Optimization and Kinetic Study of Gaharu Oil Extraction
Gaharu that produced by Aquilaria spp. is classified as
one of the most valuable forest products traded internationally as it is
very resinous, fragrant and highly valuable heartwood. Gaharu has
been widely used in aromatheraphy, medicine, perfume and religious
practices. This work aimed to determine the factors affecting solid
liquid extraction of gaharu oil using hexane as solvent under
experimental condition. The kinetics of extraction was assumed and
verified based on a second-order mechanism. The effect of three
main factors, which were temperature, reaction time and solvent to
solid ratio were investigated to achieve maximum oil yield. The
optimum condition were found at temperature 65°C, 9 hours reaction
time and solvent to solid ratio of 12:1 with 14.5% oil yield. The
kinetics experimental data agrees and well fitted with the second
order extraction model. The initial extraction rate (h) was 0.0115
gmL-1min-1; the extraction capacity (Cs) was 1.282gmL-1; the second
order extraction constant (k) was 0.007 mLg-1min-1 and coefficient of
determination, R2 was 0.945.
[1] A. Nasima and Z.N. Anantha, Agarwood Plantation at BRAC Tea
Estate: Introduction, Environmental Factors and Financial Analysis,
Bangladesh: Research and Evaluation Division, 2008.
[2] M.A. Nor Azah, Y.S. Chang, J. Mailina, A. Abu Said, J. Abd. Majid, S.
Saidatul Husni, H. Nor Hasnida, H. and Y. Nik Yasmin, "Comparison of
chemical profiles of selected gaharu oils from Peninsular Malaysia,"
Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, vol.12, no. 2, pp. 338-340,
2008.
[3] I. Burkill, A Dictionary of Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula, I.
Government of Malaysia and Singapore. Kuala Lumpur: The Ministry of
Agricultural and Cooperatives, 1966.
[4] K. Chakrabarty, A. Kumar and V. Menon, V., Trade in Agarwood. New
Delhi: TRAFFIC India and WWF-India, 1994.
[5] A. Anees, F.M.A. Abbas, H. Sufia, M.S. Bazlul and W.D. Khoo,
"Optimization of soxhlet extraction of herba Leonuri using factorial
design of experiment," International Journal of Chemistry, vol. 2, no. 1,
pp. 198-205, 2010.
[6] R. Mohd. Rosli, "Extraction of gaharu essential oil using microwave
assisted extraction (MAE)," Unpublished degree disertation, 2006.
[7] Z. Ahmad Fadzli, "Extraction of gaharu essential oil using spinning
band distillation," Unpublished degree dissertation, 2006.
[8] I. Mohd. Syazami, "Extraction of gaharu essential oil using hydro
distillation," Unpublished degree dissertation, 2006.
[9] J. Ahmad Junaidy, "Extraction of gaharu essential oil using ultrasonic
assisted steam distillation," Unpublished degree dissertation, 2008.
[10] M. I. Zubair, M, "Extraction of gaharu essential oil using ultrasonic
assisted hydro distillation," Unpublished degree dissertation, 2008.
[11] M. D. Luque de Castro and L. E. García-Ayuso, "Soxhlet extraction of
solid materials: an outdated technique with a promising innovative
future," Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 369, no.1-2, pp. 1-10, 1998.
[12] Y.S. Ho, H. A. H. Oumarou, H. Fauduet and C. Porte, "Kinetics and
model building of leaching of water-soluble compounds of Tilia
sapwood," Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 45, no. 3, pp.
169-173. 2005.
[13] L. R. Rabesiaka, J. Havet, C. Porte and H. Fauduet, "Solid-liquid
extraction of protopine from Fumaria officinalis L. - Analysis
determination, kinetic reaction and model building," Separation and
Purification Technology, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 253-261, 2007.
[14] S. Meizane and H. Kadi, "Kinetics and thermodynamics of oil extraction
from olive cake," Journal of the American Oil Chemist-s Society, vol.
85, no. 4, pp. 391-396, 2008.
[15] J.T. Uhm and W.B. Yoon, "Effects of high-pressure process on kinetics
of leaching oil from soybean powder using hexane in batch systems,"
Journal of Food Science, vol. 76, no. 6, pp. 444-449, 2011.
[16] S. Sayyar, Z.Z. Abidin, R. Yunus and A. Muhammad, "Extraction of oil
from Jathropa seeds-optimization and kinetics. American Journal of
Applied Sciences, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 1390-1395, 2009.
[17] M. Mamata, Natural Extracts Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. New
York: CRC Press, 2000.
[18] J. F. Richardson and J. H. Harker, Coulson and Richardson-s Chemical
Engineering-Particle Technology and Separation Processes. Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002.
[19] L. Wang, C. L. Weller and K.T. Hwang, "Extraction of lipids from grain
sorghum DDG," Transactions of the ASAE, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 1883-
1888, 2005.
[20] R. L. Shogren, G. F. Fanta and F. C. Felker, "X-ray diffraction study of
crystal transformations in spherulitic amylose/lipid complexes from jetcooked
starch, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 444-451,
2006.
[21] M. Wenyan, L. Yanbin, D. Xiojing, L. Rui, H. Ruilin and P. Yuanjian,
"Determination of anti-tumor constitute mollugin from traditional
Chinese medicine Rubia cordifolia: Comparative study of classical and
microwave extraction techniques," Journal Separation Science and
Technology, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 995-1006, 2009.
[22] R. T. Toledo, Fundamentals of food process engineering 3rd edition.
USA: Springer, 2007.
[23] K. Y. Pin, L.A Chuah, A. A. Rashih and M. A. Rasadah, "Solid liquid
extraction of betel leaves (Piper Betel L.)," Journal of Food Process
Engineering, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 549-565, 2011.
[1] A. Nasima and Z.N. Anantha, Agarwood Plantation at BRAC Tea
Estate: Introduction, Environmental Factors and Financial Analysis,
Bangladesh: Research and Evaluation Division, 2008.
[2] M.A. Nor Azah, Y.S. Chang, J. Mailina, A. Abu Said, J. Abd. Majid, S.
Saidatul Husni, H. Nor Hasnida, H. and Y. Nik Yasmin, "Comparison of
chemical profiles of selected gaharu oils from Peninsular Malaysia,"
Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, vol.12, no. 2, pp. 338-340,
2008.
[3] I. Burkill, A Dictionary of Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula, I.
Government of Malaysia and Singapore. Kuala Lumpur: The Ministry of
Agricultural and Cooperatives, 1966.
[4] K. Chakrabarty, A. Kumar and V. Menon, V., Trade in Agarwood. New
Delhi: TRAFFIC India and WWF-India, 1994.
[5] A. Anees, F.M.A. Abbas, H. Sufia, M.S. Bazlul and W.D. Khoo,
"Optimization of soxhlet extraction of herba Leonuri using factorial
design of experiment," International Journal of Chemistry, vol. 2, no. 1,
pp. 198-205, 2010.
[6] R. Mohd. Rosli, "Extraction of gaharu essential oil using microwave
assisted extraction (MAE)," Unpublished degree disertation, 2006.
[7] Z. Ahmad Fadzli, "Extraction of gaharu essential oil using spinning
band distillation," Unpublished degree dissertation, 2006.
[8] I. Mohd. Syazami, "Extraction of gaharu essential oil using hydro
distillation," Unpublished degree dissertation, 2006.
[9] J. Ahmad Junaidy, "Extraction of gaharu essential oil using ultrasonic
assisted steam distillation," Unpublished degree dissertation, 2008.
[10] M. I. Zubair, M, "Extraction of gaharu essential oil using ultrasonic
assisted hydro distillation," Unpublished degree dissertation, 2008.
[11] M. D. Luque de Castro and L. E. García-Ayuso, "Soxhlet extraction of
solid materials: an outdated technique with a promising innovative
future," Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 369, no.1-2, pp. 1-10, 1998.
[12] Y.S. Ho, H. A. H. Oumarou, H. Fauduet and C. Porte, "Kinetics and
model building of leaching of water-soluble compounds of Tilia
sapwood," Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 45, no. 3, pp.
169-173. 2005.
[13] L. R. Rabesiaka, J. Havet, C. Porte and H. Fauduet, "Solid-liquid
extraction of protopine from Fumaria officinalis L. - Analysis
determination, kinetic reaction and model building," Separation and
Purification Technology, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 253-261, 2007.
[14] S. Meizane and H. Kadi, "Kinetics and thermodynamics of oil extraction
from olive cake," Journal of the American Oil Chemist-s Society, vol.
85, no. 4, pp. 391-396, 2008.
[15] J.T. Uhm and W.B. Yoon, "Effects of high-pressure process on kinetics
of leaching oil from soybean powder using hexane in batch systems,"
Journal of Food Science, vol. 76, no. 6, pp. 444-449, 2011.
[16] S. Sayyar, Z.Z. Abidin, R. Yunus and A. Muhammad, "Extraction of oil
from Jathropa seeds-optimization and kinetics. American Journal of
Applied Sciences, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 1390-1395, 2009.
[17] M. Mamata, Natural Extracts Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. New
York: CRC Press, 2000.
[18] J. F. Richardson and J. H. Harker, Coulson and Richardson-s Chemical
Engineering-Particle Technology and Separation Processes. Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002.
[19] L. Wang, C. L. Weller and K.T. Hwang, "Extraction of lipids from grain
sorghum DDG," Transactions of the ASAE, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 1883-
1888, 2005.
[20] R. L. Shogren, G. F. Fanta and F. C. Felker, "X-ray diffraction study of
crystal transformations in spherulitic amylose/lipid complexes from jetcooked
starch, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 444-451,
2006.
[21] M. Wenyan, L. Yanbin, D. Xiojing, L. Rui, H. Ruilin and P. Yuanjian,
"Determination of anti-tumor constitute mollugin from traditional
Chinese medicine Rubia cordifolia: Comparative study of classical and
microwave extraction techniques," Journal Separation Science and
Technology, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 995-1006, 2009.
[22] R. T. Toledo, Fundamentals of food process engineering 3rd edition.
USA: Springer, 2007.
[23] K. Y. Pin, L.A Chuah, A. A. Rashih and M. A. Rasadah, "Solid liquid
extraction of betel leaves (Piper Betel L.)," Journal of Food Process
Engineering, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 549-565, 2011.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:61489", author = "Muhammad Hazwan H. and Azlina M.F. and Hasfalina C.M. and Zurina Z.A. and Hishamuddin J", title = "Optimization and Kinetic Study of Gaharu Oil Extraction", abstract = "Gaharu that produced by Aquilaria spp. is classified as
one of the most valuable forest products traded internationally as it is
very resinous, fragrant and highly valuable heartwood. Gaharu has
been widely used in aromatheraphy, medicine, perfume and religious
practices. This work aimed to determine the factors affecting solid
liquid extraction of gaharu oil using hexane as solvent under
experimental condition. The kinetics of extraction was assumed and
verified based on a second-order mechanism. The effect of three
main factors, which were temperature, reaction time and solvent to
solid ratio were investigated to achieve maximum oil yield. The
optimum condition were found at temperature 65°C, 9 hours reaction
time and solvent to solid ratio of 12:1 with 14.5% oil yield. The
kinetics experimental data agrees and well fitted with the second
order extraction model. The initial extraction rate (h) was 0.0115
gmL-1min-1; the extraction capacity (Cs) was 1.282gmL-1; the second
order extraction constant (k) was 0.007 mLg-1min-1 and coefficient of
determination, R2 was 0.945.", keywords = "Gaharu, solid liquid extraction,optimization, kinetics.", volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "439-4", }
