Modeling the Effects of Type and Intensity of Selective Logging on Forests of the Amazon
The aim of the work presented here was to either use
existing forest dynamic simulation models or calibrate a new one
both within the SYMFOR framework with the purpose of examining
changes in stand level basal area and functional composition in
response to selective logging considering trees > 10 cm d.b.h for two
areas of undisturbed Amazonian non flooded tropical forest in Brazil
and one in Peru. Model biological realism was evaluated for forest in
the undisturbed and selectively logged state and it was concluded that
forest dynamics were realistically represented. Results of the logging
simulation experiments showed that in relation to undisturbed forest
simulation subject to no form of harvesting intervention there was a
significant amount of change over a 90 year simulation period that
was positively proportional to the intensity of logging. Areas which
had in the dynamic equilibrium of undisturbed forest a greater
proportion of a specific ecological guild of trees known as the light
hardwoods (LHW’s) seemed to respond more favorably in terms of
less deviation but only within a specific range of baseline forest
composition beyond which compositional diversity became more
important. These finds are in line partially with practical management
experience and partiality basic systematics theory respectively.
<p>[1] J.M.E. Arets, “Long term responses of populations and communities of
trees to selective logging in tropical rainforests in Guyana,” 2005, PhD
thesis, Forest Ecology and management unit, Wageningen Agricultural
University. the Netherlands,pp.186.
[2] L.S.Barreto, “The reconciliation of the r-K, and C-S-R-Models for lifehistory
strategies,” 2008, Silva Lusitana,vol.16,no 1, pp. 97–103.
[3] B.Brzeziecki and F.Kienast, “Classifying the life-history strategies of
trees on the basis of the Grimian model,” 1994,Forest Ecology and
Management,vol.69, pp. 167–187.
[4] J.Chave, H.C. Muller-Landau, T.R.Baker,
T.A.Easdale,H.terSteegeandC.O. Webb, “Regional and phylogenetic
variation of wood density across 2456 neotropical tree species,” 2006,
Ecological Applications,vol.16,no.6,pp. 2356–2367.
[5] G.Carreño-Rocabado, M.Peña-Claros, F.Bongers, A. Alarcón, J. Licona
and L.Poorter, “Effects of disturbance intensity on species and functional
diversity in a tropical forest,” 2012, Journal of Ecology, vol.100, pp.
1453–1463.
[6] C.V. de Castilho,W.E.Magnusson,R.N.O de Araujo,R.C.C.
LuziaoA.P.Lima and N.Higuchi. “Variation in aboveground tree live
biomass in a central Amazonian Forest: Effects of soil and topography,”
2006,Forest Ecology and Management,vol.234,pp. 85–96.
[7] E.J.V da Silva, “Dynamics of management and conventionally logged
forests in the Eastern Amazon,” 2004, PhD thesis, School of
Engineering,State University of Sao Paolo, Brazil,pp.191.
[8] M.V.N. D’Oliveira, “Sustainable Forest Management for small Farmers
in Acre State in the Brazilian Amazon,” 2000,PhD thesis, Aberdeen
University, Department of Biology, United Kingdom,pp.174.
[9] V. Favrichon, B.Dupuy, H. F. Maitre, N.Nguyen-The, T. Damio,
N.Doumbia, K.Kadir, Y.Petrucci and P. Sist “The response of the tropical
forest stand to silviculture operations,” in Procc. XI Wor. For. Congr.,
1997, pp.13–22.
[10] S.Gourlet-Fleury, L.B.Lanc, N.P.Piccard, P.S Sist., J.Dick, R.B. Asi, M.
Swaine and E.F.Forni “Grouping tree species for predicting mixed
tropical forest dynamics: looking for a strategy,”2005, Ann. For. Sci,
vol.62, pp.785–796.
[11] J. G. Hodgon, P.J. Wilson, R. Hunt, J. P. Grime and K. Thomson,
“Allocating C-S-R plant functional types: a soft approach to a hard
problem,” 1999, OIKOS,vol. 85, pp. 292–294.
[12] R. Horne and J. Gwalter, “The recovery of rainforest following logging.
1. Subtropical rainforest,” 1982a,Aust. Forest Res., vol.13,pp. 29–44.
[13] R. Horne and J. Gwalter, “The recovery of rainforest following logging.
2. Tropical rainforest,” 1982b,Aust. Forest Res., vol.13, pp. 45–59.
[14] R.Hunt, J. G. Hodgson,K.Thompson,P.Bungener,N.P.Dunnet and
Askew A.P. “A new practical tool for deriving a functional signature for
herbaceous vegetation,” 2004, Applied Vegetation Science,vol. 7, pp.
163–170.
[15] L.Kammesheidt, P. Kholer and A. Huth, “Sustainable timber harvesting
in Venezuela: A modeling approach,” Journal of applied ecology,vol.
38,pp. 756–770.
[16] M.Kariuki, “Modeling dynamics including recruitment, growth and
mortality for sustainable management in uneven-aged mixed-species
rainforests,” 2004, PhD thesis, Department of Forestry Southern Cross
University, NSW, Australia,pp.215.
[17] D. King, S.J.Davies, M.N. NurSupadi and S. Tan, “Tree growth is
related to light interception and wood density in two mixed dipterocarp
forests of Malaysia,”2005, Functional Ecology, vol.19, pp. 445–453.
[18] D. King, S.J. Davies, and N.S.Md Noor, “Growth and mortality are
related to adult tree size in a Malaysian mixed dipterocarp forest,” 2006,
Forest Ecology and Management, vol.223, pp. 152–158.
[19] P.Köhler,T. Ditzer and A. Huth, “Concepts for the aggregation of tropical
tree species into functional types and the application to Sabah's lowland
rain forests,” 2000, Journal of Tropical Ecology,vol.16,pp. 591–602.
[20] W.F.Laurance, L.V. Ferreira, J.M. Rankin and S.G. Laurance “Rain
forest fragmentation and the dynamics of Amazonian tree communities,”
1998, Ecology, vol.79, pp. 2032–2040.
[21] P.D. Phillips and P. R. van Gardingen, “The SYMFOR framework for
individual-based spatial ecological and silvicultural forest models,”2001,
SYMFOR Technical Notes Series No. 8, The University of Edinburgh,
pp.22.
[22] P.D. Phillips, M.T. Khan, J. Singh and P. van Gardingen, “An Ecological
model for the management of natural forests derived from the Barama
Company Limited plots in NW Guyana,”2002a, SYMFOR technical
note series no.11,The University of Edinburgh,pp.22.
[23] P.D. Phillips, P.van der Hout, R.J. Zagt, R.J and P.R. van Gardingen “An
ecological model for the management of natural forests derived from the
Tropenbos permanent sample plots at Pibiri,Guyana,”2002b,SYMFOR
technical note series 12,The University of Edinburgh,pp.18.
[24] P.D.Phillips, T.E.Brash, I.Yasman, S.Subagyo and P.R.vanGardingen,
“An individual-based spatially explicit tree growth model for forests in
East Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo),” 2003, Ecological Modeling,
vol.159,pp. 1–26.
[25] P.D.Phillips, C.P.de Azevedo, B. Degen, I.S. Thompson,J.N.M Silva and
P.R. van Gardingen, “An individual-based spatially explicit simulation
model for strategic forest management planning in the eastern Amazon,”
2004, Ecological Modeling, vol. 173, pp. 335–354.
[26] L.Poorter, S.J.Wright, H. Paz, D.Ackerly, R. Condit, G. Ibara-
Manriquez, K.E. Harms, J.C.Licona, M. Martinez-Ramos, S.G. Mazer,
H.C.Muller-Landau, M. Pena-Claros, C.O.Webb, I.J.Wright “Are
functional traits good predictors of demographic rates? Evidence from
five Neotropical forests,” 2008, Ecology, vol.89, no.7, pp. 1908–20.
[27] C. A. Quesada, J. Lloyd, M. Schwarz, S. Pati , T. R. Baker, C. Czimczik,
N. M. Fyllas, L. Martinelli, G. B. Nardoto, J. Schmerler, A. J. B. Santos,
M. G. Hodnett, R. Herrera, F. J. Luizao, A. Arneth, G. Lloyd, N. Dezzeo,
I. Hilke, I. Kuhlmann, M. Raessler, W. A. Brand, H. Geilmann, J. O.
MoraesFilho, F. P. Carvalho, R. N. AraujoFilho, J. E. Chaves, O. F. Cruz
Junior, T. P. Pimentel, and R. Paiva, “Variations in chemical and physical
properties of Amazon forest soils in relation to their genesis,”
2007,Biogeosciences,vol. 7,pp.1515–1541
[28] D.Valle, P. Phillips, E.Vidal,M. Schulze, J. Grogan, M. Sales and P. van
Gardingen, “Adaptation of a spatially explicit individual tree-based
growth and yield model and long term comparison between reduced
impact and conventional logging in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil,” 2007,
Forest Ecology and Management,vol. 243, pp.187–198.
[29] J.K.Vanclay, “Sustainable timber harvesting: simulation studies in the
tropical rainforests of north Queensland,” 1994,Forest Ecol.
Manage.,vol. 69, pp.299–320.
[30] J.K., Vanclay “Modeling forest growth and yield: applications to mixed
tropical forests” CAB International, Oxford, UK, 1994.
[31] P. R. Van Gardingen,D. R. Valle, and I. Thompson “Evaluation of yield
regulation options for primary forest in Tapajos National Forest, Brazil,”
2006, Forest Ecology and Management vol. 231, pp. 184–195.
[32] J.N.M. Silva , “The behavior of the tropical rainforest of the Brazilian
Amazon after logging,” PhD thesis, Department of Plant Sciences,
University of Oxford, United Kingdom.pp.223.
[33] H.terSteege, I. Welch and R. Zagt, “Long-term effect of timber
harvesting in the Bartica Triangle, Central Guyana,” 2002, Forest
Ecology and Management,vol. 170, pp. 127–144.
[34] H.terSteege,N.C.A.Pittman,O.L.Phillips,J.Chave,D.Sabatier,A.Duque,J.F
.Molino,M.F.PrevostR.Spichiger, H.Castellanos, P . von Hildebrand and
R. Vasquez “Continental-scale patterns of canopy tree composition and
function across Amazonia,” 2006, Letters to Nature vol.443, no.28, pp.
444–447.
[35] Torres-Lezzama and H. Ramirez-Angulo, “Dynamics of tree species
ecological groups in logged and unlogged tropical forests in the
Venezuelan western plains,” 2008 Journal of lifesciences,vol. 5,pp. 655–
662.
[36] S.Wellhöfer “Environmentally sound forest harvesting in Brazil-
Assessment of regeneration and environmental impacts four years after
harvesting,” 2002,Forest harvesting case study 19,FAO
[37] C. Whitmore “Forty Years of Rain Forest Ecology: 1948-1988 in
Perspective,” 1989,Geojournal, vol.19, pp. 347–360.
[38] D. Valle, C.Staudhammer, W. P Jr. Cropper, P. R van Gardingen, “The
importance of multimodel projections to assess uncertainty in
projections from simulation models,”2009, Ecological Applications, vol.
19, no.7, pp. 1680–1692.
[39] N.S.T Karfakis, and Andrade “Dynamics of functional composition of a
Brazilian tropical forest in response to drought stress,” 2013,WASET
journal, vol.75, pp. 693–697.
[40] O.L Phillips, G.van der Heidjen, S.L Lewis, G.Lopez-Gonzalez, L.E.O.
C. Aragao, J.Loyd,Y.Malhi,A. Monteagudo,S. Almeida, E.Alvarez-
DavilaI.Amaral,S. Andelman, A Andrade, L. Arroyo, G.Aymard,.T.R
Baker, L. Blanc, D.Bonal, etal.,“Drought mortality relationships for
tropical forests,” 2010, New Phytologist, pp. 631–646.</p>
<p>[1] J.M.E. Arets, “Long term responses of populations and communities of
trees to selective logging in tropical rainforests in Guyana,” 2005, PhD
thesis, Forest Ecology and management unit, Wageningen Agricultural
University. the Netherlands,pp.186.
[2] L.S.Barreto, “The reconciliation of the r-K, and C-S-R-Models for lifehistory
strategies,” 2008, Silva Lusitana,vol.16,no 1, pp. 97–103.
[3] B.Brzeziecki and F.Kienast, “Classifying the life-history strategies of
trees on the basis of the Grimian model,” 1994,Forest Ecology and
Management,vol.69, pp. 167–187.
[4] J.Chave, H.C. Muller-Landau, T.R.Baker,
T.A.Easdale,H.terSteegeandC.O. Webb, “Regional and phylogenetic
variation of wood density across 2456 neotropical tree species,” 2006,
Ecological Applications,vol.16,no.6,pp. 2356–2367.
[5] G.Carreño-Rocabado, M.Peña-Claros, F.Bongers, A. Alarcón, J. Licona
and L.Poorter, “Effects of disturbance intensity on species and functional
diversity in a tropical forest,” 2012, Journal of Ecology, vol.100, pp.
1453–1463.
[6] C.V. de Castilho,W.E.Magnusson,R.N.O de Araujo,R.C.C.
LuziaoA.P.Lima and N.Higuchi. “Variation in aboveground tree live
biomass in a central Amazonian Forest: Effects of soil and topography,”
2006,Forest Ecology and Management,vol.234,pp. 85–96.
[7] E.J.V da Silva, “Dynamics of management and conventionally logged
forests in the Eastern Amazon,” 2004, PhD thesis, School of
Engineering,State University of Sao Paolo, Brazil,pp.191.
[8] M.V.N. D’Oliveira, “Sustainable Forest Management for small Farmers
in Acre State in the Brazilian Amazon,” 2000,PhD thesis, Aberdeen
University, Department of Biology, United Kingdom,pp.174.
[9] V. Favrichon, B.Dupuy, H. F. Maitre, N.Nguyen-The, T. Damio,
N.Doumbia, K.Kadir, Y.Petrucci and P. Sist “The response of the tropical
forest stand to silviculture operations,” in Procc. XI Wor. For. Congr.,
1997, pp.13–22.
[10] S.Gourlet-Fleury, L.B.Lanc, N.P.Piccard, P.S Sist., J.Dick, R.B. Asi, M.
Swaine and E.F.Forni “Grouping tree species for predicting mixed
tropical forest dynamics: looking for a strategy,”2005, Ann. For. Sci,
vol.62, pp.785–796.
[11] J. G. Hodgon, P.J. Wilson, R. Hunt, J. P. Grime and K. Thomson,
“Allocating C-S-R plant functional types: a soft approach to a hard
problem,” 1999, OIKOS,vol. 85, pp. 292–294.
[12] R. Horne and J. Gwalter, “The recovery of rainforest following logging.
1. Subtropical rainforest,” 1982a,Aust. Forest Res., vol.13,pp. 29–44.
[13] R. Horne and J. Gwalter, “The recovery of rainforest following logging.
2. Tropical rainforest,” 1982b,Aust. Forest Res., vol.13, pp. 45–59.
[14] R.Hunt, J. G. Hodgson,K.Thompson,P.Bungener,N.P.Dunnet and
Askew A.P. “A new practical tool for deriving a functional signature for
herbaceous vegetation,” 2004, Applied Vegetation Science,vol. 7, pp.
163–170.
[15] L.Kammesheidt, P. Kholer and A. Huth, “Sustainable timber harvesting
in Venezuela: A modeling approach,” Journal of applied ecology,vol.
38,pp. 756–770.
[16] M.Kariuki, “Modeling dynamics including recruitment, growth and
mortality for sustainable management in uneven-aged mixed-species
rainforests,” 2004, PhD thesis, Department of Forestry Southern Cross
University, NSW, Australia,pp.215.
[17] D. King, S.J.Davies, M.N. NurSupadi and S. Tan, “Tree growth is
related to light interception and wood density in two mixed dipterocarp
forests of Malaysia,”2005, Functional Ecology, vol.19, pp. 445–453.
[18] D. King, S.J. Davies, and N.S.Md Noor, “Growth and mortality are
related to adult tree size in a Malaysian mixed dipterocarp forest,” 2006,
Forest Ecology and Management, vol.223, pp. 152–158.
[19] P.Köhler,T. Ditzer and A. Huth, “Concepts for the aggregation of tropical
tree species into functional types and the application to Sabah's lowland
rain forests,” 2000, Journal of Tropical Ecology,vol.16,pp. 591–602.
[20] W.F.Laurance, L.V. Ferreira, J.M. Rankin and S.G. Laurance “Rain
forest fragmentation and the dynamics of Amazonian tree communities,”
1998, Ecology, vol.79, pp. 2032–2040.
[21] P.D. Phillips and P. R. van Gardingen, “The SYMFOR framework for
individual-based spatial ecological and silvicultural forest models,”2001,
SYMFOR Technical Notes Series No. 8, The University of Edinburgh,
pp.22.
[22] P.D. Phillips, M.T. Khan, J. Singh and P. van Gardingen, “An Ecological
model for the management of natural forests derived from the Barama
Company Limited plots in NW Guyana,”2002a, SYMFOR technical
note series no.11,The University of Edinburgh,pp.22.
[23] P.D. Phillips, P.van der Hout, R.J. Zagt, R.J and P.R. van Gardingen “An
ecological model for the management of natural forests derived from the
Tropenbos permanent sample plots at Pibiri,Guyana,”2002b,SYMFOR
technical note series 12,The University of Edinburgh,pp.18.
[24] P.D.Phillips, T.E.Brash, I.Yasman, S.Subagyo and P.R.vanGardingen,
“An individual-based spatially explicit tree growth model for forests in
East Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo),” 2003, Ecological Modeling,
vol.159,pp. 1–26.
[25] P.D.Phillips, C.P.de Azevedo, B. Degen, I.S. Thompson,J.N.M Silva and
P.R. van Gardingen, “An individual-based spatially explicit simulation
model for strategic forest management planning in the eastern Amazon,”
2004, Ecological Modeling, vol. 173, pp. 335–354.
[26] L.Poorter, S.J.Wright, H. Paz, D.Ackerly, R. Condit, G. Ibara-
Manriquez, K.E. Harms, J.C.Licona, M. Martinez-Ramos, S.G. Mazer,
H.C.Muller-Landau, M. Pena-Claros, C.O.Webb, I.J.Wright “Are
functional traits good predictors of demographic rates? Evidence from
five Neotropical forests,” 2008, Ecology, vol.89, no.7, pp. 1908–20.
[27] C. A. Quesada, J. Lloyd, M. Schwarz, S. Pati , T. R. Baker, C. Czimczik,
N. M. Fyllas, L. Martinelli, G. B. Nardoto, J. Schmerler, A. J. B. Santos,
M. G. Hodnett, R. Herrera, F. J. Luizao, A. Arneth, G. Lloyd, N. Dezzeo,
I. Hilke, I. Kuhlmann, M. Raessler, W. A. Brand, H. Geilmann, J. O.
MoraesFilho, F. P. Carvalho, R. N. AraujoFilho, J. E. Chaves, O. F. Cruz
Junior, T. P. Pimentel, and R. Paiva, “Variations in chemical and physical
properties of Amazon forest soils in relation to their genesis,”
2007,Biogeosciences,vol. 7,pp.1515–1541
[28] D.Valle, P. Phillips, E.Vidal,M. Schulze, J. Grogan, M. Sales and P. van
Gardingen, “Adaptation of a spatially explicit individual tree-based
growth and yield model and long term comparison between reduced
impact and conventional logging in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil,” 2007,
Forest Ecology and Management,vol. 243, pp.187–198.
[29] J.K.Vanclay, “Sustainable timber harvesting: simulation studies in the
tropical rainforests of north Queensland,” 1994,Forest Ecol.
Manage.,vol. 69, pp.299–320.
[30] J.K., Vanclay “Modeling forest growth and yield: applications to mixed
tropical forests” CAB International, Oxford, UK, 1994.
[31] P. R. Van Gardingen,D. R. Valle, and I. Thompson “Evaluation of yield
regulation options for primary forest in Tapajos National Forest, Brazil,”
2006, Forest Ecology and Management vol. 231, pp. 184–195.
[32] J.N.M. Silva , “The behavior of the tropical rainforest of the Brazilian
Amazon after logging,” PhD thesis, Department of Plant Sciences,
University of Oxford, United Kingdom.pp.223.
[33] H.terSteege, I. Welch and R. Zagt, “Long-term effect of timber
harvesting in the Bartica Triangle, Central Guyana,” 2002, Forest
Ecology and Management,vol. 170, pp. 127–144.
[34] H.terSteege,N.C.A.Pittman,O.L.Phillips,J.Chave,D.Sabatier,A.Duque,J.F
.Molino,M.F.PrevostR.Spichiger, H.Castellanos, P . von Hildebrand and
R. Vasquez “Continental-scale patterns of canopy tree composition and
function across Amazonia,” 2006, Letters to Nature vol.443, no.28, pp.
444–447.
[35] Torres-Lezzama and H. Ramirez-Angulo, “Dynamics of tree species
ecological groups in logged and unlogged tropical forests in the
Venezuelan western plains,” 2008 Journal of lifesciences,vol. 5,pp. 655–
662.
[36] S.Wellhöfer “Environmentally sound forest harvesting in Brazil-
Assessment of regeneration and environmental impacts four years after
harvesting,” 2002,Forest harvesting case study 19,FAO
[37] C. Whitmore “Forty Years of Rain Forest Ecology: 1948-1988 in
Perspective,” 1989,Geojournal, vol.19, pp. 347–360.
[38] D. Valle, C.Staudhammer, W. P Jr. Cropper, P. R van Gardingen, “The
importance of multimodel projections to assess uncertainty in
projections from simulation models,”2009, Ecological Applications, vol.
19, no.7, pp. 1680–1692.
[39] N.S.T Karfakis, and Andrade “Dynamics of functional composition of a
Brazilian tropical forest in response to drought stress,” 2013,WASET
journal, vol.75, pp. 693–697.
[40] O.L Phillips, G.van der Heidjen, S.L Lewis, G.Lopez-Gonzalez, L.E.O.
C. Aragao, J.Loyd,Y.Malhi,A. Monteagudo,S. Almeida, E.Alvarez-
DavilaI.Amaral,S. Andelman, A Andrade, L. Arroyo, G.Aymard,.T.R
Baker, L. Blanc, D.Bonal, etal.,“Drought mortality relationships for
tropical forests,” 2010, New Phytologist, pp. 631–646.</p>
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:55356", author = "Theodore N.S. Karfakis and Anna Andrade and Carolina Volkmer-Castilho and Dennis R. Valle and Eric Arets and Paul van Gardingen", title = "Modeling the Effects of Type and Intensity of Selective Logging on Forests of the Amazon", abstract = "The aim of the work presented here was to either use
existing forest dynamic simulation models or calibrate a new one
both within the SYMFOR framework with the purpose of examining
changes in stand level basal area and functional composition in
response to selective logging considering trees > 10 cm d.b.h for two
areas of undisturbed Amazonian non flooded tropical forest in Brazil
and one in Peru. Model biological realism was evaluated for forest in
the undisturbed and selectively logged state and it was concluded that
forest dynamics were realistically represented. Results of the logging
simulation experiments showed that in relation to undisturbed forest
simulation subject to no form of harvesting intervention there was a
significant amount of change over a 90 year simulation period that
was positively proportional to the intensity of logging. Areas which
had in the dynamic equilibrium of undisturbed forest a greater
proportion of a specific ecological guild of trees known as the light
hardwoods (LHW’s) seemed to respond more favorably in terms of
less deviation but only within a specific range of baseline forest
composition beyond which compositional diversity became more
important. These finds are in line partially with practical management
experience and partiality basic systematics theory respectively.
", keywords = "Amazonbasin, ecological species guild, selective
logging, simulation modeling.", volume = "7", number = "7", pages = "453-11", }
