Electrocardiographic (ECG) machine is an important equipment to diagnose heart problems. Besides, the ECG signals are used to detect many other features of human body and behavior. But it is not so cheap and simple in operation to be used in the countries like Bangladesh, where most of the people are very low income earners. Therefore, in this paper, we have tried to implement a simple and portable ECG machine. Since Arduino Uno microcontroller is very cheap, we have used it in our system to minimize the cost. Our designed system is powered by a 2-voltage level DC power supply. It provides wireless connectivity to have ECG data either in smartphone having android operating system or a PC/laptop having Windows operating system. To get the data, a graphic user interface has been designed. Android application has also been made using IDE for Android 2.3 and API 10. Since it requires no USB host API, almost 98% Android smartphones, available in the country, will be able to use it. We have calculated the heart rate from the measured ECG by our designed machine and by an ECG machine of a reputed diagnostic center in Dhaka city for the same people at the same time on same day. Then we calculated the percentage of errors between the readings of two machines and computed its average. From this computation, we have found out that the average percentage of error is within an acceptable limit.
[1] WHO Fact Sheet on Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs): https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds), accessed on 28 April 2020.
[2] N. Teruyuki, F. Taisuke, T. Hikari, O. Kiyomi, O. Akiyoshi, H. Rumi and H. Junichiro, “Blood pressure and heart rate variability in taxi drivers on long duty schedules”, Journal of Occupational Health, 2002, vol. 44, pp. 214-220.
[3] Y. S. Yang, Z. Q. Yao, Z. Y. Li and K. Jiao, “Investigation on correlation between ECG indexes and driving fatigue”, Machinery Design Manufacture, 2002, vol. 5, pp. 94-95.
[4] F. Jamshidian-Tehrani and R. Sameni, “Fetal ECG extraction from timevarying and low-rank noninvasive maternal abdominal recordings,” Physiol. Meas., vol. 39, no. 12, 2018, Art. no. 125008.
[5] S. R. Tithi, A. Aktar, F. Aleem and A. Chakrabarty, "ECG data analysis and heart diseases prediction usig machine learning algorithms," Proceedings of 2019 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP), India, pp. 819-824.
[6] R. Musale and A. N. Paithane, "Design and develop an algorithm for a diabetic detection using ECG signal," Proceedings of the IEEE 2017 International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC), pp. 961-966.
[7] M. Nawal, M. K. Sharma and M. M. Bundele, "Design and Implementation of Human Identification through Physical Activity Aware 12 Lead ECG," Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE-2016), December 23-25, 2016, Jaipur, India.
[8] Sriram, Janani C., et al. "Activity-aware ECG-based Patient Authentication for Remote Health Monitoring," Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces. ACM, 2009.
[9] K. A. Sidek and I. Khalil. "Automobile driver Recognition under Different Physiological Conditions using the Electrocardiogram," Computing in Cardiology, IEEE, 2011.
[10] P. Leijdekkers and V. Gay. “A Self-Test to Detect A Heart Attack Using A Mobile Phone and Wearable Sensors,” Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, p. 93, 2008.
[11] M. K. Russel and M. H. Bhuyan, “Microcontroller Based DC Motor Speed Control Using PWM Technique,” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (ICECTE), RUET, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, 1-2 December 2012, pp. 519-522.
[12] M. H. Bhuyan, M. M. Haque, M. A. Rauf and M. M. I. Khan, “Design and Implementation of a Microcontroller Based Elevator Control Systems,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Research, Innovation and Education (CERIE 2011), SUST, Sylhet, Bangladesh, 11-13 January 2011, pp. 504-507.
[13] M. S. Ali and M. H. Bhuyan, “Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost Automated Blood Flow Control Device Through Smart Phone for Bio-Medical Application,” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Informatics, Electronics and Vision (ICIEV 2017), University of Hyogo, Himeji, Japan, 1-3 September 2017, pp. 1-5.
[14] M. S. Ali and M. H. Bhuyan, “Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost Blood Pressure Measuring Device,” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE), BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 20-22 Dec. 2018, pp. 309-312.
[15] B. Wang and S. Su, "Design of ECG Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor Network," IEEE International Conf., pp. 4005-4007.
[16] Y. Liu, J. Wang, C. Zhao, X. Lu, H. Duan, X. Yao and W. Xu, "Enhancing Interoperability of ECG Machine to Support ECG Telediagnosis Service," 2011 IEEE 4th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI), pp. 1093-1096.
[17] B. Li and H. Li, "The Preliminary Exploration of Intelligent Private Pension Institutions- The Design of Portable ECG Monitor," 2014 Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics, DOI: 10.1109/IHMSC.2014.105, pp. 8-11.
[18] T. Kumar, A. K. Memon, S.H.A. Musavi, F. Khan and R. Kumar, “FPGA Based Energy Efficient ECG Machine Design Using Different IO Standard,” 2015 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), pp. 1541-1546.
[19] F. Aihua, B. Chunhua, N. Xinbao, H. Aijun and Z. Jianjun, “Portable electrocardiogram monitor based on ARM,” Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Technology and Application in Biomedicine in Conjunction with the 2nd International Symposium and Summer School on Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, China, vol. 5, pp. 481-483, May 2008.
[20] M. Yunus, A. Talib and A. Khan, "Designing a 3-Lead Cost Effective ECG Recording Glove for Home Monitoring," Bioscience and Engineering: An International Journal (BIOEJ), Vol.1, No.1, pp. 45-57, July 2014.
[21] J. Francis, "ECG monitoring leads and special leads," Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal, Vol. 16, Issue 3, pp. 92-95, May-June 2016.
[22] E. Richard and A. D. C. Chan, "Design of a Gel-less Two-Electrode ECG Monitor," Proceeding of the 2010 IEEE International Workshop on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA), Ottawa, ON, Canada, pp. 92-96.
[23] C.-C. Hsu, B.-S. Lin, K.-Y. He and B.-S. Lin, "Design of a Wearable 12-Lead Noncontact Electrocardiogram Monitoring System," Journal of Sensors, vol. 19, 1509, pp. 1-13, 2019, doi: 10.3390/s19071509.
[24] H. Zhang1, L. Tian, H. Lu, M. Zhou, H. Zou, P. Fang, F. Yao and G. Li, "A Wearable 12-Lead ECG Acquisition System with Fabric Electrodes," IEEE International Conference, pp. 4439-4442.
[25] P. Singh and A. Jasuja, "IoT Based Low-Cost Distant Patient ECG Monitoring System," IEEE International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation (ICCCA2017), pp. 1330-1334.
[26] M. H. Bhuyan and K. M. Rahman, “Digital Signal Processor Controlled PWM Phase Modulator for Two-Phase Induction Motor Drive,” Journal of Electrical Engineering, the Institution of Engineers Bangladesh (IEB-EE), 0379-4318, vol. EE 34, no. I-II, pp. 19-25, Dec. 2007.
[27] V. V. Stuchilin, V. A. Rumyantseva and I. S. Svirin, “The Use of Digital Signal Processing Algorithms for Electrophysiological Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases,” Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 119-128, 2017.
[28] S. T. Prasad and S. Varadarajan, “PC Based Digital Signal Processing of ECG Signals,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering (IJARCCE), Vol. 2, Issue 12, December 2013.
[29] J. Justese and S. C. Madsen, “Wearable wireless ECG monitoring Hardware prototype for use in patients own home,” Proc. of IEEE Conference, 2009, doi: 10.4108/ICST.PERVASIVEHEALTH2009.6.
[30] G. C. Seng, S. Salleh, A. R. Harris, M. N. Jamaludin and I. Kamarulafizam, "Standalone ECG monitoring system using digital signal processing hardware," Proc. of IEEE Conference, January 2012.
[31] A. Malvino and D. J. Bates, “Electronic Principles.” 7th edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, India, 2011, pp. 203-223.
[1] WHO Fact Sheet on Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs): https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds), accessed on 28 April 2020.
[2] N. Teruyuki, F. Taisuke, T. Hikari, O. Kiyomi, O. Akiyoshi, H. Rumi and H. Junichiro, “Blood pressure and heart rate variability in taxi drivers on long duty schedules”, Journal of Occupational Health, 2002, vol. 44, pp. 214-220.
[3] Y. S. Yang, Z. Q. Yao, Z. Y. Li and K. Jiao, “Investigation on correlation between ECG indexes and driving fatigue”, Machinery Design Manufacture, 2002, vol. 5, pp. 94-95.
[4] F. Jamshidian-Tehrani and R. Sameni, “Fetal ECG extraction from timevarying and low-rank noninvasive maternal abdominal recordings,” Physiol. Meas., vol. 39, no. 12, 2018, Art. no. 125008.
[5] S. R. Tithi, A. Aktar, F. Aleem and A. Chakrabarty, "ECG data analysis and heart diseases prediction usig machine learning algorithms," Proceedings of 2019 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP), India, pp. 819-824.
[6] R. Musale and A. N. Paithane, "Design and develop an algorithm for a diabetic detection using ECG signal," Proceedings of the IEEE 2017 International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC), pp. 961-966.
[7] M. Nawal, M. K. Sharma and M. M. Bundele, "Design and Implementation of Human Identification through Physical Activity Aware 12 Lead ECG," Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE-2016), December 23-25, 2016, Jaipur, India.
[8] Sriram, Janani C., et al. "Activity-aware ECG-based Patient Authentication for Remote Health Monitoring," Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces. ACM, 2009.
[9] K. A. Sidek and I. Khalil. "Automobile driver Recognition under Different Physiological Conditions using the Electrocardiogram," Computing in Cardiology, IEEE, 2011.
[10] P. Leijdekkers and V. Gay. “A Self-Test to Detect A Heart Attack Using A Mobile Phone and Wearable Sensors,” Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, p. 93, 2008.
[11] M. K. Russel and M. H. Bhuyan, “Microcontroller Based DC Motor Speed Control Using PWM Technique,” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (ICECTE), RUET, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, 1-2 December 2012, pp. 519-522.
[12] M. H. Bhuyan, M. M. Haque, M. A. Rauf and M. M. I. Khan, “Design and Implementation of a Microcontroller Based Elevator Control Systems,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Research, Innovation and Education (CERIE 2011), SUST, Sylhet, Bangladesh, 11-13 January 2011, pp. 504-507.
[13] M. S. Ali and M. H. Bhuyan, “Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost Automated Blood Flow Control Device Through Smart Phone for Bio-Medical Application,” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Informatics, Electronics and Vision (ICIEV 2017), University of Hyogo, Himeji, Japan, 1-3 September 2017, pp. 1-5.
[14] M. S. Ali and M. H. Bhuyan, “Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost Blood Pressure Measuring Device,” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE), BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 20-22 Dec. 2018, pp. 309-312.
[15] B. Wang and S. Su, "Design of ECG Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor Network," IEEE International Conf., pp. 4005-4007.
[16] Y. Liu, J. Wang, C. Zhao, X. Lu, H. Duan, X. Yao and W. Xu, "Enhancing Interoperability of ECG Machine to Support ECG Telediagnosis Service," 2011 IEEE 4th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI), pp. 1093-1096.
[17] B. Li and H. Li, "The Preliminary Exploration of Intelligent Private Pension Institutions- The Design of Portable ECG Monitor," 2014 Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics, DOI: 10.1109/IHMSC.2014.105, pp. 8-11.
[18] T. Kumar, A. K. Memon, S.H.A. Musavi, F. Khan and R. Kumar, “FPGA Based Energy Efficient ECG Machine Design Using Different IO Standard,” 2015 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), pp. 1541-1546.
[19] F. Aihua, B. Chunhua, N. Xinbao, H. Aijun and Z. Jianjun, “Portable electrocardiogram monitor based on ARM,” Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Technology and Application in Biomedicine in Conjunction with the 2nd International Symposium and Summer School on Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, China, vol. 5, pp. 481-483, May 2008.
[20] M. Yunus, A. Talib and A. Khan, "Designing a 3-Lead Cost Effective ECG Recording Glove for Home Monitoring," Bioscience and Engineering: An International Journal (BIOEJ), Vol.1, No.1, pp. 45-57, July 2014.
[21] J. Francis, "ECG monitoring leads and special leads," Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal, Vol. 16, Issue 3, pp. 92-95, May-June 2016.
[22] E. Richard and A. D. C. Chan, "Design of a Gel-less Two-Electrode ECG Monitor," Proceeding of the 2010 IEEE International Workshop on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA), Ottawa, ON, Canada, pp. 92-96.
[23] C.-C. Hsu, B.-S. Lin, K.-Y. He and B.-S. Lin, "Design of a Wearable 12-Lead Noncontact Electrocardiogram Monitoring System," Journal of Sensors, vol. 19, 1509, pp. 1-13, 2019, doi: 10.3390/s19071509.
[24] H. Zhang1, L. Tian, H. Lu, M. Zhou, H. Zou, P. Fang, F. Yao and G. Li, "A Wearable 12-Lead ECG Acquisition System with Fabric Electrodes," IEEE International Conference, pp. 4439-4442.
[25] P. Singh and A. Jasuja, "IoT Based Low-Cost Distant Patient ECG Monitoring System," IEEE International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation (ICCCA2017), pp. 1330-1334.
[26] M. H. Bhuyan and K. M. Rahman, “Digital Signal Processor Controlled PWM Phase Modulator for Two-Phase Induction Motor Drive,” Journal of Electrical Engineering, the Institution of Engineers Bangladesh (IEB-EE), 0379-4318, vol. EE 34, no. I-II, pp. 19-25, Dec. 2007.
[27] V. V. Stuchilin, V. A. Rumyantseva and I. S. Svirin, “The Use of Digital Signal Processing Algorithms for Electrophysiological Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases,” Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 119-128, 2017.
[28] S. T. Prasad and S. Varadarajan, “PC Based Digital Signal Processing of ECG Signals,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering (IJARCCE), Vol. 2, Issue 12, December 2013.
[29] J. Justese and S. C. Madsen, “Wearable wireless ECG monitoring Hardware prototype for use in patients own home,” Proc. of IEEE Conference, 2009, doi: 10.4108/ICST.PERVASIVEHEALTH2009.6.
[30] G. C. Seng, S. Salleh, A. R. Harris, M. N. Jamaludin and I. Kamarulafizam, "Standalone ECG monitoring system using digital signal processing hardware," Proc. of IEEE Conference, January 2012.
[31] A. Malvino and D. J. Bates, “Electronic Principles.” 7th edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, India, 2011, pp. 203-223.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:79734", author = "Muhibul H. Bhuyan and Md. T. Hasan and Hasan Iskander", title = "Low Cost Microcontroller Based ECG Machine", abstract = "Electrocardiographic (ECG) machine is an important equipment to diagnose heart problems. Besides, the ECG signals are used to detect many other features of human body and behavior. But it is not so cheap and simple in operation to be used in the countries like Bangladesh, where most of the people are very low income earners. Therefore, in this paper, we have tried to implement a simple and portable ECG machine. Since Arduino Uno microcontroller is very cheap, we have used it in our system to minimize the cost. Our designed system is powered by a 2-voltage level DC power supply. It provides wireless connectivity to have ECG data either in smartphone having android operating system or a PC/laptop having Windows operating system. To get the data, a graphic user interface has been designed. Android application has also been made using IDE for Android 2.3 and API 10. Since it requires no USB host API, almost 98% Android smartphones, available in the country, will be able to use it. We have calculated the heart rate from the measured ECG by our designed machine and by an ECG machine of a reputed diagnostic center in Dhaka city for the same people at the same time on same day. Then we calculated the percentage of errors between the readings of two machines and computed its average. From this computation, we have found out that the average percentage of error is within an acceptable limit.
", keywords = "Low cost ECG machine, heart diseases, remote monitoring, Arduino microcontroller. ", volume = "14", number = "7", pages = "204-8", }
