Loop-free Local Path Repair Strategy for Directed Diffusion

This paper proposes an implementation for the directed diffusion paradigm aids in studying this paradigm-s operations and evaluates its behavior according to this implementation. The directed diffusion is evaluated with respect to the loss percentage, lifetime, end-to-end delay, and throughput. From these evaluations some suggestions and modifications are proposed to improve the directed diffusion behavior according to this implementation with respect to these metrics. The proposed modifications reflect the effect of local path repair by introducing a technique called Loop-free Local Path Repair (LLPR) which improves the directed diffusion behavior especially with respect to packet loss percentage by about 92.69%. Also LLPR improves the throughput and end-to-end delay by about 55.31% and 14.06% respectively, while the lifetime decreases by about 29.79%.

Authors:

• Basma M. Mohammad El-Basioni
• Sherine M. Abd El-kader
• Hussein S. Eissa

Keywords:

• Attribute-value based naming scheme
• data gathering
• data-centric routing
• energy-efficiency
• locality
• wireless sensor network.

References:

[1] C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin, "Directed Diffusion: A
Scalable and Robust Communication Paradigm for Sensor Networks," in
Proc. 6th MobiCom, Aug. 2000, pp. 56-67.
[2] K. E. Kannammal and T. Purusothaman, "New Interest Propagation
Mechanism in Directed Diffusion Protocol for Mobile Sensor Networks,"
European J. of Scientific Research, vol 68, no. 1, pp. 36-42, 2012.
[3] A. A. Hady, S. M. Abd El-kader, H. S. Eissa, A. Salem, and H. M.A.
Fahmy, " A Comparative Analysis of Hierarchical Routing Protocols in
Wireless Sensor Networks," in: Jemal H. Abawajy, Mukaddim Pathan,
Mustafizur Rahman, Al-Sakib Khan Pathan, Mustafa Mat Deris (Eds.),
Internet and Distributed Computing Advancements: Theoretical
Frameworks and Practical Applications, IGI Global, 2012, pp. 212-246.
[4] F. Dargahi, A. M. Rahmani, and R. Samadabadi, "A new clustered
Directed Diffusion Algorithm based on credit of nodes for wireless sensor
networks," Novel Algorithms and Techniques in Telecommunications and
Networking, 2010, pp. 477-481.
[5] K.E. Kannammal and Dr. T. Purusothaman, "Evaluation of Directed
Diffusion Protocol for Mobile Sensor Networks," International Journal of
Engineering Science and Technology, vol 2, no. 6, pp. 2272-2277, 2010.
[6] N. Perwaiz and M.Y. Javed, "A study on distributed diffusion and its
variants," in Proc. 12th International Conference on Computers and
Information Technology (ICCIT '09), 2009, pp. 44 - 49.
[7] I. F. Akyildiz, Wireless Sensor Networks, Series in Communications and
Networking. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2010.
[8] S. Misra, I. Woungang, and S. C. Misra, Guide to Wireless Sensor
Networks. Springer-Verlag London Limited, 2009.
[9] J. Zheng and A. Jamalipour, Wireless Sensor Networks: A Networking
Perspective. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009.
[10] A. Boukerche, Algorithms and Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks.
John Wiley and Sons, 2009.
[11] K. Sohraby, D. Minoli, and T. Znati, Wireless Sensor Networks:
Technology, Protocols, and Applications. John Wiley and Sons, 2007.
[12] B. M. Mohammad El-Basioni, S. M. Abd El-kader, H. S. Eissa, and M. M.
Zahra, "An Optimized Energy-aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor
Network," Egyptian Informatics Journal, vol 12, no. 2, pp. 61-72, 2011.
[13] W.B. Heinzelman, A.P. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, "An
Application Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor
Networks," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol 1, no. 4,
pp. 660 - 670, 2002.
[14] A. Varga, Omnet++ discrete event simulation system, the Technical
University of Budapest, Department of Telecommunications (BME-HIT),
retrieved from http://www.omnetpp.org/omnetpp/doc_details/2105-omnet-
32-win32-binary-exe, 2005.