Management and Control of Industrial Effluents Discharged to Public Sewers: A Case Study
An overview of the important aspects of managing
and controlling industrial effluent discharges to public sewers namely
sampling, characterization, quantification and legislative controls has
been presented. The findings have been validated by means of a case
study covering three industrial sectors namely, tanning, textile
finishing and food processing industries. Industrial effluents
discharges were found to be best monitored by systematic and
automatic sampling and quantified using water meter readings
corrected for evaporative and consumptive losses. Based on the
treatment processes employed in the public owned treatment works
and the chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand
levels obtained, the effluent from all the three industrial sectors
studied were found to lie in the toxic zone. Thus, physico-chemical
treatment of these effluents is required to bring them into the
biodegradable zone. KL values (quoted to base e) were greater than
0.50 day-1 compared to 0.39 day-1 for typical municipality
wastewater.
[1] A. Azizullah, M.N.K. Khattak, P. Richter, and D-P Häder, "Water
pollution in Pakistan and its impact on public health-A review-,
Environment International," vol 37, pp. 479-497, 2011.
[2] M. Milovanovic, "Water quality assessment and determination of
pollution sources along the Axios/Vardar River, Southeastern Europe,"
Desalination, vol 213, pp. 159-173, 2007.
[3] J. Nyamangara, C. Bangira, T. Taruvinga, C. Masona, A. Nyemba, and
D. Ndlovu, "Effects of sewage and industrial effluent on the
concentration of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in water and sediments along
Waterfalls stream and lower Mukuvisi River in Harare, Zimbabwe,"
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, vol 33, pp. 708-713, 2008.
[4] T. Rajaram, and A. Das, "Water pollution by industrial effluents in
India: Discharge scenarios and case for participatory ecosystem specific
local regulation," Futures, vol 40, pp. 56-59, 2008.
[5] A. Elhassadi, "Pollution of water resources from industrial effluents: a
case study-Benghazi, Libya," Desalination, vol. 222, pp. 286-293, 2008.
[6] P.J. Oberholster, A.M. Botha, and T.E. Cloete, "Biological and chemical
evaluation of sewage water pollution in the Rietvlei nature reserve
wetland area, South Africa," Environmental Pollution, vol 156, pp. 184-
192, 2008.
[7] F. Ntuli, K.P. Kuipa, and E. Muzenda, "Designing of sampling
programmes for industrial effluent monitoring," Environ. Sci. Pollut.
Res., vol 18, pp. 479-484, 2011.
[8] A.D. Patwardhan, Industrial waste water treatment. New Delhi: PHI
Learning Private Limited, 2009.
[9] T.G. Sanders, R.C. Ward, J.C. Loftis, T.D. Steele, D.D. Adrian, and V.
Yevjevich, "Sampling frequency," in: Design of network systems for
monitoring water quality, Colorado: Water Resources Publication, 1983,
pp. 156.
[10] D. Kerdachi, (2002) "Effluent tariff system for discharge into the
municipal sewer using the fixed - variable method of expenditure
allocation and depreciation," in 2002 Biennial Conference of the Water
Institute of Southern Africa, May 19-23, Durban, South Africa.
[11] Water Pollution Control Federation, Regulations for Sewer use, Manual
of Practice no. 3, Washington, D.C.: Water Pollution Control
Federation, 1975.
[12] J.C. Groenewold, R.F. Pico, and K.S. Watson, "Comparison of BOD
relationships for typical edible and petroleum oils," Jour. WPCF, vol 54,
no. 10, pp. 398-405, 1982.
[13] C. Belshaw, A.P. Jones, D. Hosker, and A.G. Fox, "Industrial effluent
management and control in the North West," Proc Saf and Env Prot,
Trans IChemE, vol 68, part B, pp. 224-226, 1990.
[14] M.J. Nicholas, R. Clift, A. Azapagic, F.C. Walker, and D.E. Porter,
"Determination of ÔÇÿbest available techniques- for Integrated Pollution
Prevention and Control: A life cycle approach," Proc. Saf. and Env.
Prot., vol 78, no. B3, pp. 193-203, 2000.
[15] APHA., WEF. and AWWA, Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater. Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E., Eaton, A.D.
(eds.) 20th edn. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association,
1998.
[16] L.H. Keith, ed., Principles of environmental sampling, 2 edn.
Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1996.
[17] E.L. Dick, "Automatic Water and Wastewater Sampling," in: Principles
of Environmental Sampling, 2nd ed, L.H. Keith, Ed. Washington, D.C.:
American Chemical Society, 1988, pp.237-258.
[18] T. Schofied, "Sampling of water and wastewater: Practical aspects of
sample collection," Wat. Pollut. Control, pp. 468- 476, 1980.
[19] R. Newburn, "Modern Sampling Equipment," in: Principles of
Environmental Sampling, 2nd ed, L.H. Keith, Ed., Washington, D.C.:
American Chemical Society, 1998, pp. 225-235.
[20] Metcalf, and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal and
Reuse, 3rd ed, G. Tchobanoglous, and F.L. Burton, Eds. New York:
McGraw Hill International, 1991, pp. 195-200.
[21] J. Wild, "A survey of trade effluent sampling for charging in the Seven
Trent Water Authority," Jour. of the Inst. of Wat. Eng. & San, vol 38,
no.5, pp. 457- 466, 1984.
[22] G. Samudro, and S. Mangkoedihardjo, "Review on BOD, COD and
BOD/COD ratio: A triangle zone for toxic, biodegradable and stable
levels," International Journal of Academic Research, vol. 2, no. 4, pp.
235-239, 2010.
[23] K.P. Anand, A. Sivashanmugam, H. Beulah, and N. Palaniswamy,
"Performance evaluation of low cost adsorbents in reduction of COD in
sugar industrial effluent," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol 168, pp.
800-805, 2009.
[24] N. Azbar, and T. Yonar, "Comparative evaluation of a laboratory and
full-scale treatment alternatives for the vegetable oil refining industry
wastewater (VORW)," Process Biochemistry, vol 39, pp. 869-875, 2004.
[25] K.B. Chipasa, "Limits of physicochemical treatment of wastewater in the
vegetable oil refining industry," Polish Journal of Environmental
Studies, vol 10, no. 3, pp. 141-147, 2001.
[26] S. Haydar, and J.A. Aziz, "Characterization and treatability studies of
tannery wastewater using chemically enhanced primary treatment
(CEPT)- A case study of Saddiq Leather Works," Journal of Hazardous
Materials, vol. 163, pp. 1076-1083, 2009.
[27] F. Harrelkasa, A. Azizib, A. Yaacoubib, A. Benhammoua, and M.N.
Ponsc, "Treatment of textile dye effluents using coagulation-
flocculation coupled with membrane processes or adsorption on
powdered activated carbon," Desalination, vol. 235, pp. 330-339, 2009.
[28] N.F. Gray, "Micro-organisms and Pollution Control," in: Water
Technology, Great Britain: Arnold, 1999, pp.102-108.
[1] A. Azizullah, M.N.K. Khattak, P. Richter, and D-P Häder, "Water
pollution in Pakistan and its impact on public health-A review-,
Environment International," vol 37, pp. 479-497, 2011.
[2] M. Milovanovic, "Water quality assessment and determination of
pollution sources along the Axios/Vardar River, Southeastern Europe,"
Desalination, vol 213, pp. 159-173, 2007.
[3] J. Nyamangara, C. Bangira, T. Taruvinga, C. Masona, A. Nyemba, and
D. Ndlovu, "Effects of sewage and industrial effluent on the
concentration of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in water and sediments along
Waterfalls stream and lower Mukuvisi River in Harare, Zimbabwe,"
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, vol 33, pp. 708-713, 2008.
[4] T. Rajaram, and A. Das, "Water pollution by industrial effluents in
India: Discharge scenarios and case for participatory ecosystem specific
local regulation," Futures, vol 40, pp. 56-59, 2008.
[5] A. Elhassadi, "Pollution of water resources from industrial effluents: a
case study-Benghazi, Libya," Desalination, vol. 222, pp. 286-293, 2008.
[6] P.J. Oberholster, A.M. Botha, and T.E. Cloete, "Biological and chemical
evaluation of sewage water pollution in the Rietvlei nature reserve
wetland area, South Africa," Environmental Pollution, vol 156, pp. 184-
192, 2008.
[7] F. Ntuli, K.P. Kuipa, and E. Muzenda, "Designing of sampling
programmes for industrial effluent monitoring," Environ. Sci. Pollut.
Res., vol 18, pp. 479-484, 2011.
[8] A.D. Patwardhan, Industrial waste water treatment. New Delhi: PHI
Learning Private Limited, 2009.
[9] T.G. Sanders, R.C. Ward, J.C. Loftis, T.D. Steele, D.D. Adrian, and V.
Yevjevich, "Sampling frequency," in: Design of network systems for
monitoring water quality, Colorado: Water Resources Publication, 1983,
pp. 156.
[10] D. Kerdachi, (2002) "Effluent tariff system for discharge into the
municipal sewer using the fixed - variable method of expenditure
allocation and depreciation," in 2002 Biennial Conference of the Water
Institute of Southern Africa, May 19-23, Durban, South Africa.
[11] Water Pollution Control Federation, Regulations for Sewer use, Manual
of Practice no. 3, Washington, D.C.: Water Pollution Control
Federation, 1975.
[12] J.C. Groenewold, R.F. Pico, and K.S. Watson, "Comparison of BOD
relationships for typical edible and petroleum oils," Jour. WPCF, vol 54,
no. 10, pp. 398-405, 1982.
[13] C. Belshaw, A.P. Jones, D. Hosker, and A.G. Fox, "Industrial effluent
management and control in the North West," Proc Saf and Env Prot,
Trans IChemE, vol 68, part B, pp. 224-226, 1990.
[14] M.J. Nicholas, R. Clift, A. Azapagic, F.C. Walker, and D.E. Porter,
"Determination of ÔÇÿbest available techniques- for Integrated Pollution
Prevention and Control: A life cycle approach," Proc. Saf. and Env.
Prot., vol 78, no. B3, pp. 193-203, 2000.
[15] APHA., WEF. and AWWA, Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater. Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E., Eaton, A.D.
(eds.) 20th edn. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association,
1998.
[16] L.H. Keith, ed., Principles of environmental sampling, 2 edn.
Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1996.
[17] E.L. Dick, "Automatic Water and Wastewater Sampling," in: Principles
of Environmental Sampling, 2nd ed, L.H. Keith, Ed. Washington, D.C.:
American Chemical Society, 1988, pp.237-258.
[18] T. Schofied, "Sampling of water and wastewater: Practical aspects of
sample collection," Wat. Pollut. Control, pp. 468- 476, 1980.
[19] R. Newburn, "Modern Sampling Equipment," in: Principles of
Environmental Sampling, 2nd ed, L.H. Keith, Ed., Washington, D.C.:
American Chemical Society, 1998, pp. 225-235.
[20] Metcalf, and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal and
Reuse, 3rd ed, G. Tchobanoglous, and F.L. Burton, Eds. New York:
McGraw Hill International, 1991, pp. 195-200.
[21] J. Wild, "A survey of trade effluent sampling for charging in the Seven
Trent Water Authority," Jour. of the Inst. of Wat. Eng. & San, vol 38,
no.5, pp. 457- 466, 1984.
[22] G. Samudro, and S. Mangkoedihardjo, "Review on BOD, COD and
BOD/COD ratio: A triangle zone for toxic, biodegradable and stable
levels," International Journal of Academic Research, vol. 2, no. 4, pp.
235-239, 2010.
[23] K.P. Anand, A. Sivashanmugam, H. Beulah, and N. Palaniswamy,
"Performance evaluation of low cost adsorbents in reduction of COD in
sugar industrial effluent," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol 168, pp.
800-805, 2009.
[24] N. Azbar, and T. Yonar, "Comparative evaluation of a laboratory and
full-scale treatment alternatives for the vegetable oil refining industry
wastewater (VORW)," Process Biochemistry, vol 39, pp. 869-875, 2004.
[25] K.B. Chipasa, "Limits of physicochemical treatment of wastewater in the
vegetable oil refining industry," Polish Journal of Environmental
Studies, vol 10, no. 3, pp. 141-147, 2001.
[26] S. Haydar, and J.A. Aziz, "Characterization and treatability studies of
tannery wastewater using chemically enhanced primary treatment
(CEPT)- A case study of Saddiq Leather Works," Journal of Hazardous
Materials, vol. 163, pp. 1076-1083, 2009.
[27] F. Harrelkasa, A. Azizib, A. Yaacoubib, A. Benhammoua, and M.N.
Ponsc, "Treatment of textile dye effluents using coagulation-
flocculation coupled with membrane processes or adsorption on
powdered activated carbon," Desalination, vol. 235, pp. 330-339, 2009.
[28] N.F. Gray, "Micro-organisms and Pollution Control," in: Water
Technology, Great Britain: Arnold, 1999, pp.102-108.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:64349", author = "Freeman Ntuli", title = "Management and Control of Industrial Effluents Discharged to Public Sewers: A Case Study", abstract = "An overview of the important aspects of managing
and controlling industrial effluent discharges to public sewers namely
sampling, characterization, quantification and legislative controls has
been presented. The findings have been validated by means of a case
study covering three industrial sectors namely, tanning, textile
finishing and food processing industries. Industrial effluents
discharges were found to be best monitored by systematic and
automatic sampling and quantified using water meter readings
corrected for evaporative and consumptive losses. Based on the
treatment processes employed in the public owned treatment works
and the chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand
levels obtained, the effluent from all the three industrial sectors
studied were found to lie in the toxic zone. Thus, physico-chemical
treatment of these effluents is required to bring them into the
biodegradable zone. KL values (quoted to base e) were greater than
0.50 day-1 compared to 0.39 day-1 for typical municipality
wastewater.", keywords = "biodegradability, industrial effluent, pollution
control, public sewers", volume = "6", number = "8", pages = "564-6", }