Physico-chemical Treatment of Tar-Containing Wastewater Generated from Biomass Gasification Plants
Treatment of tar-containing wastewater is necessary
for the successful operation of biomass gasification plants (BGPs). In
the present study, tar-containing wastewater was treated using lime
and alum for the removal of in-organics, followed by adsorption on
powdered activated carbon (PAC) for the removal of organics. Limealum
experiments were performed in a jar apparatus and activated
carbon studies were performed in an orbital shaker. At optimum
concentrations, both lime and alum individually proved to be capable
of removing color, total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved
solids (TDS), but in both cases, pH adjustment had to be carried out
after treatment. The combination of lime and alum at the dose ratio
of 0.8:0.8 g/L was found to be optimum for the removal of inorganics.
The removal efficiency achieved at optimum
concentrations were 78.6, 62.0, 62.5 and 52.8% for color, alkalinity,
TSS and TDS, respectively. The major advantages of the lime-alum
combination were observed to be as follows: no requirement of pH
adjustment before and after treatment and good settleability of
sludge. Coagulation-precipitation followed by adsorption on PAC
resulted in 92.3% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and
100% phenol removal at equilibrium. Ammonia removal efficiency
was found to be 11.7% during coagulation-flocculation and 36.2%
during adsorption on PAC. Adsorption of organics on PAC in terms
of COD and phenol followed Freundlich isotherm with Kf = 0.55 &
18.47 mg/g and n = 1.01 & 1.45, respectively. This technology may
prove to be one of the fastest and most techno-economically feasible
methods for the treatment of tar-containing wastewater generated
from BGPs.
[1] G. Sridhar, P. J. Paul and H. S. Mukunda, "Biomass derived producer
gas as a reciprocating engine fuel-an experimental analysis," Biomass
and Bioenergy, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 61-72, July 2001.
[2] C. Z. Wu, H. Huang,, S. P. Zheng and X. L. Yin, "An economic analysis
of biomass gasification and power generation in China," Bioresource
Technology, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 65-70, May 2002.
[3] P. Hasler and Th. Nussbaumer, "Gas cleaning for IC engine applications
from fixed bed biomass gasification," Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 16,
no. 6, pp. 385-395, June 1999.
[4] M. Jayamurthy, S. Dasappa, P. J. Paul, G. Sridhar, H. V. Sridhar, H. S.
Mukunda, N. K. S. Rajan, C. Brage, T. Liliedahl and K. SjÖstrÖm, "Tar
characterization in new generation agro-residue gasifiers-cyclone and
downdraft open top twin air entry systems," in Biomass gasification and
pyrolysis, State of the art and Future Prospects, CPL press, UK, 1997,
pp. 235-248.
[5] M.W. Rogers, "Gasification apparatus and method," U. S. Patent 0 176
36, Aug. 4, 2004.
[6] M. W. Fcok, "Toxicity of wastewater generated from gasification of
woodchips," Technology Brief, Dept. Water & Env. Eng., Lund Inst.
Tech., Denmark, 2002.
[7] T. Nissen, "Method for cleaning tar-bearing waste water and apparatus
for performing said method," U. S. Patent 7396454, July 8, 2008.
[8] F. Lettner, H. Timmerer and P. Haselbacher, "Biomass gasification-State
of the art description," Graz Univ. Tech.-Institute of thermal
engineering, Dec. 2007.
[9] A. V. Bridgwater, AACM. Beenackers and K. Sipila. (1998). An
assessment of the possibilities for transfer of european biomass
gasification technology to china (part 1) [Online Available].
[10] I. O. Asia and E. E. Akporhonor, "Characterization and physicochemical
treatment of wastewater from rubber processing factory," Int. J. Phy. Sci.
vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 61-67, Mar. 2007.
[11] H. Selcuk, "Decolorization and detoxification of textile wastewater by
ozonation and coagulation processes," Dyes & Pigments. vol. 64, no. 3,
pp. 217-222, Mar. 2005.
[12] APHA, AWWA and WEF Standard methods for the examination of
water and wastewater, American Public Health Association, 21st ed.
Washington D.C, 2005.
[13] Z. Sapci and B. Ustun, "The removal of color and COD from textile
wastewater by using waste pumice," Electron. J. Environ. Agric. & Food
Chem. vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 286-290, 2003.
[14] H. F. Berger, B. Rouge, H. W. Gehm, N. J. Annandale and A. J. Herbet,
"Decolorizing kraft waste liquors," U. S. Patent 3 120 464, Feb. 4, 1964.
[15] B. Inanc, F. Ciner and I. Ozturk, "Colour removal from fermentation
industry effluents," Water Sci. and Tech. vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 331-338,
1999.
[16] H. Asilian, Sh. M. Fard, A. Rezaei, S. B. Mortazavi and A. Khavanin,
"The removal of color and COD from wastewater containing water base
color by coagulation process," Int. J. Env. Sci. Tech. vol. 3, no. 2, pp.
153-157, Apr. 2006.
[17] H. A. Aziz, S. Alias, F. Assari and M. N. Adlan, "The use of alum, ferric
chloride and ferrous sulphate as coagulants in removing suspended
solids, colour and COD from semi-aerobic landfill leachate at controlled
pH," Waste Manage. Res. vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 556-565, Dec. 2007.
[18] J. Dwyer, P. Griffiths and P. Lant, "Simultaneous colour and DON
removal from sewage treatment plant effluent: Alum coagulation of
melanoidin," Water Res. vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 553-561, Feb. 2009.
[19] A. E Ghaly, A. Snow and B. E. Faber, "Treatment of grease filter wash
water by chemical coagulation," Canadian Biosystems Engineering. vol.
48, pp. 6.13-6.22, 2006.
[20] S. H. Mutlu, U. Yetis, T. Gurkan and L. Yilmaz, "Decolorization of
wastewater of a baker-s yeast plant by membrane processes," Water Res.
vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 609-616, Feb. 2002.
[21] A. Amokrane, C. Comel and J. Veron, "Landfill leachates pre-treatment
by coagulation flocculation," Water Res. vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 2275-2282,
Nov. 1997.
[22] J. C. Liu and C. S. Lien, "Pre-treatment of bakery wastewater by
coagulation flocculation and dissolved air floatation," Water Sci. &
Tech. vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 131-137, 2001.
[23] M. R. Jekel, "Interactions of humic acids and aluminium salts in the
flocculation process," Water Res. vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 1535-1542, Dec.
1986.
[24] L. Caceres, "Comparison of lime and alum treatment of municipal
wastewater," Water Sci. & Tech. vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 261-264, 1993.
[25] M. A. Zazouli and Z. Yousefi, "Removal of heavy metals from solid
wastes leachates coagulation-flocculation process," J. App. Sci. vol. 8,
no. 11, pp. 2142-2147, 2008.
[26] A. Ginos, T. Manios and D. Mantzavinos, "Treatment of olive mill
effluents by coagulation-flocculation-hydrogen peroxide oxidation and
effect on phytotoxicity," J. Hazard. Mater. vol. 133, no. 1-3, pp. 135-
142, May. 2006.
[27] T. A. Ozbelge, O. H. Ozbelge and S. Z. Baskaya, "Removal of phenolic
compounds from rubber-textile wastewaters by physico-chemical
methods," Chem. Engineering and Processing. vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 719-
730, Sep. 2002.
[28] C. Brasquet, E. Subrenat and P. Lecloirec, "Selective adsorption on
fibrous activated carbon of organics from aqueous solution: correlation
between adsorption and molecular structure," Water Sci. & Tech. vol. 35,
no. 7, pp. 251-259, 1997.
[29] I. Vázquez, J. Rodríguez-Iglesias, E. Marañón, L. Castrillón and M.
Álvarez, "Removal of residual phenols from coke wastewater by
adsorption," J. Hazard. Mater. vol. 147, no. 1-2, pp. 395-400, Aug.
2007.
[1] G. Sridhar, P. J. Paul and H. S. Mukunda, "Biomass derived producer
gas as a reciprocating engine fuel-an experimental analysis," Biomass
and Bioenergy, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 61-72, July 2001.
[2] C. Z. Wu, H. Huang,, S. P. Zheng and X. L. Yin, "An economic analysis
of biomass gasification and power generation in China," Bioresource
Technology, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 65-70, May 2002.
[3] P. Hasler and Th. Nussbaumer, "Gas cleaning for IC engine applications
from fixed bed biomass gasification," Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 16,
no. 6, pp. 385-395, June 1999.
[4] M. Jayamurthy, S. Dasappa, P. J. Paul, G. Sridhar, H. V. Sridhar, H. S.
Mukunda, N. K. S. Rajan, C. Brage, T. Liliedahl and K. SjÖstrÖm, "Tar
characterization in new generation agro-residue gasifiers-cyclone and
downdraft open top twin air entry systems," in Biomass gasification and
pyrolysis, State of the art and Future Prospects, CPL press, UK, 1997,
pp. 235-248.
[5] M.W. Rogers, "Gasification apparatus and method," U. S. Patent 0 176
36, Aug. 4, 2004.
[6] M. W. Fcok, "Toxicity of wastewater generated from gasification of
woodchips," Technology Brief, Dept. Water & Env. Eng., Lund Inst.
Tech., Denmark, 2002.
[7] T. Nissen, "Method for cleaning tar-bearing waste water and apparatus
for performing said method," U. S. Patent 7396454, July 8, 2008.
[8] F. Lettner, H. Timmerer and P. Haselbacher, "Biomass gasification-State
of the art description," Graz Univ. Tech.-Institute of thermal
engineering, Dec. 2007.
[9] A. V. Bridgwater, AACM. Beenackers and K. Sipila. (1998). An
assessment of the possibilities for transfer of european biomass
gasification technology to china (part 1) [Online Available].
[10] I. O. Asia and E. E. Akporhonor, "Characterization and physicochemical
treatment of wastewater from rubber processing factory," Int. J. Phy. Sci.
vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 61-67, Mar. 2007.
[11] H. Selcuk, "Decolorization and detoxification of textile wastewater by
ozonation and coagulation processes," Dyes & Pigments. vol. 64, no. 3,
pp. 217-222, Mar. 2005.
[12] APHA, AWWA and WEF Standard methods for the examination of
water and wastewater, American Public Health Association, 21st ed.
Washington D.C, 2005.
[13] Z. Sapci and B. Ustun, "The removal of color and COD from textile
wastewater by using waste pumice," Electron. J. Environ. Agric. & Food
Chem. vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 286-290, 2003.
[14] H. F. Berger, B. Rouge, H. W. Gehm, N. J. Annandale and A. J. Herbet,
"Decolorizing kraft waste liquors," U. S. Patent 3 120 464, Feb. 4, 1964.
[15] B. Inanc, F. Ciner and I. Ozturk, "Colour removal from fermentation
industry effluents," Water Sci. and Tech. vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 331-338,
1999.
[16] H. Asilian, Sh. M. Fard, A. Rezaei, S. B. Mortazavi and A. Khavanin,
"The removal of color and COD from wastewater containing water base
color by coagulation process," Int. J. Env. Sci. Tech. vol. 3, no. 2, pp.
153-157, Apr. 2006.
[17] H. A. Aziz, S. Alias, F. Assari and M. N. Adlan, "The use of alum, ferric
chloride and ferrous sulphate as coagulants in removing suspended
solids, colour and COD from semi-aerobic landfill leachate at controlled
pH," Waste Manage. Res. vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 556-565, Dec. 2007.
[18] J. Dwyer, P. Griffiths and P. Lant, "Simultaneous colour and DON
removal from sewage treatment plant effluent: Alum coagulation of
melanoidin," Water Res. vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 553-561, Feb. 2009.
[19] A. E Ghaly, A. Snow and B. E. Faber, "Treatment of grease filter wash
water by chemical coagulation," Canadian Biosystems Engineering. vol.
48, pp. 6.13-6.22, 2006.
[20] S. H. Mutlu, U. Yetis, T. Gurkan and L. Yilmaz, "Decolorization of
wastewater of a baker-s yeast plant by membrane processes," Water Res.
vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 609-616, Feb. 2002.
[21] A. Amokrane, C. Comel and J. Veron, "Landfill leachates pre-treatment
by coagulation flocculation," Water Res. vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 2275-2282,
Nov. 1997.
[22] J. C. Liu and C. S. Lien, "Pre-treatment of bakery wastewater by
coagulation flocculation and dissolved air floatation," Water Sci. &
Tech. vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 131-137, 2001.
[23] M. R. Jekel, "Interactions of humic acids and aluminium salts in the
flocculation process," Water Res. vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 1535-1542, Dec.
1986.
[24] L. Caceres, "Comparison of lime and alum treatment of municipal
wastewater," Water Sci. & Tech. vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 261-264, 1993.
[25] M. A. Zazouli and Z. Yousefi, "Removal of heavy metals from solid
wastes leachates coagulation-flocculation process," J. App. Sci. vol. 8,
no. 11, pp. 2142-2147, 2008.
[26] A. Ginos, T. Manios and D. Mantzavinos, "Treatment of olive mill
effluents by coagulation-flocculation-hydrogen peroxide oxidation and
effect on phytotoxicity," J. Hazard. Mater. vol. 133, no. 1-3, pp. 135-
142, May. 2006.
[27] T. A. Ozbelge, O. H. Ozbelge and S. Z. Baskaya, "Removal of phenolic
compounds from rubber-textile wastewaters by physico-chemical
methods," Chem. Engineering and Processing. vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 719-
730, Sep. 2002.
[28] C. Brasquet, E. Subrenat and P. Lecloirec, "Selective adsorption on
fibrous activated carbon of organics from aqueous solution: correlation
between adsorption and molecular structure," Water Sci. & Tech. vol. 35,
no. 7, pp. 251-259, 1997.
[29] I. Vázquez, J. Rodríguez-Iglesias, E. Marañón, L. Castrillón and M.
Álvarez, "Removal of residual phenols from coke wastewater by
adsorption," J. Hazard. Mater. vol. 147, no. 1-2, pp. 395-400, Aug.
2007.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:64205", author = "Vrajesh Mehta and Anal Chavan", title = "Physico-chemical Treatment of Tar-Containing Wastewater Generated from Biomass Gasification Plants", abstract = "Treatment of tar-containing wastewater is necessary
for the successful operation of biomass gasification plants (BGPs). In
the present study, tar-containing wastewater was treated using lime
and alum for the removal of in-organics, followed by adsorption on
powdered activated carbon (PAC) for the removal of organics. Limealum
experiments were performed in a jar apparatus and activated
carbon studies were performed in an orbital shaker. At optimum
concentrations, both lime and alum individually proved to be capable
of removing color, total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved
solids (TDS), but in both cases, pH adjustment had to be carried out
after treatment. The combination of lime and alum at the dose ratio
of 0.8:0.8 g/L was found to be optimum for the removal of inorganics.
The removal efficiency achieved at optimum
concentrations were 78.6, 62.0, 62.5 and 52.8% for color, alkalinity,
TSS and TDS, respectively. The major advantages of the lime-alum
combination were observed to be as follows: no requirement of pH
adjustment before and after treatment and good settleability of
sludge. Coagulation-precipitation followed by adsorption on PAC
resulted in 92.3% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and
100% phenol removal at equilibrium. Ammonia removal efficiency
was found to be 11.7% during coagulation-flocculation and 36.2%
during adsorption on PAC. Adsorption of organics on PAC in terms
of COD and phenol followed Freundlich isotherm with Kf = 0.55 &
18.47 mg/g and n = 1.01 & 1.45, respectively. This technology may
prove to be one of the fastest and most techno-economically feasible
methods for the treatment of tar-containing wastewater generated
from BGPs.", keywords = "Activated carbon, Alum, Biomass gasification,Coagulation-flocculation, Lime, Tar-containing wastewater.", volume = "3", number = "9", pages = "526-8", }
