Paleoclimate Reconstruction during Pabdeh, Gurpi, Kazhdumi and Gadvan Formations (Cretaceous-Tertiary) Based on Clay Mineral Distribution
Paleoclimate was reconstructed by the clay mineral
assemblages of shale units of Pabdeh (Paleocene- Oligocene), Gurpi
(Upper Cretaceous), Kazhdumi (Albian-Cenomanian) and Gadvan
(Aptian-Neocomian) formations in the Bangestan anticline. To
compare with clay minerals assemblages in these formations,
selected samples also taken from available formations in drilled wells
in Ahvaz, Marun, Karanj, and Parsi oil fields. Collected samples
prepared using standard clay mineral methodology. They were
treated as normal, glycolated and heated oriented glass slides. Their
identification was made on X-Ray diffractographs. Illite % varies
from 8 to 36. Illite quantity increased from Pabdeh to Gurpi
Formation. This may be due to dominant dry climate. Kaolinite is in
range of 12-49%. Its variation style in different formations could be a
marker of climate changes from wet to dry which is supported by the
lithological changes. Chlorite (4-28%) can also be detected in those
samples without any kaolinite. Mixed layer minerals as the mixture
of illite-chlorite and illite-vermiculite-montmorillonite are varied
from 6 to 36%, decreased during Kazhdumi deposition from the base
to the top. This result may be according to decreasing of illite
leaching process. Vermiculite was also determined in very less
quantity and found in those units without kaolinite. Montmorillonite
varies from 8 to 43%, and its presence is due to terrestrial
depositional condition. Stratigraphical documents is also supported
this idea that clay mineral distribution is a function of the climate
changes. It seems, thus, the present results can be indicated a possible
procedure for ancient climate changes evaluation.
[1] Patchett, J., An investigation of shale conductivity, The log Analy,
Vol.16, No.6, pp.3, 1975.
[2] Bruce, C.H., Smectite dehydration- It-s relation to structural
development and hydrocarbon accumulation in northern Gulf of Mexico
Basin: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., V.68, pp. 673-683, 1984.
[3] Mckeen, R.G., A model for predicting expansive soil behavior. 7 th. Int.
Conf. On Expansive Soils, Dallas, Texas, P1-6, august 3-5, 1992.
[4] Carretero, M.I., Clay mineral and their beneficial effects upon human
health: A review, J. Applied Clay Science, V. 21, pp.155-163, 2002.
[5] Boles, J.R., & Frank,S.G., Clay diagenesis in Wilcox sandstones of SWTexas:
Implication of smectite diagenesis on sandstone cementation. J.
Sedim. Petrol., Vol. 49, pp.55-70, 1979.
[6] Midtbq, R. E. A., Rykkye, J.M. and Ramm, M., Deep burial diagenesis
and reservoir quality along the eastern flank of the Viking Graben.
Evidence for illitization and quartz cementation after hydrocarbon
emplacement. Clay Minerals, 35, pp. 227-237, 2000.
[7] Chilingarian, G.U., Compactional Diagenesis, In: Sedim. Diag., Parker,
pp.57-168, 1981.
[8] Keller, W.D., Diagenesis in Clay minerals - a review, in Bradley, V.F.
Clay & clay minerals, Droc. Nas. Conf. NewYork, MacMillian, Co., No.
1011, pp.136-157, 1963.
[9] Hingston, F. G., Reaction between Boron and Clays, Aust. J. Soil Res.,
vol. 2, pp. 83-95, 1964.
[10] Pollastro, R.M., Consideration and application of the Illite/Smectite
geothermometer in hydrocarbon-bearing rocks of Miocene to
Mississippian age, Clays and Clay Min., vol. 41, pp. 119-133, 1993.
[11] Soleimani, B., Subsidence- Uplift history and petroleum source rock
study of Cenozoic Foreland basin of NW Himalaya, HP., India, Ph.D.
Thesis, University of Roorkee (unpublished), 1999.
[12] Slatt, R..M., Importance of shales and mudrocks in oil and gas
exploration and reservoir development. In: Scott, E.D., A.H. Bouma, and
W.R. Pryant (eds.), Siltstone, mudstone and shales; depositional
processes and characteristics, SEPM/GCAGS Spec. Publ., SEPEM, May,
pp. 1-22, 2003.
[13] Net, L.I., Alonso, M.S. and Limarino, C.O., Source rock and
environmental control on clay mineral associations, Lower section of
Panganzo Group (Carboniferous), Northwest Argentina, J. Sedimentary
Geol., vol. 52, pp. 183-199, 2002.
[14] Biscaye, P.E., Mineralogy of sedimentation of recent deep clay in the
Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas and oceans. Geol. Soc. Am.Bull.,
vol.76, pp.803-832, 1965.
[15] Grim, R.E., Clay mineralogy. Mc Graw-Hill Book Co., New York,
p.596, 1968.
[16] Ingles-Ramos, M., Guerrero, R.E., Sedimentological control on the clay
mineral distribution in the marine and non-marine Paleogene deposits of
Mallorca (Western Mediterranean), J. Sedimentary Geol., vol. 94, pp.
229-243, 1995.
[17] Weaver, C. E., Developments in Sedimentology, 44; Clays, Muds and
Shales. Elsevier Sci., Publi., p. 819, 1989.
[18] Keller, W.D., Environmental aspects of clay minerals, J. Sed. Pet, vol.40,
pp.783-813, 1970.
[19] Boggs, S.G., Principles of Sedimentology & Stratighraphy, Merrin Publ.
Comp., p. 784, 1987.
[20] Cavanagh, A., Couples, G. and Haszeldine, S., Implication of burial flow
modelling on illite ages for the Magnus reservoir, North Sea,
ClayMineral evolution, Basin Maturity and Mudrock properties, Held at
BGS, Keyworth/ Nottingham, UK, 1997.
[21] Odin, G.S., Fullagar, P.D., Geological Significance of the glaucony
facies. Green marin clays (Odin,G.S.,ed.), pp.295- 332, Elsevier,
Amsterdam, 1988.
[22] Prothero, D. R., & Schwab, F., An introduction to Sedimentary rocks
and Stratigraphy. Sedimentary Geology, Freeman & Company, p. 575,
1996.
[23] Ingram, R.L., Robinson, M. and Odum, H.T., Clay mineralogy of some
Carolina Bay sediments. Southeastern Geology, vol. 1, pp. 1-10, 1959.
[24] Moll, W.F., Jr., Origin of CMS Samples, in: Data Handbook for Clay
Materials and Other Non-Metallic Minerals (H. van Olphen and J.J.
Fripiat, editors).Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 69-125, 1979.
[25] Jeans, C.V., Wray, D.S., Merriman, R. J., and Fisher, M. J.,
Volcanogenic clays in Jurassic and Cretaceous strata of England and the
North Sea Basin. Clay Minerals; March 2000; vol. 35, pp. 25-55, 2000.
[26] Drits, V.A., Structural and chemical heterogeneity of layer silicates and
clay minerals. Clay Minerals, vol. 38, pp. 403-432, 2003.
[27] Arslan, M., Kadir, S., Abdioglu, E., and Kolayli, H., Origin and
formation of kaolin minerals in saprolite of Tertiary alkaline volcanic
rocks, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Clay Minerals, vol. 41, pp. 597-
617, 2006.
[28] Jeans, C. V., Clay mineralogy of the Cretaceous strata of the British
Isles. Clay Minerals, vol. 41, pp. 47-150, 2006a.
[29] Jeans, C.V., Clay mineralogy of the Jurassic strata of the British Isles.
Clay Minerals, vol. 41, pp. 187-307, 2006b.
[30] Jeans, C.V., Clay mineralogy of the Permo-Triassic strata of the British
Isles: onshore and offshore. Clay Minerals, vol. 41, pp. 309-354, 2006c.
[31] Elsinger, E. and Pevear, D., Clay minerals for petroleum geologist and
engineers, Soc. Econ. Paleontol, Mineral short course- Notes22, 1988.
[32] Kublicki, C., & Millot, G., Diagenesis of clay in sedimentary and
petroliferous series. Proc. of Twentienth, Nat. Cof. On Clays and Clay
minerals, vol. 10, p. 329, Pergoman Press, London, 1963.
[33] Jeans, C.V., Mineral diagenesis and reservoir quality-The way forward:
an introduction, Clay Minerals, vol.35, pp. 3-4, 2000
[34] Aly, S.A., El-Sayed, A.M., and El-Shawadfy, A., Application of well
logs to assess the effect of clay minerals on the petrophysical parameters
of Lower Cretaceous reservoirs, north Sinai, Egypt. EGS Journal, vol. 1,
pp. 117-127, 2003.
[35] Blum, P.,Rabaute, A., Gaudon, P., Allan,J.F., Analysis of Natural
Gamma-ray Spectra obtained from sediment cores with the Shipboard
scintillation detector of ocean drilling program: example from Leg 156.
Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, vol. 156,
pp. 183-195, 1997.
[36] Meyer, B.L. and Nederlof, M.H., Identification of source rock on
wireline logs by Density/Resistivity and Sonic transit time/Resistivity
Cross-plots, AAPG Bulletin, vol. 68, no.2, pp.121-129, 1984.
[37] Hassan, M.A., Abdeh-Wahab, M., Nad, A., Dine, N. and Khazbak, A.,
Determination of Uranium and Thorium in Egyptian Monazite by
Gamma-Ray Spectrometry, J. Appl. Radiat. Isot., vol.48, no.1, pp.149-
152, 1997.
[38] Jurado, M. J., Moore, J. C. and Goldberg, D., Comprative logging results
in clay-rich litholoies on the Barbados ridge. Proceeding of the Ocean
Drilling Program, Scientific Results, vol. 156, pp. 321-331, 1997.
[39] Mondshine, T.C. and Kercheville, J.D., Successful Gumbo-shale
Drilling, J. The oil and Gas, vol. 64, no.13, pp.194, 1996.
[40] Fam, M.A., Dussealt, M.B. and Fooks, J.C., Drilling in Mud rocks: rock
behavior issues, J. Petroleum Science and Engineering, vol.38, pp.155-
166, 2003.
[41] Schnyder, J., Ruffell, A., Deconinck, J.F., and Baudin, F., Cojuntive use
of spectral gamma -ray logs and clay minerals in drilling Late Jurassicearly
Cretaceous paleoclimate change (Dorset, U.K.), Paleo. Paleo.
Paleo., vol. 229, pp. 303-320, 2006
[42] Mats, V.D., Lomonosova, T.K., Vorobyova, G.A., and Granina, L.Z.,
Upper Cretaceous-Cenozoic clay minerals of the Baikal region (eastern
Siberia), Applied Clay Science, vol. 24, pp. 327-336, 2004.
[43] Velde, B., Diagenetic reaction in Clays, in sediment diagenesis,
(Ed.A.,Parker & Sellword,B.W., D.Reidal Publ. Comp., p. 427, 1981.
[44] Flores, R.M., Weaver, J.N., Bossiroy, D. and Thorez, J., Genesis of clay
mineral assemblages and micropaleoclimatic implications in the Tertiary
Powder River Basin, Wyoming. AAPG Bulletin, Vol/Issue: 74:5;
Annual convention and exposition of the American Association of
Petroleum Geologists; ; San Francisco, CA (USA), .3-6 Jun ,1990
[45] Van Valkenburg,, S.G., Mason, D.B., Owens, J.P., and McCartan, L.,
Clay mineralogy of the Cape May, Atlantic City, and Island Beach
Boreholes, New Jersey. In: Miller, K.G., and Snyder, S.W. (Eds.), 1997.
Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, vol.
150X, pp. 59-64.
[46] Lindgreen, H., and Surlyk, F., Upper Permian-Lower Cretaceous clay
mineralogy of East Greenland: provenance, palaeoclimate and
volcanicity. Clay Minerals; December 2000; vol. 35, pp. 791-806, 2000.
[47] Moll, W.F., Jr., Baseline studies of the clay minerals society source
clays: Geological origin. Clays and Clay Minerals, vol. 49, pp. 374-380,
2001.
[48] Tucker, M., Techniques in sedimentology, BlackWell Scientific Publ.,p.
394, 1988.
[49] Carrol, D., Clay minerals; A guide to their X-Ray Identification, Special
Paper 126, Geo. Soc. Am., Boulder, Colorado, 1970.
[50] Carver, R. E., Procedures in sedimentary petrology, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., p. 652, 1971.
[51] Tucker, M., Sedimentary Petrology. Blackwell, Oxford, p. 260, 1991.
[52] Lindholm, R.C., A practical approach to sedimentology, Allen & Unwin
Inc., p. 277, 1987.
[53] Weir, D.L., Ormerod, E.C. and Ei-Mansey, M.I., Clay mineralogy of
sediment of western Nile Delta, J. Clay mineralogy, vol. 10, pp. 369-
386, 1975.
[54] Sepehr, M., & Cosgrove, J.W., Structural framework of the Zagros Fold-
Thrust Belt, Iran, Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 21, pp. 829-843,
2004.
[55] Mattes, D. H., & Mountjoy, E. W., Burial Dolomitization of the upper
Devonian Miette Build up, Jasper National Park, Alberta. In: concepts
and models of Dolomitization. E.D by D. H. Zenger, J. B. Dunham and
R. L. Ethington, Spec. Publ. Soc. Paleont. Miner, vol. 28, pp. 259-297,
1980.
[1] Patchett, J., An investigation of shale conductivity, The log Analy,
Vol.16, No.6, pp.3, 1975.
[2] Bruce, C.H., Smectite dehydration- It-s relation to structural
development and hydrocarbon accumulation in northern Gulf of Mexico
Basin: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., V.68, pp. 673-683, 1984.
[3] Mckeen, R.G., A model for predicting expansive soil behavior. 7 th. Int.
Conf. On Expansive Soils, Dallas, Texas, P1-6, august 3-5, 1992.
[4] Carretero, M.I., Clay mineral and their beneficial effects upon human
health: A review, J. Applied Clay Science, V. 21, pp.155-163, 2002.
[5] Boles, J.R., & Frank,S.G., Clay diagenesis in Wilcox sandstones of SWTexas:
Implication of smectite diagenesis on sandstone cementation. J.
Sedim. Petrol., Vol. 49, pp.55-70, 1979.
[6] Midtbq, R. E. A., Rykkye, J.M. and Ramm, M., Deep burial diagenesis
and reservoir quality along the eastern flank of the Viking Graben.
Evidence for illitization and quartz cementation after hydrocarbon
emplacement. Clay Minerals, 35, pp. 227-237, 2000.
[7] Chilingarian, G.U., Compactional Diagenesis, In: Sedim. Diag., Parker,
pp.57-168, 1981.
[8] Keller, W.D., Diagenesis in Clay minerals - a review, in Bradley, V.F.
Clay & clay minerals, Droc. Nas. Conf. NewYork, MacMillian, Co., No.
1011, pp.136-157, 1963.
[9] Hingston, F. G., Reaction between Boron and Clays, Aust. J. Soil Res.,
vol. 2, pp. 83-95, 1964.
[10] Pollastro, R.M., Consideration and application of the Illite/Smectite
geothermometer in hydrocarbon-bearing rocks of Miocene to
Mississippian age, Clays and Clay Min., vol. 41, pp. 119-133, 1993.
[11] Soleimani, B., Subsidence- Uplift history and petroleum source rock
study of Cenozoic Foreland basin of NW Himalaya, HP., India, Ph.D.
Thesis, University of Roorkee (unpublished), 1999.
[12] Slatt, R..M., Importance of shales and mudrocks in oil and gas
exploration and reservoir development. In: Scott, E.D., A.H. Bouma, and
W.R. Pryant (eds.), Siltstone, mudstone and shales; depositional
processes and characteristics, SEPM/GCAGS Spec. Publ., SEPEM, May,
pp. 1-22, 2003.
[13] Net, L.I., Alonso, M.S. and Limarino, C.O., Source rock and
environmental control on clay mineral associations, Lower section of
Panganzo Group (Carboniferous), Northwest Argentina, J. Sedimentary
Geol., vol. 52, pp. 183-199, 2002.
[14] Biscaye, P.E., Mineralogy of sedimentation of recent deep clay in the
Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas and oceans. Geol. Soc. Am.Bull.,
vol.76, pp.803-832, 1965.
[15] Grim, R.E., Clay mineralogy. Mc Graw-Hill Book Co., New York,
p.596, 1968.
[16] Ingles-Ramos, M., Guerrero, R.E., Sedimentological control on the clay
mineral distribution in the marine and non-marine Paleogene deposits of
Mallorca (Western Mediterranean), J. Sedimentary Geol., vol. 94, pp.
229-243, 1995.
[17] Weaver, C. E., Developments in Sedimentology, 44; Clays, Muds and
Shales. Elsevier Sci., Publi., p. 819, 1989.
[18] Keller, W.D., Environmental aspects of clay minerals, J. Sed. Pet, vol.40,
pp.783-813, 1970.
[19] Boggs, S.G., Principles of Sedimentology & Stratighraphy, Merrin Publ.
Comp., p. 784, 1987.
[20] Cavanagh, A., Couples, G. and Haszeldine, S., Implication of burial flow
modelling on illite ages for the Magnus reservoir, North Sea,
ClayMineral evolution, Basin Maturity and Mudrock properties, Held at
BGS, Keyworth/ Nottingham, UK, 1997.
[21] Odin, G.S., Fullagar, P.D., Geological Significance of the glaucony
facies. Green marin clays (Odin,G.S.,ed.), pp.295- 332, Elsevier,
Amsterdam, 1988.
[22] Prothero, D. R., & Schwab, F., An introduction to Sedimentary rocks
and Stratigraphy. Sedimentary Geology, Freeman & Company, p. 575,
1996.
[23] Ingram, R.L., Robinson, M. and Odum, H.T., Clay mineralogy of some
Carolina Bay sediments. Southeastern Geology, vol. 1, pp. 1-10, 1959.
[24] Moll, W.F., Jr., Origin of CMS Samples, in: Data Handbook for Clay
Materials and Other Non-Metallic Minerals (H. van Olphen and J.J.
Fripiat, editors).Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 69-125, 1979.
[25] Jeans, C.V., Wray, D.S., Merriman, R. J., and Fisher, M. J.,
Volcanogenic clays in Jurassic and Cretaceous strata of England and the
North Sea Basin. Clay Minerals; March 2000; vol. 35, pp. 25-55, 2000.
[26] Drits, V.A., Structural and chemical heterogeneity of layer silicates and
clay minerals. Clay Minerals, vol. 38, pp. 403-432, 2003.
[27] Arslan, M., Kadir, S., Abdioglu, E., and Kolayli, H., Origin and
formation of kaolin minerals in saprolite of Tertiary alkaline volcanic
rocks, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Clay Minerals, vol. 41, pp. 597-
617, 2006.
[28] Jeans, C. V., Clay mineralogy of the Cretaceous strata of the British
Isles. Clay Minerals, vol. 41, pp. 47-150, 2006a.
[29] Jeans, C.V., Clay mineralogy of the Jurassic strata of the British Isles.
Clay Minerals, vol. 41, pp. 187-307, 2006b.
[30] Jeans, C.V., Clay mineralogy of the Permo-Triassic strata of the British
Isles: onshore and offshore. Clay Minerals, vol. 41, pp. 309-354, 2006c.
[31] Elsinger, E. and Pevear, D., Clay minerals for petroleum geologist and
engineers, Soc. Econ. Paleontol, Mineral short course- Notes22, 1988.
[32] Kublicki, C., & Millot, G., Diagenesis of clay in sedimentary and
petroliferous series. Proc. of Twentienth, Nat. Cof. On Clays and Clay
minerals, vol. 10, p. 329, Pergoman Press, London, 1963.
[33] Jeans, C.V., Mineral diagenesis and reservoir quality-The way forward:
an introduction, Clay Minerals, vol.35, pp. 3-4, 2000
[34] Aly, S.A., El-Sayed, A.M., and El-Shawadfy, A., Application of well
logs to assess the effect of clay minerals on the petrophysical parameters
of Lower Cretaceous reservoirs, north Sinai, Egypt. EGS Journal, vol. 1,
pp. 117-127, 2003.
[35] Blum, P.,Rabaute, A., Gaudon, P., Allan,J.F., Analysis of Natural
Gamma-ray Spectra obtained from sediment cores with the Shipboard
scintillation detector of ocean drilling program: example from Leg 156.
Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, vol. 156,
pp. 183-195, 1997.
[36] Meyer, B.L. and Nederlof, M.H., Identification of source rock on
wireline logs by Density/Resistivity and Sonic transit time/Resistivity
Cross-plots, AAPG Bulletin, vol. 68, no.2, pp.121-129, 1984.
[37] Hassan, M.A., Abdeh-Wahab, M., Nad, A., Dine, N. and Khazbak, A.,
Determination of Uranium and Thorium in Egyptian Monazite by
Gamma-Ray Spectrometry, J. Appl. Radiat. Isot., vol.48, no.1, pp.149-
152, 1997.
[38] Jurado, M. J., Moore, J. C. and Goldberg, D., Comprative logging results
in clay-rich litholoies on the Barbados ridge. Proceeding of the Ocean
Drilling Program, Scientific Results, vol. 156, pp. 321-331, 1997.
[39] Mondshine, T.C. and Kercheville, J.D., Successful Gumbo-shale
Drilling, J. The oil and Gas, vol. 64, no.13, pp.194, 1996.
[40] Fam, M.A., Dussealt, M.B. and Fooks, J.C., Drilling in Mud rocks: rock
behavior issues, J. Petroleum Science and Engineering, vol.38, pp.155-
166, 2003.
[41] Schnyder, J., Ruffell, A., Deconinck, J.F., and Baudin, F., Cojuntive use
of spectral gamma -ray logs and clay minerals in drilling Late Jurassicearly
Cretaceous paleoclimate change (Dorset, U.K.), Paleo. Paleo.
Paleo., vol. 229, pp. 303-320, 2006
[42] Mats, V.D., Lomonosova, T.K., Vorobyova, G.A., and Granina, L.Z.,
Upper Cretaceous-Cenozoic clay minerals of the Baikal region (eastern
Siberia), Applied Clay Science, vol. 24, pp. 327-336, 2004.
[43] Velde, B., Diagenetic reaction in Clays, in sediment diagenesis,
(Ed.A.,Parker & Sellword,B.W., D.Reidal Publ. Comp., p. 427, 1981.
[44] Flores, R.M., Weaver, J.N., Bossiroy, D. and Thorez, J., Genesis of clay
mineral assemblages and micropaleoclimatic implications in the Tertiary
Powder River Basin, Wyoming. AAPG Bulletin, Vol/Issue: 74:5;
Annual convention and exposition of the American Association of
Petroleum Geologists; ; San Francisco, CA (USA), .3-6 Jun ,1990
[45] Van Valkenburg,, S.G., Mason, D.B., Owens, J.P., and McCartan, L.,
Clay mineralogy of the Cape May, Atlantic City, and Island Beach
Boreholes, New Jersey. In: Miller, K.G., and Snyder, S.W. (Eds.), 1997.
Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, vol.
150X, pp. 59-64.
[46] Lindgreen, H., and Surlyk, F., Upper Permian-Lower Cretaceous clay
mineralogy of East Greenland: provenance, palaeoclimate and
volcanicity. Clay Minerals; December 2000; vol. 35, pp. 791-806, 2000.
[47] Moll, W.F., Jr., Baseline studies of the clay minerals society source
clays: Geological origin. Clays and Clay Minerals, vol. 49, pp. 374-380,
2001.
[48] Tucker, M., Techniques in sedimentology, BlackWell Scientific Publ.,p.
394, 1988.
[49] Carrol, D., Clay minerals; A guide to their X-Ray Identification, Special
Paper 126, Geo. Soc. Am., Boulder, Colorado, 1970.
[50] Carver, R. E., Procedures in sedimentary petrology, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., p. 652, 1971.
[51] Tucker, M., Sedimentary Petrology. Blackwell, Oxford, p. 260, 1991.
[52] Lindholm, R.C., A practical approach to sedimentology, Allen & Unwin
Inc., p. 277, 1987.
[53] Weir, D.L., Ormerod, E.C. and Ei-Mansey, M.I., Clay mineralogy of
sediment of western Nile Delta, J. Clay mineralogy, vol. 10, pp. 369-
386, 1975.
[54] Sepehr, M., & Cosgrove, J.W., Structural framework of the Zagros Fold-
Thrust Belt, Iran, Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 21, pp. 829-843,
2004.
[55] Mattes, D. H., & Mountjoy, E. W., Burial Dolomitization of the upper
Devonian Miette Build up, Jasper National Park, Alberta. In: concepts
and models of Dolomitization. E.D by D. H. Zenger, J. B. Dunham and
R. L. Ethington, Spec. Publ. Soc. Paleont. Miner, vol. 28, pp. 259-297,
1980.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:64627", author = "B. Soleimani", title = "Paleoclimate Reconstruction during Pabdeh, Gurpi, Kazhdumi and Gadvan Formations (Cretaceous-Tertiary) Based on Clay Mineral Distribution", abstract = "Paleoclimate was reconstructed by the clay mineral
assemblages of shale units of Pabdeh (Paleocene- Oligocene), Gurpi
(Upper Cretaceous), Kazhdumi (Albian-Cenomanian) and Gadvan
(Aptian-Neocomian) formations in the Bangestan anticline. To
compare with clay minerals assemblages in these formations,
selected samples also taken from available formations in drilled wells
in Ahvaz, Marun, Karanj, and Parsi oil fields. Collected samples
prepared using standard clay mineral methodology. They were
treated as normal, glycolated and heated oriented glass slides. Their
identification was made on X-Ray diffractographs. Illite % varies
from 8 to 36. Illite quantity increased from Pabdeh to Gurpi
Formation. This may be due to dominant dry climate. Kaolinite is in
range of 12-49%. Its variation style in different formations could be a
marker of climate changes from wet to dry which is supported by the
lithological changes. Chlorite (4-28%) can also be detected in those
samples without any kaolinite. Mixed layer minerals as the mixture
of illite-chlorite and illite-vermiculite-montmorillonite are varied
from 6 to 36%, decreased during Kazhdumi deposition from the base
to the top. This result may be according to decreasing of illite
leaching process. Vermiculite was also determined in very less
quantity and found in those units without kaolinite. Montmorillonite
varies from 8 to 43%, and its presence is due to terrestrial
depositional condition. Stratigraphical documents is also supported
this idea that clay mineral distribution is a function of the climate
changes. It seems, thus, the present results can be indicated a possible
procedure for ancient climate changes evaluation.", keywords = "Clay Minerals, Paleoclimate, XRD, oriented slide", volume = "3", number = "3", pages = "87-5", }
