Phytochemical Profile of Ripe Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. Galbuli from Bulgaria
The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of ripe Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. galbuli (female cones) collected from "Izgoraloto Gyune" Reserve in Krichim, Bulgaria. The moisture (36.88%), abs. weight 693.96 g/1000 pcs., and the ash content (10.57%) of ripe galbuli were determined. Lipid fraction (9.12%), cellulose (13.54%), protein (13.64%), and total carbohydrates (31.20%) were evaluated in the ripe galbuli. It was found that the ripe galbuli contained glucose (4.00%) and fructose (4.25%), but disaccharide sucrose was not identified. The main macro elements presented in the sample were K (8390.00 mg/kg), Ca (4596.00 g/kg), Mg (837.72 mg/kg), followed by Na (7.69 mg/kg); while the detected microelements consisted of Zn (8.51 mg/kg), Cu (4.66 mg/kg), Mn (3.65 mg/kg), Fe (3.26 mg/kg), Cr (3.00 mg/kg), Cd (< 0.1 mg/kg), and Pb (0.01 mg/kg).
[1] R. P. Adams, Junipers of the World: The genus Juniperus, Trafford Publ., Vancouver, B.C., 2004.
[2] E. Georgiev, A. Stoyanova, A Guide for the Specialist in the Aromatic Industry Cultivation, Plovdiv, University of Food Technologies Publ. House, 2006.
[3] R. Adams, A. Tashev, “The volatile leaf oils of three Juniperus comminis varieties from Bulgaria”, Phytologia, vol. 95, 2013, no 4, pp. 302–307.
[4] R. Adams, A. Tashev and E. Schwarzbach, “Variation in Juniperus communis trees and shrub from Bulgaria: analysis of nrDNA and cpDNA regions plus leaf essential oil”, Phytologia, vol. 96, 2014, no 2, pp. 124–129.
[5] I. Stoilova, J. Wanner, I. Jirovetz, D. Trifonova, L. Krastev, A. Stoyanova, and A. Krastanov, “Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of juniper berry (Juniperus communis L.) essential oil”, Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., vol. 20, 2014, pp.780–784.
[6] М. Stoyanova, B. Apostolova. “Study on the essential oil of juniper (Juniperus communis)”, (Bul.), Wood Science (Eng.), vol. 28, 1991, no 3, pp.49–55.
[7] M. Stoyanova, “Studies of the amount and quantities of essential oils from common juniper (Juniperus cоmmunis L.) in Bulgaria”, Nauka za gorata (Bul.), Wood Science (Eng.), vol. 30, 1993, no 4, 48–50.
[8] R. Adams, A. Tashev, K. H. Baser, and A. Christou, “Geographic variatuion in volatile leaf oils of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb”, Phytologia, vol. 95, 2013, no 4, 279–285.
[9] R. Adams, S. Gusel, T. Mataraci, A. Tashev, B. Douaily, M. Dagher-Klarrat, V. Farzaliyev and A. Schwarzbach, “Geographic variation in nrDNA and four cpDNA regions of Juniperus excelsa: Analysis of new records from Bulgaria, Cyprus and southwestern Turkey”, Phytologia, vol. 101, 2019, no 1, 74–80.
[10] I. Semerdjieva, S. Shivakoti, C. Cantrell, V. Zheljazkov, T. Astatkie, V. Schlegel and T. Radoukova, “Kinetics regression models for essential oil yield and composition in Juniperus virginiana, J. excelsa, and J. Sabina”, Molecules, vol. 24, 2019, no 5, p. 986.
[11] V. Zheljazkov, I. Semerdjieva, I, Dincheva, M. Kacaniova, T. Astatkie, T. Radoukova and V. Schlegel, “Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Juniper galbuli essential oil consituents eluted of different times”, Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 109, 2017, pp. 529–537.
[12] V. Zheljazkov, M. Kacaniova, I. Dincheva, T. Radoukova, I. Semerdjieva, T. Astatkie and V. Schlegel, “Essential oil composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the galbuli of six Juniper species”, Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 124, 2018, pp. 449–458.
[13] I. Salamon, A. H. Tarawneh, “Ethnobotany of common juniper (Juniperus communis L.) in Slovakia”, in II International Symposium. on Beverage Crops, 1274, 167–171.
[14] A.B. Avci, N. Bilir, “Variation in Essential Oil Content and Composition of Crimean Juniper (Juniperus excelsa) Berries during the GrowthPeriods”, J. Essent Oil Bear Pl., vol. 17, 2014, pp. 478–85.
[15] M. M. Reza, M. Soheila and M. Farkhonden, “Study the relationship between antioxidant potencial and phenolic contents of Juniperus exselsa fruit”, Int. J. Pharm. Sci., vol. 6, 2014, no 7, pp. 192–194.
[16] Z. Odabas-Serin, O. Bakir, “Some chemical, nutritional and mineral properties of dried juniper (Juniperus drupacea L.) Berries growing in Turkey”, Appl. Ecol. Env. Res., vol. 17, 2019, no 4, pp. 8171–8178.
[17] H. Inci, G. Ozdemir, A. Y. Sogut, B. Nursoy, H. and T. Sengul, “Using juniper berry (Juniperus communis) as a supplement in Japanese quail diets”, R. Bras. Zootec., vol.45, 2016, no 5, pp. 230–235.
[18] M. Akbulut, H. Coklar and G. Özen, “Rheological Characteristics of Juniperus drupacea Fruit Juice (pekmez) Concentrated by Boiling”, Food Sci Technol. Int., vol. 14, 2008, no 4, pp. 321–328.
[19] N. Nasri, N. Tlili, W. Elfalleh, F. Cherif, A. Ferchichi, A. Khaldi and S. Triki, “Chemical compounds from Phoenician juniper berriesb (Juniperus phoenicea)”, Nat. prod. Res., vol. 25, 2011, no 18, pp.173–342.
[20] . M. Öztürk, I. Tumen, A. Uğur, F.A. Öztürk and G. Topcu, “Evaluation of fruit extracts of six Turkish Juniperus species for their antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities”, J. Sci. Food Agric., vol. 91, 2011, no 5, pp. 867–76.
[21] M. Lascurain, J. A. Guerroro-Analco, “Anatomical and chemical characteristics of leaves and branches of Juniperus deppeana var. deppeana (Cupressaceae): A potential source of raw materials for the perfume and sweet candies industries”, Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 113, pp. 50–54.
[22] N. Orhan, M. Aslan, M. Pekcan, D. D. Orhan, E. Bedir and F. Ergum, “Identification of hypoglycaemic compounds from berries of Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus through bioactivity guided isolation technique”, J. Ethnopharmacol, vol. 139, 2011, no 1, pp. 110–8.
[23] M. Lesjak, I. Beara, D. Orčić, G.T. Anačkov, P., Knežević, and Z. Mrkonjić, “Bioactivity and chemical profiling of the Juniperus excelsa which support its usage as a food preservative and nutraceutical, Int J Food Prop., vol. 20, 2017, pp. 1652–1663.
[24] A. Khani, B. Rashid and A. Mirshekar, “Сhemical composition and insecticidal efficacyof Juniperus polycarpus and Juniperus sabina essential oils against Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)”, Int J Food Prop., vol. 20, 2017, no 2, pp. 1221–1229.
[25] T. M. A. Ghany, O. M. Hakamy, “Juniperus procera as Food Safe Additive, their Antioxidant, Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activity against Some Food-Borne Bacteria”, J. Biol. Chem. Research., vol. 31, 2014, no 2, pp. 668–677.
[26] D. M. Martirosyan, J. Singh, “A new definition of functional food by FFC: what makes a new definition unique?”, Funct. Food Health Dis., vol.5, 2015, no 6, pp. 209–223.
[27] N.C. Amaechi, “Nutritive and anti-nutritive evaluation of wonderful kola (Buccholzia coricea) seeds”, Pak J Nutr., vol. 8, 2009, pp.1120–1122.
[28] J. Pérez-Jiménez, V. Neveu, Vos, F. and A. Scalber, “Identification of the 100richest dietary sources of polyphenols: an application of the Phenol-Explorer database”, Eur J Clin Nutr., vol. 64, 2010, pp.112–20.
[29] S. Rezvani, M. A. Rezai, N. Mahmoodi, “Analysis and antimicrobial activity of the plant. Juniperus communis”, Rasayan J. Chem., vol. 2, 2009, no 1, pp. 257–260.
[30] Russian Pharmacopoeia,” (11th Edition), Moscow, 1990.
[31] ISO 659:2014. Oilseeds. Determination of oil content (Reference method).
[32] I.S. Lurie, “Technochemical and microbiological control in confectionery production: a handbook / Lurie IS, Skokan LE, Tsitovich AP - M: KolosS, (on Russian), 2003, p. 416.
[33] M. Dubois, K. Gilles, J. Hamilton, P. Rebers and F. Smith, “Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances”, Anal. Chem., vol. 28, 1956, no 3, pp.350–356.
[34] N. Petkova, R. Vrancheva, P. Denev, I. Ivanov and A. Pavlov, “HPLC-RID method for determination of inulin and fructooligosacharides”, ASN, vol.1, 2014, pp. 99–107.
[35] B. Michev, A. Naidenov, S. Chortanova and T. Malinov, “Berries, food and medicine”, Zemizdat, Sofia. (in Bulgarian), 1983.
[36] H. Chen, “Biotechnology of lignocellulose theory and practice”. ISBN: 978-94- 007-6897-0 (eBook), Springer, 2014, p.510.
[37] S. Poddar, J. Lederer, “Juniper Berries as an Exclusive Winter Forage for Townsend's Solitaires”, Am Midl Nat, vol. 108, 1982, no 1, pp. 34–40.
[38] N. Türkoglu, M. F. Balta, A. Cig, “Sugar Content of Juniper Plants”, Asian J. Chem., vol. 20, 2008, no 4, pp. 3307–3309.
[39] M. I. Gil, F. A. Tomas-Barberan, B. Hess-Pierce, D. M. Holcroft and A. A. Kader, “Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing”, J Agric Food Chem., vol. 48, 2000, pp. 4581–4589.
[40] A. K. Meena, S. C. Verma, R. Rani, M. M. Rao, P. Panda, M. M. Padchi and R. B. Devalla, “Evaluation of Preliminary Phytochemical and Physicochemical Studies on Juniperus Communis L. Fruit Used In Ayurvedic Formulations”, Research J. Pharm. and Tech., vol. 5, 2012, no 1, pp. 88–91.
[41] S. A. Emami, B. F. Abedindo and M. Hassanzadeh-Khayyat, “Antioxidant activity of the essentialoils of different parts of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb.subsp. excelsa and J. excelsa M. Bieb. subsp. polycarpos (K. Koch) Takhtajan (Cupressaceae)”, Iran J Pharm Res., vol. 10, 2011, p. 799.
[42] J. Hussain, U. N. Rehman, A. Al-Harrasi, L. Ali and A. L. Khan, “Essential oil composition and nutrient analysis of selected medicinal plants in Sultanate of Oman”, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis., vol. 3, 2013, no 6, pp. 421–428.
[43] J. Fejer, D. Grulova, A. Eliasova, I. Kron and F. De Feo, “Influence of environmental factors on content and composition of essential oil from common juniper ripe berry cones (Juniperus communis L.)”, Plant Biosyst., vol. 152, 2018, no 6, pp. 1227– 1235.
[44] R. P. Narwal, R. R. Dahiya, and R. S. Malik, “Pollutant elements in soil- plant-animal system in India and future trust areas”, Eur. Chem. Bull., vol. 2, 2013, no 1, pp. 38–45.
[1] R. P. Adams, Junipers of the World: The genus Juniperus, Trafford Publ., Vancouver, B.C., 2004.
[2] E. Georgiev, A. Stoyanova, A Guide for the Specialist in the Aromatic Industry Cultivation, Plovdiv, University of Food Technologies Publ. House, 2006.
[3] R. Adams, A. Tashev, “The volatile leaf oils of three Juniperus comminis varieties from Bulgaria”, Phytologia, vol. 95, 2013, no 4, pp. 302–307.
[4] R. Adams, A. Tashev and E. Schwarzbach, “Variation in Juniperus communis trees and shrub from Bulgaria: analysis of nrDNA and cpDNA regions plus leaf essential oil”, Phytologia, vol. 96, 2014, no 2, pp. 124–129.
[5] I. Stoilova, J. Wanner, I. Jirovetz, D. Trifonova, L. Krastev, A. Stoyanova, and A. Krastanov, “Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of juniper berry (Juniperus communis L.) essential oil”, Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., vol. 20, 2014, pp.780–784.
[6] М. Stoyanova, B. Apostolova. “Study on the essential oil of juniper (Juniperus communis)”, (Bul.), Wood Science (Eng.), vol. 28, 1991, no 3, pp.49–55.
[7] M. Stoyanova, “Studies of the amount and quantities of essential oils from common juniper (Juniperus cоmmunis L.) in Bulgaria”, Nauka za gorata (Bul.), Wood Science (Eng.), vol. 30, 1993, no 4, 48–50.
[8] R. Adams, A. Tashev, K. H. Baser, and A. Christou, “Geographic variatuion in volatile leaf oils of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb”, Phytologia, vol. 95, 2013, no 4, 279–285.
[9] R. Adams, S. Gusel, T. Mataraci, A. Tashev, B. Douaily, M. Dagher-Klarrat, V. Farzaliyev and A. Schwarzbach, “Geographic variation in nrDNA and four cpDNA regions of Juniperus excelsa: Analysis of new records from Bulgaria, Cyprus and southwestern Turkey”, Phytologia, vol. 101, 2019, no 1, 74–80.
[10] I. Semerdjieva, S. Shivakoti, C. Cantrell, V. Zheljazkov, T. Astatkie, V. Schlegel and T. Radoukova, “Kinetics regression models for essential oil yield and composition in Juniperus virginiana, J. excelsa, and J. Sabina”, Molecules, vol. 24, 2019, no 5, p. 986.
[11] V. Zheljazkov, I. Semerdjieva, I, Dincheva, M. Kacaniova, T. Astatkie, T. Radoukova and V. Schlegel, “Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Juniper galbuli essential oil consituents eluted of different times”, Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 109, 2017, pp. 529–537.
[12] V. Zheljazkov, M. Kacaniova, I. Dincheva, T. Radoukova, I. Semerdjieva, T. Astatkie and V. Schlegel, “Essential oil composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the galbuli of six Juniper species”, Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 124, 2018, pp. 449–458.
[13] I. Salamon, A. H. Tarawneh, “Ethnobotany of common juniper (Juniperus communis L.) in Slovakia”, in II International Symposium. on Beverage Crops, 1274, 167–171.
[14] A.B. Avci, N. Bilir, “Variation in Essential Oil Content and Composition of Crimean Juniper (Juniperus excelsa) Berries during the GrowthPeriods”, J. Essent Oil Bear Pl., vol. 17, 2014, pp. 478–85.
[15] M. M. Reza, M. Soheila and M. Farkhonden, “Study the relationship between antioxidant potencial and phenolic contents of Juniperus exselsa fruit”, Int. J. Pharm. Sci., vol. 6, 2014, no 7, pp. 192–194.
[16] Z. Odabas-Serin, O. Bakir, “Some chemical, nutritional and mineral properties of dried juniper (Juniperus drupacea L.) Berries growing in Turkey”, Appl. Ecol. Env. Res., vol. 17, 2019, no 4, pp. 8171–8178.
[17] H. Inci, G. Ozdemir, A. Y. Sogut, B. Nursoy, H. and T. Sengul, “Using juniper berry (Juniperus communis) as a supplement in Japanese quail diets”, R. Bras. Zootec., vol.45, 2016, no 5, pp. 230–235.
[18] M. Akbulut, H. Coklar and G. Özen, “Rheological Characteristics of Juniperus drupacea Fruit Juice (pekmez) Concentrated by Boiling”, Food Sci Technol. Int., vol. 14, 2008, no 4, pp. 321–328.
[19] N. Nasri, N. Tlili, W. Elfalleh, F. Cherif, A. Ferchichi, A. Khaldi and S. Triki, “Chemical compounds from Phoenician juniper berriesb (Juniperus phoenicea)”, Nat. prod. Res., vol. 25, 2011, no 18, pp.173–342.
[20] . M. Öztürk, I. Tumen, A. Uğur, F.A. Öztürk and G. Topcu, “Evaluation of fruit extracts of six Turkish Juniperus species for their antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities”, J. Sci. Food Agric., vol. 91, 2011, no 5, pp. 867–76.
[21] M. Lascurain, J. A. Guerroro-Analco, “Anatomical and chemical characteristics of leaves and branches of Juniperus deppeana var. deppeana (Cupressaceae): A potential source of raw materials for the perfume and sweet candies industries”, Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 113, pp. 50–54.
[22] N. Orhan, M. Aslan, M. Pekcan, D. D. Orhan, E. Bedir and F. Ergum, “Identification of hypoglycaemic compounds from berries of Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus through bioactivity guided isolation technique”, J. Ethnopharmacol, vol. 139, 2011, no 1, pp. 110–8.
[23] M. Lesjak, I. Beara, D. Orčić, G.T. Anačkov, P., Knežević, and Z. Mrkonjić, “Bioactivity and chemical profiling of the Juniperus excelsa which support its usage as a food preservative and nutraceutical, Int J Food Prop., vol. 20, 2017, pp. 1652–1663.
[24] A. Khani, B. Rashid and A. Mirshekar, “Сhemical composition and insecticidal efficacyof Juniperus polycarpus and Juniperus sabina essential oils against Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)”, Int J Food Prop., vol. 20, 2017, no 2, pp. 1221–1229.
[25] T. M. A. Ghany, O. M. Hakamy, “Juniperus procera as Food Safe Additive, their Antioxidant, Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activity against Some Food-Borne Bacteria”, J. Biol. Chem. Research., vol. 31, 2014, no 2, pp. 668–677.
[26] D. M. Martirosyan, J. Singh, “A new definition of functional food by FFC: what makes a new definition unique?”, Funct. Food Health Dis., vol.5, 2015, no 6, pp. 209–223.
[27] N.C. Amaechi, “Nutritive and anti-nutritive evaluation of wonderful kola (Buccholzia coricea) seeds”, Pak J Nutr., vol. 8, 2009, pp.1120–1122.
[28] J. Pérez-Jiménez, V. Neveu, Vos, F. and A. Scalber, “Identification of the 100richest dietary sources of polyphenols: an application of the Phenol-Explorer database”, Eur J Clin Nutr., vol. 64, 2010, pp.112–20.
[29] S. Rezvani, M. A. Rezai, N. Mahmoodi, “Analysis and antimicrobial activity of the plant. Juniperus communis”, Rasayan J. Chem., vol. 2, 2009, no 1, pp. 257–260.
[30] Russian Pharmacopoeia,” (11th Edition), Moscow, 1990.
[31] ISO 659:2014. Oilseeds. Determination of oil content (Reference method).
[32] I.S. Lurie, “Technochemical and microbiological control in confectionery production: a handbook / Lurie IS, Skokan LE, Tsitovich AP - M: KolosS, (on Russian), 2003, p. 416.
[33] M. Dubois, K. Gilles, J. Hamilton, P. Rebers and F. Smith, “Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances”, Anal. Chem., vol. 28, 1956, no 3, pp.350–356.
[34] N. Petkova, R. Vrancheva, P. Denev, I. Ivanov and A. Pavlov, “HPLC-RID method for determination of inulin and fructooligosacharides”, ASN, vol.1, 2014, pp. 99–107.
[35] B. Michev, A. Naidenov, S. Chortanova and T. Malinov, “Berries, food and medicine”, Zemizdat, Sofia. (in Bulgarian), 1983.
[36] H. Chen, “Biotechnology of lignocellulose theory and practice”. ISBN: 978-94- 007-6897-0 (eBook), Springer, 2014, p.510.
[37] S. Poddar, J. Lederer, “Juniper Berries as an Exclusive Winter Forage for Townsend's Solitaires”, Am Midl Nat, vol. 108, 1982, no 1, pp. 34–40.
[38] N. Türkoglu, M. F. Balta, A. Cig, “Sugar Content of Juniper Plants”, Asian J. Chem., vol. 20, 2008, no 4, pp. 3307–3309.
[39] M. I. Gil, F. A. Tomas-Barberan, B. Hess-Pierce, D. M. Holcroft and A. A. Kader, “Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing”, J Agric Food Chem., vol. 48, 2000, pp. 4581–4589.
[40] A. K. Meena, S. C. Verma, R. Rani, M. M. Rao, P. Panda, M. M. Padchi and R. B. Devalla, “Evaluation of Preliminary Phytochemical and Physicochemical Studies on Juniperus Communis L. Fruit Used In Ayurvedic Formulations”, Research J. Pharm. and Tech., vol. 5, 2012, no 1, pp. 88–91.
[41] S. A. Emami, B. F. Abedindo and M. Hassanzadeh-Khayyat, “Antioxidant activity of the essentialoils of different parts of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb.subsp. excelsa and J. excelsa M. Bieb. subsp. polycarpos (K. Koch) Takhtajan (Cupressaceae)”, Iran J Pharm Res., vol. 10, 2011, p. 799.
[42] J. Hussain, U. N. Rehman, A. Al-Harrasi, L. Ali and A. L. Khan, “Essential oil composition and nutrient analysis of selected medicinal plants in Sultanate of Oman”, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis., vol. 3, 2013, no 6, pp. 421–428.
[43] J. Fejer, D. Grulova, A. Eliasova, I. Kron and F. De Feo, “Influence of environmental factors on content and composition of essential oil from common juniper ripe berry cones (Juniperus communis L.)”, Plant Biosyst., vol. 152, 2018, no 6, pp. 1227– 1235.
[44] R. P. Narwal, R. R. Dahiya, and R. S. Malik, “Pollutant elements in soil- plant-animal system in India and future trust areas”, Eur. Chem. Bull., vol. 2, 2013, no 1, pp. 38–45.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:79844", author = "S. Stankov and H. Fidan and N. Petkova and M. Stoyanova and Tz. Radoukova and A. Stoyanova", title = "Phytochemical Profile of Ripe Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. Galbuli from Bulgaria", abstract = "The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of ripe Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. galbuli (female cones) collected from "Izgoraloto Gyune" Reserve in Krichim, Bulgaria. The moisture (36.88%), abs. weight 693.96 g/1000 pcs., and the ash content (10.57%) of ripe galbuli were determined. Lipid fraction (9.12%), cellulose (13.54%), protein (13.64%), and total carbohydrates (31.20%) were evaluated in the ripe galbuli. It was found that the ripe galbuli contained glucose (4.00%) and fructose (4.25%), but disaccharide sucrose was not identified. The main macro elements presented in the sample were K (8390.00 mg/kg), Ca (4596.00 g/kg), Mg (837.72 mg/kg), followed by Na (7.69 mg/kg); while the detected microelements consisted of Zn (8.51 mg/kg), Cu (4.66 mg/kg), Mn (3.65 mg/kg), Fe (3.26 mg/kg), Cr (3.00 mg/kg), Cd (< 0.1 mg/kg), and Pb (0.01 mg/kg).
", keywords = "Chemical composition, Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb, minerals, ripe galbuli.", volume = "14", number = "9", pages = "109-4", }
