S. N. Panaskar, and V. A. Bapat, “Evaluation of
antioxidant capacity and phenol content in jackfruit (Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lam.) fruit pulp, ” Plant Foods for Human Nutrition,
2010, vol. 65, pp. 99−104.
[13] S.B. Manjeshwar et al, “Phytochemistry, nutritional and
pharmacological properties of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam (jackfruit):
A review,” Food Research International, 2011, vol. 44, pp. 1800–1811.
[14] W. T. Friedewald, R. I. Levy, and D. S. Friedrickson, “Estimation of the
concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without
use of the preparative ultracentrifuge”. Clin. Chem. 1972, vol. 18, pp.
499-502.
[15] M. R. Law, “Lowering heart disease risk with cholesterol reduction:
evidence from observational studies and clinical trials,” Eur. Heart J.
Suppl., 1999, vol. 1, pp. S3-S8.
[16] O. Ademuyiwa, R. N. Ugbaja, I F. Dumebor, and O. Adebawo, “Plasma
lipid profiles and risk of cardiovascular disease in occupational lead
exposure in Abeokuta, Nigeria,” Lipids Health Dis., 2005, vol. 4, pp. 19.
[17] E. Jr . Middleton, C. Kandaswami, and T.C. Theoharides, “The Effects
of Plant Flavonoids on Mammalian Cells: Implications for
Inflammation, Heart Disease and Cancer,” Pharmacol. Rev., 2000, vol.
52, pp. 673-751.
[18] American Dietetic Association, “Disorders of Lipid Metabolism
Evidence-Based Nutrition Practice Guideline,” American Dietetic
Association, Chicago (IL), August 2005, 17p.
[19] P. E. McBride, “Triglycerides and Risk for Coronary Heart Disease,”
J.A.M.A., 2007, vol. 298, pp. 336-338.
[20] D. K. Das, “Cardioprotection with high density lipoproteins. Fact or
Fiction?,” Cir. Res., 2003, vol. 92, pp. 258-260.
[21] G.Assmann and A. M. Jr. Gotto, “HDL Cholesterol and Protective
Factors in Atherosclerosis,” Circulation, 2004, vol. 109, (suppl III): III-8
–III-14.
[22] B.J. Ansell, K.E. Watson, A.M. Fogelman, M. Navab, and G.C.
Fonarow, “High-density lipoprotein function - Recent advances,” J Am
Coll Cardiol, 2005, vol. 46, pp. 1792–1798.
[23] J. Frohlich and M. Dobiásová, “Fractional Esterification Rate of
Cholesterol and Ratio of Triglycerides to HDL-Cholesterol Are Powerful Predictors of Positive Findings in Coronary Angiography,”
Clin. Chem., 2003, vol. 49, pp. 1873-1880.
[24] A. Brehm, G. Pfeiler, G. Pacini, H. Vierhapper and M. Roden,
“Relationship between Serum Lipoprotein Ratios and Insulin Resistance
in Obesity,” Clin. Chem., 2004, vol. 50, pp. 2316–2322.
[25] M. Dobiásová, “Atherogenic Index of Plasma (log(triglyceride/HDLCholesterol):
Theoretical and Practical Implications,” Clin. Chem., 2004,
vol. 50, pp. 1113-1115.
[26] Y. Takasaki, “Serum Lipid Levels and Factors Affecting atherogenic
Index in Japanese Children,” J. Physiol. Anthropol. Appl. Human. Sci.,
2005, vol. 24, pp. 511-515.
[27] C. A. O. Usoro, C. C. Adikwuru, I. N. Usoro and A. C. Nsonwu, “Lipid
Profile of Postmenopausal Women in Calabar, Nigeria,” Pak. J. Nutr.
2006, vol. 5, pp. 79-82.
[1] C. Gladine, et al. “Optimized rapeseed oil enriched with healthy
micronutrients: a relevant nutritional approach to prevent cardiovascular
diseases,” Results of the Optim'Oils randomized intervention trial. The
Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, March 2013, vol. 24, Issue 3, pp.
544–549
[2] J. Zicha, J. Kunes, and M .A. Devynck, “Abnormalities of membrane
function and lipid metabolism in hypertension: a review,” Am. J.
Hypertens., 1999, vol. 12, pp. 315-331.
[3] M. J. Franz, J. P. Bantle, C. A. Beebe, J. D. Brunzell, J. L. Chiasson, A.
Garg, L. A. Holzeister, B. Hoogwerf, E. Mayer-Davies, A. D.
Mooradian, J. Q. Purnell and M. Wheeler, “Evidence-Based Nutrition
Principles and Recommendations for the Treatment and Prevention of
Diabetes and Related Complications, ” Dabetes Care, 2002, vol. 25, pp.
148-198.
[4] H. Gyling, J. A. Tuominen, V. A. Koivsto and T. A. Miettinen,
“Cholesterol Metabolism in Type 1 Diabetes,” Diabetes Care, 2004, vol.
53, pp. 2217-2222.
[5] D. M. Martirosyan, L. A. Miroshnichenko, S. N. Kulokawa, A. V.
Pogojeva and V. I. Zoloedov, “Amaranth oil application for heart
disease and hypertension,” Lipids Health Dis., 2007, vol. 6 no. 1,
doi:10.1186/1476-511X-6-1.
[6] G. X. Shen, “Lipid Disorders in Diabetes Mellitus and Current
Management,” Curr. Pharmaceut. Analys., 2007, vol. 3, pp. 17-24.
[7] C. J. Ikewuchi and C. C. Ikewuchi, “Alteration of Plasma Lipid Profiles
and Atherogenic Indices by Stachytarpheta jamaicensis L. (Vahl),”
Biokemistri, 2009, vol. 21, pp. 71-77.
[8] F.B. Hu, J.E. Manson, W.C. Willett, “Types of dietary fat and risk of
coronary heart disease: A critical review,” J. Am. Coll. Nutr, 2001, vol.
20, pp. 5–19.
[9] C. Manach, A. Mazur, A. Scalbert, “Polyphenols and prevention of
cardiovascular diseases,” Curr Opin Lipidol, 2005, vol. 16, pp. 77–84.
[10] M. R. Fernando, M. I. Thabrew and E. H. Karunanayake,
“Hypoglycaemic activity of some medicinal plants in Sri-Lanka,”
General Pharmacology, 1990, vol. 21, pp. 779−782.
[11] M. Sato, S. Fujiwara, H. Tsuchiya, T. Fujii, M. Iinuma, H. Tosa,
“Flavones with antibacterial activity against cariogenic bacteria,”
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1996, vol. 54, pp. 171−176.
[12] U. B. Jagtap, S. N. Panaskar, and V. A. Bapat, “Evaluation of
antioxidant capacity and phenol content in jackfruit (Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lam.) fruit pulp, ” Plant Foods for Human Nutrition,
2010, vol. 65, pp. 99−104.
[13] S.B. Manjeshwar et al, “Phytochemistry, nutritional and
pharmacological properties of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam (jackfruit):
A review,” Food Research International, 2011, vol. 44, pp. 1800–1811.
[14] W. T. Friedewald, R. I. Levy, and D. S. Friedrickson, “Estimation of the
concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without
use of the preparative ultracentrifuge”. Clin. Chem. 1972, vol. 18, pp.
499-502.
[15] M. R. Law, “Lowering heart disease risk with cholesterol reduction:
evidence from observational studies and clinical trials,” Eur. Heart J.
Suppl., 1999, vol. 1, pp. S3-S8.
[16] O. Ademuyiwa, R. N. Ugbaja, I F. Dumebor, and O. Adebawo, “Plasma
lipid profiles and risk of cardiovascular disease in occupational lead
exposure in Abeokuta, Nigeria,” Lipids Health Dis., 2005, vol. 4, pp. 19.
[17] E. Jr . Middleton, C. Kandaswami, and T.C. Theoharides, “The Effects
of Plant Flavonoids on Mammalian Cells: Implications for
Inflammation, Heart Disease and Cancer,” Pharmacol. Rev., 2000, vol.
52, pp. 673-751.
[18] American Dietetic Association, “Disorders of Lipid Metabolism
Evidence-Based Nutrition Practice Guideline,” American Dietetic
Association, Chicago (IL), August 2005, 17p.
[19] P. E. McBride, “Triglycerides and Risk for Coronary Heart Disease,”
J.A.M.A., 2007, vol. 298, pp. 336-338.
[20] D. K. Das, “Cardioprotection with high density lipoproteins. Fact or
Fiction?,” Cir. Res., 2003, vol. 92, pp. 258-260.
[21] G.Assmann and A. M. Jr. Gotto, “HDL Cholesterol and Protective
Factors in Atherosclerosis,” Circulation, 2004, vol. 109, (suppl III): III-8
–III-14.
[22] B.J. Ansell, K.E. Watson, A.M. Fogelman, M. Navab, and G.C.
Fonarow, “High-density lipoprotein function - Recent advances,” J Am
Coll Cardiol, 2005, vol. 46, pp. 1792–1798.
[23] J. Frohlich and M. Dobiásová, “Fractional Esterification Rate of
Cholesterol and Ratio of Triglycerides to HDL-Cholesterol Are Powerful Predictors of Positive Findings in Coronary Angiography,”
Clin. Chem., 2003, vol. 49, pp. 1873-1880.
[24] A. Brehm, G. Pfeiler, G. Pacini, H. Vierhapper and M. Roden,
“Relationship between Serum Lipoprotein Ratios and Insulin Resistance
in Obesity,” Clin. Chem., 2004, vol. 50, pp. 2316–2322.
[25] M. Dobiásová, “Atherogenic Index of Plasma (log(triglyceride/HDLCholesterol):
Theoretical and Practical Implications,” Clin. Chem., 2004,
vol. 50, pp. 1113-1115.
[26] Y. Takasaki, “Serum Lipid Levels and Factors Affecting atherogenic
Index in Japanese Children,” J. Physiol. Anthropol. Appl. Human. Sci.,
2005, vol. 24, pp. 511-515.
[27] C. A. O. Usoro, C. C. Adikwuru, I. N. Usoro and A. C. Nsonwu, “Lipid
Profile of Postmenopausal Women in Calabar, Nigeria,” Pak. J. Nutr.
2006, vol. 5, pp. 79-82.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:70422", author = "O. E. Okafor and L. U. S. Ezeanyika and C. G. Nkwonta and C. J. Okonkwo", title = "Plasma Lipid Profiles and Atherogenic Indices of Rats Fed Raw and Processed Jack Fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Seeds Diets at Different Concentrations", abstract = "The effect of processing on plasma lipid profile and
atherogenic indices of rats fed Artocarpus heterophyllus seed diets at
different concentrations were investigated. Fifty five rats were used
for this study, they were divided into eleven groups of five rats each
(one control group and ten test groups), the test groups were fed raw,
boiled, roasted, fermented and soaked diets at 10% and 40%
concentrations. The study lasted for thirty five days. The diets led to
significant decrease (p", keywords = "Artocarpus heterophyllus, atherogenic indices,
concentrations, lipid profile.", volume = "9", number = "8", pages = "885-5", }
