Multi-Objective Optimization of Run-of-River Small-Hydropower Plants Considering Both Investment Cost and Annual Energy Generation
This paper presents the techno-economic evaluation of run-of-river small-hydropower plants. In this regard, a multi-objective optimization procedure is proposed for the optimal sizing of the hydropower plants, and NSGAII is employed as the optimization algorithm. Annual generated energy and investment cost are considered as the objective functions, and number of generator units (n) and nominal turbine flow rate (QT) constitute the decision variables. Site of Yeripao in Benin is considered as the case study. We have categorized the river of this site using its environmental characteristics: gross head, and first quartile, median, third quartile and mean of flow. Effects of each decision variable on the objective functions are analysed. The results gave Pareto Front which represents the trade-offs between annual energy generation and the investment cost of hydropower plants, as well as the recommended optimal solutions. We noted that with the increase of the annual energy generation, the investment cost rises. Thus, maximizing energy generation is contradictory with minimizing the investment cost. Moreover, we have noted that the solutions of Pareto Front are grouped according to the number of generator units (n). The results also illustrate that the costs per kWh are grouped according to the n and rise with the increase of the nominal turbine flow rate. The lowest investment costs per kWh are obtained for n equal to one and are between 0.065 and 0.180 €/kWh. Following the values of n (equal to 1, 2, 3 or 4), the investment cost and investment cost per kWh increase almost linearly with increasing the nominal turbine flowrate while annual generated. Energy increases logarithmically with increasing of the nominal turbine flowrate. This study made for the Yeripao river can be applied to other rivers with their own characteristics.
[1] S. Khennas and A. Barnett, “Best Practice for Sustainable Development of Micro Hydro Power in Developing Countries,” 2000.
[2] S. Mishra, S. K. Singal, and D. K. Khatod, “Optimal installation of small hydropower plant — A review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 3862–3869, 2011 (Online). Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.008
[3] Singal S. K., Saini R. P, and Raghuvanshi C. S, “Cost Optimisation Based on Electro-Mechanical Equipment of Canal Based Low Head Small Hydropower Scheme,” Open Renew. Energy J., vol. 1, pp. 26–35, 2008.
[4] BH Teuteberg, “Design of a Pump-As-Turbine Microhydro System for an Abalone Farm,” 2010 (Online). Available: http://www.crses.sun.ac.za/files/research/completed-research/other/bh_teuteberg.pdf
[5] S. M. H. Hosseini, F. Forouzbakhsh, and M. Rahimpoor, “Determination of the optimal installation capacity of small hydro-power plants through the use of technical, economic and reliability indices,” Energy Policy, vol. 33, pp. 1948–1956, 2005.
[6] K. S. Balkhair and K. U. Rahman, “Sustainable and economical small-scale and low-head hydropower generation: A promising alternative potential solution for energy generation at local and regional scale,” Appl. Energy, vol. 188, pp. 378–391, 2017 (Online). Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.012
[7] A. Edeoja, S. Ibrahim, and E. Kucha, “Suitability of Pico-Hydropower Technology For Addressing The Nigerian Energy Crisis – A Review,” Int. J. Eng. Invent., vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 17–40, 2015.
[8] J. K. Kaldellis, “The contribution of small hydro power stations to the electricity generation in Greece: Technical and economic considerations,” Energy Policy, vol. 35, pp. 2187–2196, 2007.
[9] A. A. Williams and R. Simpson, “Pico hydro – Reducing technical risks for rural electrification,” Renew. Energy, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 1986–1991, 2009 (Online). Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.12.011
[10] M. R. Nouni, S. C. Mullick, and T. C. Kandpal, “Techno-economics of micro-hydro projects for decentralized power supply in India,” Energy Policy, vol. 34, pp. 1161–1174, 2006.
[11] J. A. Laghari, H. Mokhlis, A. H. A. Bakar, and H. Mohammad, “A comprehensive overview of new designs in the hydraulic, electrical equipments and controllers of mini hydro power plants making it cost effective technology,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 20, pp. 279–293, 2013 (Online). Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.002
[12] G. A. Aggidis, E. Luchinskaya, R. Rothschild, and D. C. Howard, “The costs of small-scale hydro power production: Impact on the development of existing potential,” Renew. Energy, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 2632–2638, 2010 (Online). Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2010.04.008
[13] J. Andrew Tuhtan, W. Marx, and M. Schneider, “Universität Stuttgart Cost Optimization of Small Hydropower,” 2007.
[14] G. Lucio, T. Filho, I. Felipe, and R. M. Barros, “Cost estimate of small hydroelectric power plants based on the aspect factor,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 77, no. March, pp. 229–238, 2017 (Online). Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.134
[15] S. Mandelli, E. Colombo, A. Redondi, F. Bernardi, B. B. Saanane, P. Mgaya, and J. Malisa, “A small-hydro plant model for feasibility analysis of electrification projects in Rural Tanzania,” in Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference, GHTC 2013, 2013, pp. 11–16.
[16] ESHA, Guide on How to Develop a Small Hydropower Plant. 2004 (Online). Available: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.172.1731&rep=rep1&type=pdf
[17] M. Pratap Nair and K. Nithiyananthan, “Feasibility Analysis Model for Mini Hydropower Plant in Tioman Island, Malaysia,” Distrib. Gener. Altern. Energy J., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 36–54, 2016 (Online). Available: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21563306.2016.11681354
[18] D. Antonio Zema, A. Nicotra, V. Tamburino, and S. Marcello Zimbone, “A simple method to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of micro hydro power plants in existing irrigation systems,” Renew. Energy, vol. 85, pp. 498–506, 2016 (Online). Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.06.066
[19] Z. Girma, “Techno-Economic Feasibility of Small Scale Hydropower in Ethiopia : The Case of the Kulfo River, in Southern Ethiopia,” J. Renew. Energy, vol. 2016, no. 8037892, p. 12, 2016.
[20] J. S. Anagnostopoulos and D. E. Papantonis, “Optimal sizing of a run-of-river small hydropower plant,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 48, pp. 2663–2670, 2007.
[21] H. Xu, W. Liu, L. Wang, M. Li, and J. Zhang, “Optimal Sizing of Small Hydro Power Plants in Consideration of Voltage Control,” in International Symposium on Smart Electric Distribution Systems and Technologies (EDST), 2015, pp. 165–172.
[22] S. P. Koko, K. Kusakana, and H. J. Vermaak, “Optimal Sizing of a Micro-Hydrokinetic Pumped-Hydro-Storage Hybrid System for Different Demand Sectors,” in Sustainable Cloud and Energy Services: Principles and Practice, Sustainabl., Rivera W., 2018, pp. 1–268.
[23] “First Contribution Determined at the National Level of Benin under the Paris Agreement,” 2018. (Online). (Accessed: 26-Nov-2018)Available: https://www.climatewatchdata.org/contained/ndcs/country/BEN/full?query=6.5&searchBy=ta rget&document=ndc-EN.
[24] “Production d’électricité - Millennium Challenge Account Bénin II,” 2018. (Online). (Accessed: 26-Nov-2018) Available: http://www.mcabenin2.bj/texte/show/production-d-electricite.
[25] M. Veilleux and T. Clausen, “RAPPORT de faisabilité final SUR sur : - La remise en état et extension de la centrale hydroélectrique (HPP) de Yeripao - Les concepts de maintenance pour de l’énergie centrales hydroélectriques de la SBEE,” Cotonou / Bénin.
[26] B. A. Nasir, “Design of Micro - Hydro - Electric Power Station,” Int. J. Eng. Adv. Technol., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 39 – 47, 2013.
[27] N. G. Voros, C. T. Kiranoudis, and Z. B. Maroulis, “Short-cut design of small hydroelectric plants,” Renew. Energy, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 545–563, 2000.
[28] S. K. Singal and R. P. Saini, “Cost analysis of low-head dam-toe small hydropower plants based on number of generating units,” Energy Sustain. Dev., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 55–60, 2008 (Online). Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60439-1
[1] S. Khennas and A. Barnett, “Best Practice for Sustainable Development of Micro Hydro Power in Developing Countries,” 2000.
[2] S. Mishra, S. K. Singal, and D. K. Khatod, “Optimal installation of small hydropower plant — A review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 3862–3869, 2011 (Online). Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.008
[3] Singal S. K., Saini R. P, and Raghuvanshi C. S, “Cost Optimisation Based on Electro-Mechanical Equipment of Canal Based Low Head Small Hydropower Scheme,” Open Renew. Energy J., vol. 1, pp. 26–35, 2008.
[4] BH Teuteberg, “Design of a Pump-As-Turbine Microhydro System for an Abalone Farm,” 2010 (Online). Available: http://www.crses.sun.ac.za/files/research/completed-research/other/bh_teuteberg.pdf
[5] S. M. H. Hosseini, F. Forouzbakhsh, and M. Rahimpoor, “Determination of the optimal installation capacity of small hydro-power plants through the use of technical, economic and reliability indices,” Energy Policy, vol. 33, pp. 1948–1956, 2005.
[6] K. S. Balkhair and K. U. Rahman, “Sustainable and economical small-scale and low-head hydropower generation: A promising alternative potential solution for energy generation at local and regional scale,” Appl. Energy, vol. 188, pp. 378–391, 2017 (Online). Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.012
[7] A. Edeoja, S. Ibrahim, and E. Kucha, “Suitability of Pico-Hydropower Technology For Addressing The Nigerian Energy Crisis – A Review,” Int. J. Eng. Invent., vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 17–40, 2015.
[8] J. K. Kaldellis, “The contribution of small hydro power stations to the electricity generation in Greece: Technical and economic considerations,” Energy Policy, vol. 35, pp. 2187–2196, 2007.
[9] A. A. Williams and R. Simpson, “Pico hydro – Reducing technical risks for rural electrification,” Renew. Energy, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 1986–1991, 2009 (Online). Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.12.011
[10] M. R. Nouni, S. C. Mullick, and T. C. Kandpal, “Techno-economics of micro-hydro projects for decentralized power supply in India,” Energy Policy, vol. 34, pp. 1161–1174, 2006.
[11] J. A. Laghari, H. Mokhlis, A. H. A. Bakar, and H. Mohammad, “A comprehensive overview of new designs in the hydraulic, electrical equipments and controllers of mini hydro power plants making it cost effective technology,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 20, pp. 279–293, 2013 (Online). Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.002
[12] G. A. Aggidis, E. Luchinskaya, R. Rothschild, and D. C. Howard, “The costs of small-scale hydro power production: Impact on the development of existing potential,” Renew. Energy, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 2632–2638, 2010 (Online). Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2010.04.008
[13] J. Andrew Tuhtan, W. Marx, and M. Schneider, “Universität Stuttgart Cost Optimization of Small Hydropower,” 2007.
[14] G. Lucio, T. Filho, I. Felipe, and R. M. Barros, “Cost estimate of small hydroelectric power plants based on the aspect factor,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 77, no. March, pp. 229–238, 2017 (Online). Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.134
[15] S. Mandelli, E. Colombo, A. Redondi, F. Bernardi, B. B. Saanane, P. Mgaya, and J. Malisa, “A small-hydro plant model for feasibility analysis of electrification projects in Rural Tanzania,” in Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference, GHTC 2013, 2013, pp. 11–16.
[16] ESHA, Guide on How to Develop a Small Hydropower Plant. 2004 (Online). Available: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.172.1731&rep=rep1&type=pdf
[17] M. Pratap Nair and K. Nithiyananthan, “Feasibility Analysis Model for Mini Hydropower Plant in Tioman Island, Malaysia,” Distrib. Gener. Altern. Energy J., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 36–54, 2016 (Online). Available: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21563306.2016.11681354
[18] D. Antonio Zema, A. Nicotra, V. Tamburino, and S. Marcello Zimbone, “A simple method to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of micro hydro power plants in existing irrigation systems,” Renew. Energy, vol. 85, pp. 498–506, 2016 (Online). Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.06.066
[19] Z. Girma, “Techno-Economic Feasibility of Small Scale Hydropower in Ethiopia : The Case of the Kulfo River, in Southern Ethiopia,” J. Renew. Energy, vol. 2016, no. 8037892, p. 12, 2016.
[20] J. S. Anagnostopoulos and D. E. Papantonis, “Optimal sizing of a run-of-river small hydropower plant,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 48, pp. 2663–2670, 2007.
[21] H. Xu, W. Liu, L. Wang, M. Li, and J. Zhang, “Optimal Sizing of Small Hydro Power Plants in Consideration of Voltage Control,” in International Symposium on Smart Electric Distribution Systems and Technologies (EDST), 2015, pp. 165–172.
[22] S. P. Koko, K. Kusakana, and H. J. Vermaak, “Optimal Sizing of a Micro-Hydrokinetic Pumped-Hydro-Storage Hybrid System for Different Demand Sectors,” in Sustainable Cloud and Energy Services: Principles and Practice, Sustainabl., Rivera W., 2018, pp. 1–268.
[23] “First Contribution Determined at the National Level of Benin under the Paris Agreement,” 2018. (Online). (Accessed: 26-Nov-2018)Available: https://www.climatewatchdata.org/contained/ndcs/country/BEN/full?query=6.5&searchBy=ta rget&document=ndc-EN.
[24] “Production d’électricité - Millennium Challenge Account Bénin II,” 2018. (Online). (Accessed: 26-Nov-2018) Available: http://www.mcabenin2.bj/texte/show/production-d-electricite.
[25] M. Veilleux and T. Clausen, “RAPPORT de faisabilité final SUR sur : - La remise en état et extension de la centrale hydroélectrique (HPP) de Yeripao - Les concepts de maintenance pour de l’énergie centrales hydroélectriques de la SBEE,” Cotonou / Bénin.
[26] B. A. Nasir, “Design of Micro - Hydro - Electric Power Station,” Int. J. Eng. Adv. Technol., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 39 – 47, 2013.
[27] N. G. Voros, C. T. Kiranoudis, and Z. B. Maroulis, “Short-cut design of small hydroelectric plants,” Renew. Energy, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 545–563, 2000.
[28] S. K. Singal and R. P. Saini, “Cost analysis of low-head dam-toe small hydropower plants based on number of generating units,” Energy Sustain. Dev., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 55–60, 2008 (Online). Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60439-1
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:78358", author = "Amèdédjihundé H. J. Hounnou and Frédéric Dubas and François-Xavier Fifatin and Didier Chamagne and Antoine Vianou", title = "Multi-Objective Optimization of Run-of-River Small-Hydropower Plants Considering Both Investment Cost and Annual Energy Generation", abstract = "This paper presents the techno-economic evaluation of run-of-river small-hydropower plants. In this regard, a multi-objective optimization procedure is proposed for the optimal sizing of the hydropower plants, and NSGAII is employed as the optimization algorithm. Annual generated energy and investment cost are considered as the objective functions, and number of generator units (n) and nominal turbine flow rate (QT) constitute the decision variables. Site of Yeripao in Benin is considered as the case study. We have categorized the river of this site using its environmental characteristics: gross head, and first quartile, median, third quartile and mean of flow. Effects of each decision variable on the objective functions are analysed. The results gave Pareto Front which represents the trade-offs between annual energy generation and the investment cost of hydropower plants, as well as the recommended optimal solutions. We noted that with the increase of the annual energy generation, the investment cost rises. Thus, maximizing energy generation is contradictory with minimizing the investment cost. Moreover, we have noted that the solutions of Pareto Front are grouped according to the number of generator units (n). The results also illustrate that the costs per kWh are grouped according to the n and rise with the increase of the nominal turbine flow rate. The lowest investment costs per kWh are obtained for n equal to one and are between 0.065 and 0.180 €/kWh. Following the values of n (equal to 1, 2, 3 or 4), the investment cost and investment cost per kWh increase almost linearly with increasing the nominal turbine flowrate while annual generated. Energy increases logarithmically with increasing of the nominal turbine flowrate. This study made for the Yeripao river can be applied to other rivers with their own characteristics.
", keywords = "Hydropower plant, investment cost, multi-objective optimization, number of generator units.", volume = "13", number = "1", pages = "17-5", }
