Phthalate Exposure among Roma Population in Slovakia
Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental pollutants
well known because of their endocrine disrupting activity in human
organism. The aim of our study was, by biological monitoring,
investigate exposure to phthalates of Roma ethnicity group i.e.
children and adults from 5 families (n=29, average age 11.8 ± 7.6
years) living in western Slovakia. Additionally, we analysed some
associations between anthropometric measures, questionnaire data
i.e. socio-economic status, eating and drinking habits, practise of
personal care products and household conditions in comparison with
concentrations of phthalate metabolites. We used for analysis of urine
samples high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass
spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to determine concentrations of
phthalate metabolites monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-n-butyl
phthalate (MnBP), mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), mono(2-ethyl-
5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5OH-MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)
phthalate (5oxo-MEHP) and mono(2-etylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP).
Our results indicate that ethnicity, lower socioeconomic status and
different housing conditions in Roma population can affect urinary
concentration of phthalate metabolites.
[1] K. Chou, R. Wright, “Phthalates in Food and Medical Devices,” In
Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2006, vol.2, no.3, pp.126-136.
[2] B. Blount, K. Milgram, M. Silva, N. Malek, J. Reidy, L. Needham, J.
Brock, „Quantitative Detection of Eight Phthalate Metabolites in Human
Urine Using HPLC-APCI-MS/MS“ In Analytical Chemistry, 2000,
vol.72, pp.4127-4134.
[3] H. Koch, A. Calafat, „Human body burdens of chemicals used in plastic
manufacture,“ In Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B:
Biological Science, 2009, vol.364, pp.2063-2078.
[4] D. Y. Bang, I. K. Lee, B-M. Lee, “Toxicological Characterization of
Phthalic Acid,” In Official Journal of Korean Society of Toxicology,
2011, vol.27, no.4, pp.191-203.
[5] R. Bertelsen, K. Carlsen, A. Calafat, J. Hoppin, G. Haland, P.
Mowinckel, K. Carlsen, M. Lovik, „Urinary Biomarkers for Phthalates
Associated with Asthma in Norwegian Children,“ In Environmental
Health Perspectives, 2013, 121, 2, pp.251-256.
[6] J. Adibi, F. Perera, W. Jedrychowski, D. Camann, D. Barr, R. Jacek, R.
Whyatt, “Prenatal Exposures to Phthalates among Women in New York
City and Krakow, Poland,“ In Environmental Health Perspectives, 2003,
vol.111, no.14, pp.1719-1722.
[7] M. Silva, E. Samandar, J. Preau, J. Reidy, L. Needham, A. Calafat,
“Quantification of 22 phthalate metabolites in human urine,“ In Journal
of Chromatography B, 2007, vol.860, p.106-112.
[8] J. D. Meeker, „Exposure to Environmental Endocrine Disruptors and
Child Development,“ In Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent
Medicine, 2012, vol.166, no.6, pp.1-12.
[9] G. Beko, Ch. Weschler, S. Langer, M. Callesen, J. Toftum, G. Clausen,
„Children’s Phthalate Intakes and Resultant Cumulative Exposures
Estimated from Urine Compared with Estimates from Dust Ingestion,
Inhalation and dermal Absorption in Their Homes and Daycare
Centers,“ In PLoS ONE, 2013, vol.8, no.4, pp.1-18.
[10] J. Adibi, R. Whyatt, P. Williams, A. Calafat, D. Camann, R. Herrick, H.
Nelson, H. Bhat, F. Perera, M. Silva, R. Hauser, “Characterization of
Phthalate Exposure among Pregnant Women Assessed by repeat Air and
Urine Samples,“ In Environmental Health Perspectives, 2008, vol.116,
no.4, pp.466-472.
[11] Z. Gallinger, G. Nguyen, “Presence of phthalates in gastrointenstinal
medications: Is there a hidden danger?“ In World Journal of
Gastroenterology, 2013, vol.41, no.19, pp. 7042-7047
[12] R. Dodson, M. Nishioka, L. Standley, L. Perovich, J. Green Brody, R.
Rudel, “Endocrine Disruptors and Asthma- Associated Chemicals in
Consumer Products,“ In Environmental Health Perspectives, 2012,
vol.120, no.7, pp.935-944.
[13] M. Wittassek, H.M. Koch, J. Angerer, T. Bruning, “Assessing exposure
to phthalates- The human biomonitoring approach,” In Mol. Nutr. Food
Res., 2011, 55, pp.7-31.
[14] CDC (Centres For Disease Control And Prevention), (2009). Fourth
national Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals.
Department of health and human services, Centres for Disease Control
and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of
Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724.
[15] M. Wolff, S. Teitelbaum, S. Pinney, G. Windham, L. Liao, F. Biro, L.
Kushi, Ch. Erdmann, R. Hiatt, M. Rybak, A. Calafat, Breast cancer and
Environment Research Centers, “Investigation of Relationships between
Urinary Biomarkers of Phytoestrogens, Phthalates, and Phenols and
Pubertal Stages in Girls,“ In Environmental health Perspectives, 2012,
vol.118, no.7, pp.1039-1046.
[16] H. M. Koch, M. Wittassek, T. Brüning, J. Angerer, U. Heudorf,
“Exosure to phthalates in 5-6 years old primary schol starters in
Germany- A human biomonitoring study and cumulative risk
assessment,” International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental
Health, 2011, 214, pp.188-195.
[17] T. Huang, A. Saxena, E. Isganaitis, T. James-Todd, “Gender and
racial/ethnic differences in the associations of urinary phthalate
metabolites with markers of diabetes risk: national health and nutrition
examination survey 2001-2008,“ In Environmental Health, 2014, vol.13,
no.6, pp.1-10.
[18] T. Pilka, I. Petrovicova, B. Kolena, T. Zatko, T. Trnovec, “Relationship
between variation of seasonal temperature and extent of occupational
exposure to phthalates,” In Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res, 2014, DOI
10.1007/s11356-014-3385-7.
[19] M. J. Silva, A. Slakman, J. Reidy, “Analysis of human urine for fifteen
phthalate metabolites using automated solid-phase extraction,“ In
Journal of Chromatography B, 2004, vol.805, pp.161-167
[20] M. Majdan, A. Coman, E. Gallová, J. Ďuricová, D. Kállayová, M.
Kvaková, Ľ. Bošák, “Assesment of The Indoor Environment and
Implications for Health in Roma villages in Slovakia and Romania 2012
[21] E. Ginter, M. Krajcovicova-Kudlackova, O. Kacala, V. Kovacic, M.
Valachovic, “Health status of Romanies (Gypsies) in the Slovak
Republic and in the neighbouring countries,” In Bratislavské Lekárske
Listy, 2001, 102, 10, pp.479-484.
[22] R. Kobrosly, L. Parlett, R. Stahlhut, E. Barrett, S. Swan,
“Socioeconomic factors and phthalate metabolite concentrations among
United States women of reproductive age, In Environmental Research,
2012, 115, pp.11-17.
[23] J. Tyrrell, D. Melzer, W. Henley, T. Galloway, N. Osborne,
“Associations between socioeconomic status and environmental toxicant
concentrations in adults in the USA: NHANES 2001-2010” In
Environment International, 2013, 59, pp.328-335.
[24] J. Adibi, R. Whyatt, R. Hauser, H. Bhat, B. Davis, A. Calafat, L.
Hoepner, F. Perera, D. Tang, P. Williams, “Transcriptional Biomarkers
of Steroidogenesis and Trophoblast Differentiation in Placenta in
Relation to Prenatal Phthalate Exposure,“ In Environmental Health
Perspectives, 2010, 118, 2, pp.291- 296.
[25] S-Ch. Cho, S-Y. Bhang, Y-Ch. Hong, M-S. Shin, B-N. Kim, J-W. Kim,
H-J. Yoo, I.H. Cho, H-W. Kim, “Relationship between Environmental
Phthalate Exposure and Intelligence of School-Age Children,“ In
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2010, vol.118, no.7, p.1027-1031
[26] H. Wang, Y. Zhou, Ch. Tang, Y. He, J. Wu, Y. Chen, Q. Jiang, “Urinary
Phthalate Metabolites Are Associated with Body Mass Index and Waist
Circumference in Chinese School Children,“ In PLoS ONE, 2013, vol.8,
no.2, pp.1-9.
[27] J. Colacino, A. Soliman, A.Calafat, M. Nahar, A. Van Zomeren-Dohm,
A. Hablas, I. Seifeldin, L. Rozek, D. Doliny, “Exposure to phthalates
among premenstrual girls from rural and urban Gharbiah, Egypt: A pilot
exposure assessment study“ In Environmental Health, 2011, 40, 10, pp.
1-8.
[28] M. Boas, H., Frederiksen, U. Feldt-Rasmussen, N. Skakkebaek, L.
Hegedus, L. Hilsted, A. Juul, K. Main, “Childhood Exposure to
Phthalates: Associations with Thyroid Function, Insulin-like Growth
Factor I, and Growth,“ In Environmental Health Perspectives, 2010,
vol.118, no.10, pp.1458-1464.
[29] M. Černá, M. Malý, P. Rudnay, S. Kozepesy, M. Náray, K. Halzlová, M.
Jajcaj, A. Grafnetterová, A. Krsková, D. Antošová, K. Forysová, E. Den
Hond, G. Schoeters, R. Joas, L. Casteleyn, A. Joas, P. Biot, D. Aerts, J.
Angerer, L. Bloemen, A. Castano, M. Esteban, H. Koch, M. Kolossa-
Gehring, A. Gutleb, J. Pavloušková, K. Vrbík, “Case study: Possible
differencies in phthalates exposure among the Czech, Hungarian, and
Slovak populations identified based on the DEMOCOPHES pilot study
results,” In Environmental Research, 2014,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.025 .
[30] J., Hogberg, A. Hanberg, M. Berglund, S. Skerfving, M. Remberger, A.
calafat, A. Falk Filipsson, B. Jansson, N. Johansson, M. Appelgren, H.
Hakansson, “Phthalate Diesters and Their Metabolites in human Breast
Milk, Blood or Serum, and Urine as Biomarkers of Exposure in
Vulnerable Populations,” 2008, vol.116, no.3, pp.334-339
[31] K. Becker, M. Seiwert, J. Angerer, W. Heger, H. Koch, R. Nagorka,
E.Roskamp, Ch. Schluter, B. Seifert, D. Ullrich, “DEHP metabolites in
urine of children and DEHP in house dust,”In International Journal of
Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2004, 207, pp.409-417.
[32] M. Moreira, L. André, Z. Cardeal, “Analysis of Phthalate Migration to
Food Simulants in Plastic Containers during Microwave Operations,” In
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2014, 11, pp.507-526.
[33] H.M. Koch, H.M. Bolt, J. Angerer, “Di(2-etylhexyl)- phthalate (DEHP)
metabolites in human urine and serum after a single oral dose of
deuterium- labelled DEHP,” In Arch. Toxicol, 2004, 78, pp.123-130
[34] H.M. Koch, H.M. Bolt, R. Preuss, J. Angerer, “New metabolites of di(2-
ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in human urine and serum after single oral
doses of deuterium- labelled DEHP,” In Arch. Toxicol., 2005, 79,
pp.367-376. [35] J. P. Fong, F-J. Lee, I-S. Lu, S-N. Uang, Ch-Ch. Lee, “Estimating the
contribution of inhalation exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP)
for PVC production workers, using personal air sampling and urinary
metabolite monitoring,” In International Journal of Hygiene and
Environmental Health, 2014, 217, pp.102-109.
[1] K. Chou, R. Wright, “Phthalates in Food and Medical Devices,” In
Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2006, vol.2, no.3, pp.126-136.
[2] B. Blount, K. Milgram, M. Silva, N. Malek, J. Reidy, L. Needham, J.
Brock, „Quantitative Detection of Eight Phthalate Metabolites in Human
Urine Using HPLC-APCI-MS/MS“ In Analytical Chemistry, 2000,
vol.72, pp.4127-4134.
[3] H. Koch, A. Calafat, „Human body burdens of chemicals used in plastic
manufacture,“ In Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B:
Biological Science, 2009, vol.364, pp.2063-2078.
[4] D. Y. Bang, I. K. Lee, B-M. Lee, “Toxicological Characterization of
Phthalic Acid,” In Official Journal of Korean Society of Toxicology,
2011, vol.27, no.4, pp.191-203.
[5] R. Bertelsen, K. Carlsen, A. Calafat, J. Hoppin, G. Haland, P.
Mowinckel, K. Carlsen, M. Lovik, „Urinary Biomarkers for Phthalates
Associated with Asthma in Norwegian Children,“ In Environmental
Health Perspectives, 2013, 121, 2, pp.251-256.
[6] J. Adibi, F. Perera, W. Jedrychowski, D. Camann, D. Barr, R. Jacek, R.
Whyatt, “Prenatal Exposures to Phthalates among Women in New York
City and Krakow, Poland,“ In Environmental Health Perspectives, 2003,
vol.111, no.14, pp.1719-1722.
[7] M. Silva, E. Samandar, J. Preau, J. Reidy, L. Needham, A. Calafat,
“Quantification of 22 phthalate metabolites in human urine,“ In Journal
of Chromatography B, 2007, vol.860, p.106-112.
[8] J. D. Meeker, „Exposure to Environmental Endocrine Disruptors and
Child Development,“ In Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent
Medicine, 2012, vol.166, no.6, pp.1-12.
[9] G. Beko, Ch. Weschler, S. Langer, M. Callesen, J. Toftum, G. Clausen,
„Children’s Phthalate Intakes and Resultant Cumulative Exposures
Estimated from Urine Compared with Estimates from Dust Ingestion,
Inhalation and dermal Absorption in Their Homes and Daycare
Centers,“ In PLoS ONE, 2013, vol.8, no.4, pp.1-18.
[10] J. Adibi, R. Whyatt, P. Williams, A. Calafat, D. Camann, R. Herrick, H.
Nelson, H. Bhat, F. Perera, M. Silva, R. Hauser, “Characterization of
Phthalate Exposure among Pregnant Women Assessed by repeat Air and
Urine Samples,“ In Environmental Health Perspectives, 2008, vol.116,
no.4, pp.466-472.
[11] Z. Gallinger, G. Nguyen, “Presence of phthalates in gastrointenstinal
medications: Is there a hidden danger?“ In World Journal of
Gastroenterology, 2013, vol.41, no.19, pp. 7042-7047
[12] R. Dodson, M. Nishioka, L. Standley, L. Perovich, J. Green Brody, R.
Rudel, “Endocrine Disruptors and Asthma- Associated Chemicals in
Consumer Products,“ In Environmental Health Perspectives, 2012,
vol.120, no.7, pp.935-944.
[13] M. Wittassek, H.M. Koch, J. Angerer, T. Bruning, “Assessing exposure
to phthalates- The human biomonitoring approach,” In Mol. Nutr. Food
Res., 2011, 55, pp.7-31.
[14] CDC (Centres For Disease Control And Prevention), (2009). Fourth
national Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals.
Department of health and human services, Centres for Disease Control
and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of
Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724.
[15] M. Wolff, S. Teitelbaum, S. Pinney, G. Windham, L. Liao, F. Biro, L.
Kushi, Ch. Erdmann, R. Hiatt, M. Rybak, A. Calafat, Breast cancer and
Environment Research Centers, “Investigation of Relationships between
Urinary Biomarkers of Phytoestrogens, Phthalates, and Phenols and
Pubertal Stages in Girls,“ In Environmental health Perspectives, 2012,
vol.118, no.7, pp.1039-1046.
[16] H. M. Koch, M. Wittassek, T. Brüning, J. Angerer, U. Heudorf,
“Exosure to phthalates in 5-6 years old primary schol starters in
Germany- A human biomonitoring study and cumulative risk
assessment,” International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental
Health, 2011, 214, pp.188-195.
[17] T. Huang, A. Saxena, E. Isganaitis, T. James-Todd, “Gender and
racial/ethnic differences in the associations of urinary phthalate
metabolites with markers of diabetes risk: national health and nutrition
examination survey 2001-2008,“ In Environmental Health, 2014, vol.13,
no.6, pp.1-10.
[18] T. Pilka, I. Petrovicova, B. Kolena, T. Zatko, T. Trnovec, “Relationship
between variation of seasonal temperature and extent of occupational
exposure to phthalates,” In Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res, 2014, DOI
10.1007/s11356-014-3385-7.
[19] M. J. Silva, A. Slakman, J. Reidy, “Analysis of human urine for fifteen
phthalate metabolites using automated solid-phase extraction,“ In
Journal of Chromatography B, 2004, vol.805, pp.161-167
[20] M. Majdan, A. Coman, E. Gallová, J. Ďuricová, D. Kállayová, M.
Kvaková, Ľ. Bošák, “Assesment of The Indoor Environment and
Implications for Health in Roma villages in Slovakia and Romania 2012
[21] E. Ginter, M. Krajcovicova-Kudlackova, O. Kacala, V. Kovacic, M.
Valachovic, “Health status of Romanies (Gypsies) in the Slovak
Republic and in the neighbouring countries,” In Bratislavské Lekárske
Listy, 2001, 102, 10, pp.479-484.
[22] R. Kobrosly, L. Parlett, R. Stahlhut, E. Barrett, S. Swan,
“Socioeconomic factors and phthalate metabolite concentrations among
United States women of reproductive age, In Environmental Research,
2012, 115, pp.11-17.
[23] J. Tyrrell, D. Melzer, W. Henley, T. Galloway, N. Osborne,
“Associations between socioeconomic status and environmental toxicant
concentrations in adults in the USA: NHANES 2001-2010” In
Environment International, 2013, 59, pp.328-335.
[24] J. Adibi, R. Whyatt, R. Hauser, H. Bhat, B. Davis, A. Calafat, L.
Hoepner, F. Perera, D. Tang, P. Williams, “Transcriptional Biomarkers
of Steroidogenesis and Trophoblast Differentiation in Placenta in
Relation to Prenatal Phthalate Exposure,“ In Environmental Health
Perspectives, 2010, 118, 2, pp.291- 296.
[25] S-Ch. Cho, S-Y. Bhang, Y-Ch. Hong, M-S. Shin, B-N. Kim, J-W. Kim,
H-J. Yoo, I.H. Cho, H-W. Kim, “Relationship between Environmental
Phthalate Exposure and Intelligence of School-Age Children,“ In
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2010, vol.118, no.7, p.1027-1031
[26] H. Wang, Y. Zhou, Ch. Tang, Y. He, J. Wu, Y. Chen, Q. Jiang, “Urinary
Phthalate Metabolites Are Associated with Body Mass Index and Waist
Circumference in Chinese School Children,“ In PLoS ONE, 2013, vol.8,
no.2, pp.1-9.
[27] J. Colacino, A. Soliman, A.Calafat, M. Nahar, A. Van Zomeren-Dohm,
A. Hablas, I. Seifeldin, L. Rozek, D. Doliny, “Exposure to phthalates
among premenstrual girls from rural and urban Gharbiah, Egypt: A pilot
exposure assessment study“ In Environmental Health, 2011, 40, 10, pp.
1-8.
[28] M. Boas, H., Frederiksen, U. Feldt-Rasmussen, N. Skakkebaek, L.
Hegedus, L. Hilsted, A. Juul, K. Main, “Childhood Exposure to
Phthalates: Associations with Thyroid Function, Insulin-like Growth
Factor I, and Growth,“ In Environmental Health Perspectives, 2010,
vol.118, no.10, pp.1458-1464.
[29] M. Černá, M. Malý, P. Rudnay, S. Kozepesy, M. Náray, K. Halzlová, M.
Jajcaj, A. Grafnetterová, A. Krsková, D. Antošová, K. Forysová, E. Den
Hond, G. Schoeters, R. Joas, L. Casteleyn, A. Joas, P. Biot, D. Aerts, J.
Angerer, L. Bloemen, A. Castano, M. Esteban, H. Koch, M. Kolossa-
Gehring, A. Gutleb, J. Pavloušková, K. Vrbík, “Case study: Possible
differencies in phthalates exposure among the Czech, Hungarian, and
Slovak populations identified based on the DEMOCOPHES pilot study
results,” In Environmental Research, 2014,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.025 .
[30] J., Hogberg, A. Hanberg, M. Berglund, S. Skerfving, M. Remberger, A.
calafat, A. Falk Filipsson, B. Jansson, N. Johansson, M. Appelgren, H.
Hakansson, “Phthalate Diesters and Their Metabolites in human Breast
Milk, Blood or Serum, and Urine as Biomarkers of Exposure in
Vulnerable Populations,” 2008, vol.116, no.3, pp.334-339
[31] K. Becker, M. Seiwert, J. Angerer, W. Heger, H. Koch, R. Nagorka,
E.Roskamp, Ch. Schluter, B. Seifert, D. Ullrich, “DEHP metabolites in
urine of children and DEHP in house dust,”In International Journal of
Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2004, 207, pp.409-417.
[32] M. Moreira, L. André, Z. Cardeal, “Analysis of Phthalate Migration to
Food Simulants in Plastic Containers during Microwave Operations,” In
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2014, 11, pp.507-526.
[33] H.M. Koch, H.M. Bolt, J. Angerer, “Di(2-etylhexyl)- phthalate (DEHP)
metabolites in human urine and serum after a single oral dose of
deuterium- labelled DEHP,” In Arch. Toxicol, 2004, 78, pp.123-130
[34] H.M. Koch, H.M. Bolt, R. Preuss, J. Angerer, “New metabolites of di(2-
ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in human urine and serum after single oral
doses of deuterium- labelled DEHP,” In Arch. Toxicol., 2005, 79,
pp.367-376. [35] J. P. Fong, F-J. Lee, I-S. Lu, S-N. Uang, Ch-Ch. Lee, “Estimating the
contribution of inhalation exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP)
for PVC production workers, using personal air sampling and urinary
metabolite monitoring,” In International Journal of Hygiene and
Environmental Health, 2014, 217, pp.102-109.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:70051", author = "Miroslava Šidlovská and Ida Petrovičová and Tomáš Pilka and Branislav Kolena", title = "Phthalate Exposure among Roma Population in Slovakia", abstract = "Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental pollutants
well known because of their endocrine disrupting activity in human
organism. The aim of our study was, by biological monitoring,
investigate exposure to phthalates of Roma ethnicity group i.e.
children and adults from 5 families (n=29, average age 11.8 ± 7.6
years) living in western Slovakia. Additionally, we analysed some
associations between anthropometric measures, questionnaire data
i.e. socio-economic status, eating and drinking habits, practise of
personal care products and household conditions in comparison with
concentrations of phthalate metabolites. We used for analysis of urine
samples high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass
spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to determine concentrations of
phthalate metabolites monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-n-butyl
phthalate (MnBP), mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), mono(2-ethyl-
5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5OH-MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)
phthalate (5oxo-MEHP) and mono(2-etylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP).
Our results indicate that ethnicity, lower socioeconomic status and
different housing conditions in Roma population can affect urinary
concentration of phthalate metabolites.", keywords = "Biomonitoring, ethnicity, human exposure, phthalate
metabolites.", volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "481-7", }
