Biodiesel is traditionally produced from oleaginous
plants. On the other hand, increasing biodiesel production from these
raw materials could create problems of food supply. Producing
biodiesel from microalgae could help to overcome this difficulty,
because microalgae are rich in lipids and do not compete for arable
lands. However, no studies had compared vegetable and microalgae
oil-based biodiesel in terms of yield, viscosity and heat of
combustion. In the present study, commercial canola and microalgae
oil were therefore transesterified with methanol under a homogenous
alkali catalyst (potassium hydroxide) at 100oC for 1h. The result
showed that microalgae-based oil has a higher yield in biodiesel with
89.7% (g biodiesel/g oil) and a lower kinematic viscosity (22oC) of
4.31 mm/s2 than canola oil.
[1] International Energy Agency, "Worldwide trends in energy use and
efficiency," 2008, http://www.env-edu.gr/Documents/Worldwide
%20Trends%20in%20Energy%20Use%20and%20Efficiency.pdf.
[2] International Energy Agency, "World Energy outlook 2008,"
OECD/IEA, 2008, http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2008/
weo2008.pdf.
[3] U.S. Census Bureau, "International data base: Total midyear population
for the world: 1950-2050," 2011, http://www.census.gov/population/
international/data/idb/worldpoptotal.php
[4] BP, "BP Statistical Review of World Energy," 2011,
http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english
/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2011/STAGING/lo
cal_assets/pdf/statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_report_2011.pdf
[5] Banerjee, N., "U.S. to reduce oil imports by a third by 2021, Obama
says." Los Angeles Times, 2011, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/
mar/31/nation/la-na-obama-energy-20110331/2
[6] D. Tilman, J. Hill and C. Lehman, "Carbon-negative biofuels from lowinput
high-diversity grassland biomass," Science, vol. 314, pp. 1598-
1600, 2006.
[7] X. Zhou, B. Xiao, R. M. Ochieng and J. Yang, "Utilization of carbonnegative
biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass for
energy in China," vol. 13, pp. 479-485, 2009.
[8] D. de Oliveira, M. Di Luccio, C. Faccio, C. Dalla Rosa, J. P. Bender, N.
Lipke, C. Amroginski, C. Dariva and J. V. de Oliveira, "Optimization of
alkaline transesterification of soybean oil and castor oil for biodiesel
production," App. Biochem. Biotechnol., vol. 122, pp. 553-560, 2005.
[9] M. B. Dantas, A. A. F. Almeida, M. M. Conceição, V. J. Fernandes Jr, I.
M. G. Santos, F. C. Silva, L. E. B. Soledade and A. G. Souza,
"Characterization and kinetic compensation effect of corn biodiesel," J.
Therm. Anal. Cal., vol. 87, pp. 847-851, 2007.
[10] L. Gao, G. Teng, G. Xiao and R. Wei, "Biodiesel from palm oil via
loading KF/Ca-Al hydrotalcite catalyst," Biomass Bioenergy, vol. 34,
pp. 1283-1288, 2010.
[11] C. Ngamcharussrivichai, P. Totarat and K. Bunyakiat, "Ca and Zn mixed
oxide as a heterogeneous base catalyst for transesterification of palm
kernel oil," vol. 341, pp. 77-85, 2008.
[12] H. Zeng, Z. Feng, X. Deng and Y. Li, "Activation of Mg-Al hydrotalcite
catalysts for transesterification of rape oil," Fuel, vol. 87, pp. 3071-3076,
2008.
[13] M. C. G. Albuquerque, I. Jiménez-Urbistondo, J. Santamar├¡a-Gonz├ílez,
J. M. Mérida-Robles, R. Moreno-Tost, E. Rodr├¡guez-Castell├│n, A.
Jiménez-L├│pez, D. C. S. Azevedo, C. L. Cavalcante Jr. and P. Maireles-
Torres, "CaO supported on mesoporous silicas as basic catalysts for
transesterification reactions," vol. 334, pp. 35-43, 2008.
[14] A. F. Zanette, R. A. Barella, S. B. C. Pergher, H. Treichel, D. Oliveira,
M. A. Mazutti, E. A. Silva and J. V. Oliveira, "Screening, optimization
and kinetics of Jatropha curcas oil transesterification with heterogeneous
catalysts," Renewable Energy, vol. 36, pp. 726-731, 2011.
[15] Q. Shu, Z. Nawaz, J. Gao, Y. Liao, Q. Zhang, D. Wang and J. Wang,
"Synthesis of biodiesel from a model waste oil feedstock using a carbonbased
solid acid catalyst: Reaction and separation," Bioresour. Technol.,
vol. 101, pp. 5374-5384, 2010.
[16] United States Environmental Protection Agency, "A comprehensive
analysis of biodiesel impacts on exhaust emissions," 2002,
www.biodiesel.org/.../20021001_gen-323.pdf.
[17] J. Sheehan, T. Dunahay, J. Benemann and P. Roessler, "A look back at
the U.S. Department of Energy's aquatic species programÔÇöbiodiesel
from algae," U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Fuels Development,
1998, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24190.pdf.
[18] J. Goldemberg and P. Guardabassi, "Are biofuels a feasible option?"
Energy Policy, vol. 37, pp. 10-14, 2009.
[19] Y. Chisti , "Biodiesel from microalgae," Biotechnol. Adv., vol. 25, pp.
294-306, 2007.
[20] X. Deng, Y. Li and X. Fei, "Microalgae: A promising feedstock for
biodiesel," Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., vol. 3, pp. 1008-1014, 2009.
[21] S. L. Dmytryshyn, A. K. Dalai, S. T. Chaudhari, H. K. Mishra and M. J.
Reaney, "Synthesis and characterization of vegetable oil derived esters:
Evaluation for their diesel additive properties," Bioresour. Technol., vol.
92, pp. 55-64, 2004.
[22] M. Veillette, A. Giroir-Fendler, N. Faucheux and M. Heitz "Biodiesel
production from microalgae," in Proc. 2011 Ravage of the Planet III,
Selangor, Malaisie, 2011, pp. 1-9.
[23] E. A. Ehimen, Z. F. Sun and C. G. Carrington, "Variables affecting the
in situ transesterification of microalgae lipids," Fuel, vol. 89, pp. 677-
684, 2010.
[24] M. Lísa, F. Lynen, M. Holčapek and P. Sandra, "Quantitation of
triacylglycerols from plant oils using charged aerosol detection with
gradient compensation," vol. 1176, pp. 135-142, 2007.
[25] S. A. Basha, K. R. Gopal and S. Jebaraj, "A review on biodiesel
production, combustion, emissions and performance," vol. 13, pp. 1628-
1634, 2009.
[26] U. Rashid and F. Anwar, "Production of biodiesel through optimized
alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil," Fuel, vol. 87, pp.
265-273, 2008.
[27] Y. Chen and A. J. Pearlstein, "Viscosity-temperature correlation for
glycerol-water solutions," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., vol. 26, pp. 1670-1672,
1987.
[28] M. Veillette, M. Chamoumi, J. Nikiema, N. Faucheux and M. Heitz,
"Production of biodiesel from microalgae," in Chemical Engineering,
Accepted on 02/09/11, Z. Mawaz & S. Naveed, Ed. Rijeka, Croatia:
Intech, 2012, pp. 1-24.
[29] C. R. Smith Jr, J. W. Hagemann and I. A. Wolff, "The occurence of
6,9,12,15-Octadecatetraenoic in Echium plantagineum seed oil," J. Am.
Oil Chem. Soc., vol. 41, pp. 290-291, 1964.
[30] G. Knothe and K. R. Steidley, "Kinematic viscosity of biodiesel fuel
components and related compounds. Influence of compound structure
and comparison to petrodiesel fuel components," Fuel, vol. 84, pp. 1059-
1065, 2005.
[31] G. R. Stansell, V. M. Gray and S. D. Sym, "Microalgal fatty acid
composition: implications for biodiesel quality," J. Appl. Phycol., 2011.
[32] A. Demirbas , "Relationships derived from physical properties of
vegetable oil and biodiesel fuels," Fuel, vol. 87, pp. 1743-1748, 2008.
[33] A. Srivastava and R. Prasad, "Triglycerides-based diesel fuels," Renew.
Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 4, pp. 111-133, 2000.
[34] X. Miao and Q. Wu, "Biodiesel production from heterotrophic
microalgal oil," Bioresour. Technol., vol. 97, pp. 841-846, 2006.
[35] B. R. Moser , "Influence of blending canola, palm, soybean and
sunflower oil methyl esters on fuel properties of biodiesel," Ener. Fuels,
vol. 22, pp. 4301-4306, 2008.
[36] M. J. Ramos, C. M. Fern├índez, A. Casas, L. Rodr├¡guez and ├ü. Pérez,
"Influence of fatty acid composition of raw materials on biodiesel
properties," Bioresour. Technol., vol. 100, pp. 261-268, 2009.
[37] J. Lee, C. Yoo, S. Jun, C. Ahn and H. Oh, "Comparison of several
methods for effective lipid extraction from microalgae," Bioresour.
Technol., vol. 101, pp. 575-577, 2010.
[38] M. B. Johnson and Z. Wen, "Production of biodiesel fuel from the
microalga Schizochytrium limacinum by direct transesterification of
algal biomass," Energy Fuels, vol. 23, pp. 5179-5183, 2009.
[1] International Energy Agency, "Worldwide trends in energy use and
efficiency," 2008, http://www.env-edu.gr/Documents/Worldwide
%20Trends%20in%20Energy%20Use%20and%20Efficiency.pdf.
[2] International Energy Agency, "World Energy outlook 2008,"
OECD/IEA, 2008, http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2008/
weo2008.pdf.
[3] U.S. Census Bureau, "International data base: Total midyear population
for the world: 1950-2050," 2011, http://www.census.gov/population/
international/data/idb/worldpoptotal.php
[4] BP, "BP Statistical Review of World Energy," 2011,
http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english
/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2011/STAGING/lo
cal_assets/pdf/statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_report_2011.pdf
[5] Banerjee, N., "U.S. to reduce oil imports by a third by 2021, Obama
says." Los Angeles Times, 2011, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/
mar/31/nation/la-na-obama-energy-20110331/2
[6] D. Tilman, J. Hill and C. Lehman, "Carbon-negative biofuels from lowinput
high-diversity grassland biomass," Science, vol. 314, pp. 1598-
1600, 2006.
[7] X. Zhou, B. Xiao, R. M. Ochieng and J. Yang, "Utilization of carbonnegative
biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass for
energy in China," vol. 13, pp. 479-485, 2009.
[8] D. de Oliveira, M. Di Luccio, C. Faccio, C. Dalla Rosa, J. P. Bender, N.
Lipke, C. Amroginski, C. Dariva and J. V. de Oliveira, "Optimization of
alkaline transesterification of soybean oil and castor oil for biodiesel
production," App. Biochem. Biotechnol., vol. 122, pp. 553-560, 2005.
[9] M. B. Dantas, A. A. F. Almeida, M. M. Conceição, V. J. Fernandes Jr, I.
M. G. Santos, F. C. Silva, L. E. B. Soledade and A. G. Souza,
"Characterization and kinetic compensation effect of corn biodiesel," J.
Therm. Anal. Cal., vol. 87, pp. 847-851, 2007.
[10] L. Gao, G. Teng, G. Xiao and R. Wei, "Biodiesel from palm oil via
loading KF/Ca-Al hydrotalcite catalyst," Biomass Bioenergy, vol. 34,
pp. 1283-1288, 2010.
[11] C. Ngamcharussrivichai, P. Totarat and K. Bunyakiat, "Ca and Zn mixed
oxide as a heterogeneous base catalyst for transesterification of palm
kernel oil," vol. 341, pp. 77-85, 2008.
[12] H. Zeng, Z. Feng, X. Deng and Y. Li, "Activation of Mg-Al hydrotalcite
catalysts for transesterification of rape oil," Fuel, vol. 87, pp. 3071-3076,
2008.
[13] M. C. G. Albuquerque, I. Jiménez-Urbistondo, J. Santamar├¡a-Gonz├ílez,
J. M. Mérida-Robles, R. Moreno-Tost, E. Rodr├¡guez-Castell├│n, A.
Jiménez-L├│pez, D. C. S. Azevedo, C. L. Cavalcante Jr. and P. Maireles-
Torres, "CaO supported on mesoporous silicas as basic catalysts for
transesterification reactions," vol. 334, pp. 35-43, 2008.
[14] A. F. Zanette, R. A. Barella, S. B. C. Pergher, H. Treichel, D. Oliveira,
M. A. Mazutti, E. A. Silva and J. V. Oliveira, "Screening, optimization
and kinetics of Jatropha curcas oil transesterification with heterogeneous
catalysts," Renewable Energy, vol. 36, pp. 726-731, 2011.
[15] Q. Shu, Z. Nawaz, J. Gao, Y. Liao, Q. Zhang, D. Wang and J. Wang,
"Synthesis of biodiesel from a model waste oil feedstock using a carbonbased
solid acid catalyst: Reaction and separation," Bioresour. Technol.,
vol. 101, pp. 5374-5384, 2010.
[16] United States Environmental Protection Agency, "A comprehensive
analysis of biodiesel impacts on exhaust emissions," 2002,
www.biodiesel.org/.../20021001_gen-323.pdf.
[17] J. Sheehan, T. Dunahay, J. Benemann and P. Roessler, "A look back at
the U.S. Department of Energy's aquatic species programÔÇöbiodiesel
from algae," U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Fuels Development,
1998, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24190.pdf.
[18] J. Goldemberg and P. Guardabassi, "Are biofuels a feasible option?"
Energy Policy, vol. 37, pp. 10-14, 2009.
[19] Y. Chisti , "Biodiesel from microalgae," Biotechnol. Adv., vol. 25, pp.
294-306, 2007.
[20] X. Deng, Y. Li and X. Fei, "Microalgae: A promising feedstock for
biodiesel," Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., vol. 3, pp. 1008-1014, 2009.
[21] S. L. Dmytryshyn, A. K. Dalai, S. T. Chaudhari, H. K. Mishra and M. J.
Reaney, "Synthesis and characterization of vegetable oil derived esters:
Evaluation for their diesel additive properties," Bioresour. Technol., vol.
92, pp. 55-64, 2004.
[22] M. Veillette, A. Giroir-Fendler, N. Faucheux and M. Heitz "Biodiesel
production from microalgae," in Proc. 2011 Ravage of the Planet III,
Selangor, Malaisie, 2011, pp. 1-9.
[23] E. A. Ehimen, Z. F. Sun and C. G. Carrington, "Variables affecting the
in situ transesterification of microalgae lipids," Fuel, vol. 89, pp. 677-
684, 2010.
[24] M. Lísa, F. Lynen, M. Holčapek and P. Sandra, "Quantitation of
triacylglycerols from plant oils using charged aerosol detection with
gradient compensation," vol. 1176, pp. 135-142, 2007.
[25] S. A. Basha, K. R. Gopal and S. Jebaraj, "A review on biodiesel
production, combustion, emissions and performance," vol. 13, pp. 1628-
1634, 2009.
[26] U. Rashid and F. Anwar, "Production of biodiesel through optimized
alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil," Fuel, vol. 87, pp.
265-273, 2008.
[27] Y. Chen and A. J. Pearlstein, "Viscosity-temperature correlation for
glycerol-water solutions," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., vol. 26, pp. 1670-1672,
1987.
[28] M. Veillette, M. Chamoumi, J. Nikiema, N. Faucheux and M. Heitz,
"Production of biodiesel from microalgae," in Chemical Engineering,
Accepted on 02/09/11, Z. Mawaz & S. Naveed, Ed. Rijeka, Croatia:
Intech, 2012, pp. 1-24.
[29] C. R. Smith Jr, J. W. Hagemann and I. A. Wolff, "The occurence of
6,9,12,15-Octadecatetraenoic in Echium plantagineum seed oil," J. Am.
Oil Chem. Soc., vol. 41, pp. 290-291, 1964.
[30] G. Knothe and K. R. Steidley, "Kinematic viscosity of biodiesel fuel
components and related compounds. Influence of compound structure
and comparison to petrodiesel fuel components," Fuel, vol. 84, pp. 1059-
1065, 2005.
[31] G. R. Stansell, V. M. Gray and S. D. Sym, "Microalgal fatty acid
composition: implications for biodiesel quality," J. Appl. Phycol., 2011.
[32] A. Demirbas , "Relationships derived from physical properties of
vegetable oil and biodiesel fuels," Fuel, vol. 87, pp. 1743-1748, 2008.
[33] A. Srivastava and R. Prasad, "Triglycerides-based diesel fuels," Renew.
Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 4, pp. 111-133, 2000.
[34] X. Miao and Q. Wu, "Biodiesel production from heterotrophic
microalgal oil," Bioresour. Technol., vol. 97, pp. 841-846, 2006.
[35] B. R. Moser , "Influence of blending canola, palm, soybean and
sunflower oil methyl esters on fuel properties of biodiesel," Ener. Fuels,
vol. 22, pp. 4301-4306, 2008.
[36] M. J. Ramos, C. M. Fern├índez, A. Casas, L. Rodr├¡guez and ├ü. Pérez,
"Influence of fatty acid composition of raw materials on biodiesel
properties," Bioresour. Technol., vol. 100, pp. 261-268, 2009.
[37] J. Lee, C. Yoo, S. Jun, C. Ahn and H. Oh, "Comparison of several
methods for effective lipid extraction from microalgae," Bioresour.
Technol., vol. 101, pp. 575-577, 2010.
[38] M. B. Johnson and Z. Wen, "Production of biodiesel fuel from the
microalga Schizochytrium limacinum by direct transesterification of
algal biomass," Energy Fuels, vol. 23, pp. 5179-5183, 2009.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:57002", author = "Marc Veillette and Mostafa Chamoumi and Nathalie Faucheux and Michèle Heitz", title = "Microalgae-based Oil for Biodiesel Production", abstract = "Biodiesel is traditionally produced from oleaginous
plants. On the other hand, increasing biodiesel production from these
raw materials could create problems of food supply. Producing
biodiesel from microalgae could help to overcome this difficulty,
because microalgae are rich in lipids and do not compete for arable
lands. However, no studies had compared vegetable and microalgae
oil-based biodiesel in terms of yield, viscosity and heat of
combustion. In the present study, commercial canola and microalgae
oil were therefore transesterified with methanol under a homogenous
alkali catalyst (potassium hydroxide) at 100oC for 1h. The result
showed that microalgae-based oil has a higher yield in biodiesel with
89.7% (g biodiesel/g oil) and a lower kinematic viscosity (22oC) of
4.31 mm/s2 than canola oil.", keywords = "Biodiesel, microalgae, canola, alkalitransesterification", volume = "5", number = "12", pages = "1111-4", }
