Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity and Lipid Profile Effects of Citrus reticulata Fruit Peel, Zingiber officinale Rhizome and Sesamum indicum Seed Extracts

Many herbal medicinal products are considered potential anti-hypercholesterolemic agents with encouraging safety profiles, however only a limited amount of clinical research exists to support their efficacy. The present study was designed to compare the antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidant activities of the crude ethanolic extracts of Citrus reticulata fruit peel, Zingiber officinale rhizome and Sesamum indicum seeds. Forty-five rats were used throughout the experiment which are extended for four weeks. These were divided into nine groups, five rats per each group as follows; group 1 was the normal control group (rats only fed standard normal rat diet), group 2 was the hypercholesterolemic control group (rats fed only hypercholesterolemic diet which contained 1% cholesterol plus 10% saturated animal fat added to the normal rat diet), groups 3 and 4 were fed hypercholesterolemic diet in addition to Citrus reticulata ethanolic extract at doses of (250mg/kg (group 3) and 500mg/kg (group 4)) administered daily via oral route, groups 5 and 6 were given hypercholesterolemic diet in addition to Zingiber officinale ethanolic extract at doses of (250mg/kg (group 5) and 500mg/kg (group 6)) daily through oral route, groups 7 and 8 fed on hypercholesterolemic diet in addition to Sesamum indicum ethanolic extract at doses of (250mg/kg (group 7) and 500mg/kg (group 8)) daily orally; and group 9 rats were given hypercholesterolemic diet in addition to atorvastatin (0.18mg/kg) daily via oral route as a standard reference antihypercholesterolemic drug. Blood samples from all groups were drawn from the retro-orbital venous plexus four weeks following treatment after overnight fasting and the lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride levels) were measured and the risk ratio (TC/HDL-C) was assessed. The antioxidant activity of the three plants extracts was determined using DPPH free-radical antioxidant assay. Results of in vivo and in vitro antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidant assay respectively, revealed that the three extracts possess comparable antioxidant and antihypercholesterolemic activities.




References:
[1] Wu H, Bei W, Guo J. Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of
dyslipidemia. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology. 2009;6(2):119-25.
[2] Barnard RJ, Ugianskis EJ, Martin DA, Inkeles SB. Role of diet and
exercise in the management of hyperinsulinemia and associated
atherosclerotic risk factors. The American journal of cardiology.
1992;69(5):440-4.
[3] Fairhurst, Karen, and Guro Huby. "From trial data to practical
knowledge: qualitative study of how general practitioners have accessed
and used evidence about statin drugs in their management of
hypercholesterolaemia." BMJ. 1998; 317(7166):1130-34.
[4] Dietschy, John M. "Dietary fatty acids and the regulation of plasma low
density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations." The Journal of
nutrition.1998;128(2):444S-448S.
[5] McCormack T, Harvey P, Gaunt R, Allgar V, Chipperfield R, Robinson
P. Incremental cholesterol reduction with ezetimibe/simvastatin,
atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in UK General Practice (IN‐PRACTICE):
randomised controlled trial of achievement of Joint British Societies
(JBS‐2) cholesterol targets. International journal of clinical practice.
2010;64(8):1052-61.
[6] Tomar A, Mall M, Rai P. Pharmacological importance of citrus fruits.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research.
2013;4(1):156-60.
[7] Tumbas VT, Ćetković GS, Đilas SM, Čanadanović-Brunet JM, Vulić JJ,
Knez Ž, et al. Antioxidant activity of mandarin (Citrus reticulata) peel.
Acta periodica technologica. 2010 (41):195-203.
[8] Mehmood F, Zaheer K, Shahzadi P, Yaseen T, Mughal TA, Raza SH, et
al. A comparative study of in vitro total antioxidant, in vivo antidiabetic
and antimicrobial activities of essential oils from the leaves and rind of
Citrus reticulate Blanco cv. Murcot (honey). Pak J Bot.
2013;45(5):1571-6. [9] Gargano AC, Costa C, Costa M. Essential oils from Citrus latifolia and
Citrus reticulate reduces anxiety and prolong ether sleeping time in
mice. Tree For Sci Biotech. 2008; 2(1):121-4.
[10] Boruah P. Antifungal activity and chemical composition of Citrus
reticulata Blanco essential oil against phytopathogens from North East
India. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 2009; 42(3):777-80.
[11] Trinidad, P. T., Rosario, S. S., Marco, P. D. L., Aida, C. M., & Melissa,
P. B. Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa as potential functional
foods/ingredients. Food and Public Health. 2012; 2(2):1-4.
[12] Wohlmuth H., Smith M. K., Brooks L. O., Myers S. P., Leach D. N.
Essential oil composition of diploid and tetraploid clones of ginger
(Zingiber officinale Roscoe) grown in Australia. Journal of agricultural
and food chemistry. 2006;54(4):1414-9.
[13] Singh G., Kapoor I., Singh P., de Heluani C. S., de Lampasona M. P.,
Catalan C. A. Chemistry, antioxidant and antimicrobial investigations on
essential oil and oleoresins of Zingiber officinale. Food and Chemical
Toxicology. 2008;46(10):3295-302.
[14] Ali B. H., Blunden G., Tanira M. O., Nemmar A. Some phytochemical,
pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber
officinale Roscoe): a review of recent research. Food and chemical
Toxicology. 2008;46(2):409-20.
[15] Bode A. M., Dong Z. The amazing and mighty ginger. Herbal
medicine—biomolecular and clinical aspects Oxidative stress and
disease, 2nd edn CRC Press–Taylor and Francis Group, New York.
2011:131-56.
[16] Fuhrman B., Rosenblat M., Hayek T., Coleman R., Aviram M. Ginger
extract consumption reduces plasma cholesterol, inhibits LDL oxidation
and attenuates development of atherosclerosis in atherosclerotic,
apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. The Journal of nutrition.
2000;130(5):1124-31.
[17] Stoilova I., Krastanov A., Stoyanova A., Denev P., Gargova S.
Antioxidant activity of a ginger extract (Zingiber officinale). Food
chemistry. 2007;102(3):764-70.
[18] Mallikarjuna K., Chetan P. S., Reddy K. S., Rajendra W. Ethanol
toxicity: Rehabilitation of hepatic antioxidant defense system with
dietary ginger. Fitoterapia. 2008;79(3):174-8.
[19] Ajith T., Hema U., Aswathy M. Zingiber officinale Roscoe prevents
acetaminophen-induced acute hepatotoxicity by enhancing hepatic
antioxidant status. Food and chemical toxicology. 2007;45(11):2267-72.
[20] Al-Amin Z. M., Thomson M., Al-Qattan K. K., Peltonen-Shalaby R., Ali
M. Anti-diabetic and hypolipidaemic properties of ginger (Zingiber
officinale) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. British Journal of
Nutrition. 2006;96(04):660-6.
[21] Kanu P. J., Bahsoon J. Z., Kanu J. B., Kandeh J. B. Nutraceutical
importance of sesame seed and oil: A review of the contribution of their
lignans. Sierra Leone Journal of Biomedical Research. 2010;2(1):4-16.
[22] Dar A. A., Arumugam N. Lignans of sesame: Purification methods,
biological activities and biosynthesis–a review. Bioorganic chemistry.
2013;50(1):1-10.
[23] Pianjing P., Thiantanawat A., Rangkadilok N., Watcharasit P., Mahidol
C., Satayavivad J. Estrogenic activities of sesame lignans and their
metabolites on human breast cancer cells. Journal of agricultural and
food chemistry.2010;59(1):212-21.
[24] Namiki M. The chemistry and physiological functions of sesame. Food
reviews international. 1995;11(2):281-329.
[25] Abushama, Muna F., et al. "Lethality and Antioxidant Activity of some
Sudanese Medicinal Plants’ Fixed Oils." European Journal of Medicinal
Plants. 2014; 4(5): 563-570.
[26] Yang X, Yang L, Zheng H. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of
mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit in hyperlipidaemia rats. Food and
Chemical Toxicology. 2010;48(8):2374-9.
[27] Shimada K., Fujikawa K., Yahara K., Nakamura T. Antioxidative
properties of xanthan on the antioxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin
emulsion. J Agric Food Chem. 1992;40(1):945-8.
[28] Bravo, Laura. "Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and
nutritional significance." Nutrition reviews.1998;56(11): 317-333.
[29] Misharina, T. A., Samusenko, A. L. Antioxidant properties of essential
oils from lemon, grapefruit, coriander, clove, and their mixtures. Applied
Biochemistry and Microbiology.2008;44(4):438-442.
[30] Mak, Duncan H. F., Po Yee Chiu, and Kam Ming Ko. "Antioxidant and
anticarcinogenic potentials of sesame lignans." Sesame: the genus
Sesamum. Ed. D. Bedigian. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group Boca
Raton, FL, 2011:111-121.
[31] Paul, P., M. K. Islam, A. Mustari, and M. Z. I. Khan. "Hypolipidemic
effect of ginger extract in vanaspati fed rats." Bangladesh Journal of
Veterinary Medicine. 2013;10(1-2):93-96.
[32] Sambaiah, K., and K. Srinivasan. "Effect of cumin, cinnamon, ginger,
mustard and tamarind in induced hypercholesterolemic rats."
Food/Nahrung. 1991;35(1 ): 47-51.
[33] Aviram, M., and Fuhrman, B. Polyphenolic flavonoids inhibit
macrophage-mediated oxidation of LDL and attenuate atherogenesis.
Atherosclerosis. 1998;137: S45-S50.
[34] Richelle, Myriam, Marc Enslen, Corinne Hager, Michel Groux, Isabelle
Tavazzi, Jean-Philippe Godin, Alvin Berger et al. "Both free and
esterified plant sterols reduce cholesterol absorption and the
bioavailability of β-carotene and α-tocopherol in normocholesterolemic
humans." The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2004;80(1): 171-
177.
[35] Chen, Pey Rong, et al. "Dietary sesame reduces serum cholesterol and
enhances antioxidant capacity in hypercholesterolemia." Nutrition
Research. 2005;25(6): 559-567.
[36] Sofowora, A. Recent trends in research into African medicinal plants.
Journal of ethnopharmacology.1993;38(2):197-208.
[37] Evans, William Charles. Trease and Evans' pharmacognosy. Elsevier
Health Sciences, 2009.