Links between Landscape Management and Environmental Risk Assessment: Considerations from the Italian Context
Issues relating to the destructive phenomena that can
damage people and goods have returned to the centre of debate in
Italy with the increase in catastrophic episodes in recent years in a
country which is highly vulnerable to hydrological risk.
Environmental factors and geological and geomorphological
territorial characteristics play an important role in determining the
level of vulnerability and the natural tendency to risk. However, a
territory has also been subjected to the requirements of and
transformations of society and this brings other relevant factors. The
reasons for the increase in destructive phenomena are often to be
found in the territorial development models adopted. Stewardship of
the landscape and management of risk are related issues. This study aims to summarize the most relevant elements about
this connection and at the same time to clarify the role of
environmental risk assessment as a tool to aid in the sustainable
management of landscape. Finally, the study reflects on how regional
and urban planners deal with environmental risk and which aspects
should be monitored in order to adopt responsible and useful
interventions.
[1] M. Agnoletti, Ed., Italian Historical Rural Landscapes, Heidelberg
London New York: Springer Verlag, 2013.
[2] M. Antrop, “Landscape Change and Urbanization Process in Europe”,
Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 67, pp. 9-26, March, 2004.
[3] M. Arouri, C. Nguyen and A.B. Youssef, “Natural Disasters, Household
Wel-fare, and Resilience: Evidence from Rural Vietnam”, World
Development, vol. 70, pp. 59-77, June, 2015.
[4] M. Balestrieri, “Zone d’ombra della pianificazione”, Urbanistica
Dossier, vol. 4, pp. 571- 575, 2013.
[5] P. Berdini, Breve storia dell’abuso edilizio in Italia dal ventennio
fascista al prossimo futuro, Roma: Saggine, 2010.
[6] M. Besio, “Dalla carta del rischio al piano integrato della sostenibilità
territoriale”, Urbanistica, vol. 117, pp. 5-17, 2001.
[7] L. Briguglio, G. Cordina, N. Farrugia and S. Vella, Economic
Vulnerability and Resilience Concepts and Measurements, Research
Paper N. 2008/55, UNU-WIDER World Development Economic
Research Institute, 2008.
[8] R. J. Burby, P. J. May and R. G. Paterson., “Improving compliance with
regulations: Choices and outcomes for local government”, Journal of the
American Planning Association, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 324-34, November,
1998.
[9] R. J. Burby, T. Beatley, P. R. Berke, R. E. Deyle, S. P. French, D.R.
Goldschalk, E. J. Kaiser, J. D. Kartez, P. J. May, R. Olshansky, R. G.
Paterson and R. H. Platt, “Unleashing the power of planning to create
disaster-resistant communities”, JAPA, vol. 65, no.3, pp. 247-58,
November, 1999.
[10] R. Camagni, M. C. Gibelli and P. Rigamonti, I costi collettivi della città
dispersa, Firenze: Alinea Editrice, 2002.
[11] R. Camagni, “Perequazione urbanistica estesa, rendita e
finanziarizzazione immobiliare: un conflitto con l’equità e la qualità
territoriale”, Scienze Regionali, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 29-44, 2014.
[12] Crcs, Rapporto 2010, Roma, http://consumosuolo.org/files/2014/06/
abstract_rapporto_2010.pdf
[13] Cresme, Lo stato del territorio italiano 2012, Insediamento e rischio
sismico idrogeologico, www.camera.it/temiap/temi16/
CRESME_rischiosismico.pdf
[14] Cutter, S.L. & Finch, C., “Temporal and spatial changes in social
vulnerability to natural hazards,” in Proc. of the National Academy of
Sciences, vol. 105, no. 7, pp. 2301-2306, 2007.
[15] M. Dallimer, D. Tinch, S. Acs, N. Hanley, H.R. Southall, K. J. Gaston,
and P.R. Armsworth, “100 years of change: examining agricultural
trends, habitat change and stakeholder perceptions through the 20th
century”, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 46, no.2, pp. 334-343, March,
2009.
[16] A. Dauphiné, Risques et catastrophes: observer, spatialiser –
comprendre – gérer, Paris:Armand Colin, 2001.
[17] A. De Montis, “Impacts of the European Landscape Convention on
national planning systems: A comparative investigation of six case
studies”, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 124, pp. 53-65, April,
2014.
[18] L. Fregolent, Governare la dispersione, Franco Angeli: Milano, 2005.
[19] A. Galderisi and A. Ceudech, “Dalle tecniche per la conoscenza agli
strumenti urbanistici per la mitigazione del rischio idrogeologico in
ambito urbano”, in Proc. XXIX Conferenza italiana di Scienze Regionali
Journal of Applied Ecology, Bari, 2008.
[20] A. Galderisi and S. Menoni, “Rischi naturali, Prevenzione e Piano”,
Urbanistica, vol. 134, pp. 7-22, 2007.
[21] P. Graziano, “Vulnerability and resilience of the economic, social and
environmental dimensions of italian provinces”, in Proc. Regional
Studies Association European Conference, Tampere, May 2013.
[22] ISDR, Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the
Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters,
http://www.unisdr.org/2005/wcdr
[23] Ispra, Il consumo di suolo in Italia, Roma: Ispra, 2014.
[24] F. Indovina, La città diffusa, Venezia: Daest-IUAV, 1990.
[25] J. Jensen and M. Mesman, Ecological Risk Assessment of Contaminated
Land, 2006, http://dce.au.dk/fileadmin/Attachments/Prefaceetc.pdf
[26] M.P. Johnson, “Environmental impacts of urban sprawl: a survey of the
literature and proposed research agenda”, Environment and Planning A,
vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 717-735, 2001.
[27] M. Kamppinen and M. Wilenius, “Risk landscapes in the era of social
transition”, Futures, vol. 33, no.3-4, August, pp. 307-317, 2001.
[28] D. Knowler and B. Bradshaw, “Farmers adoption of conservation
agriculture: a review and synthesis of recent research”, Food Policy, vol.
32, no.1, pp. 25-48, 2007.
[29] Legambiente, Rapporto Ecomafia 2008. I numeri e le storie della
criminalità ambientale, Milano: Edizioni Ambiente, 2008.
[30] MATTM, Rischio idrogeologico in Italia, Ministero dell’Ambiente e
della Tutela del Territorio, 2008.
[31] L. Mazza, “Limiti e capacità della pianificazione dello spazio”,
Territorio, vol. 52, no. 7-24, 2010.
[32] D. S. Mileti, Disasters by design, A reassessment of natural hazards in
the United States, Washington DC: Joseph Henry Press, 1999.
[33] W. Naudé, M. McGillivray, and R. Stephanié, Measuring the
Vulnerability of Subnational Regions, Research Paper No. 2008/54,
UNU-WIDER World Development Economic Research Institute, 2008.
[34] ONUG/DHA, (1992), Glossaire International multilingue agrée de
termes relatifs à la gestion de catastrophes,
http://www.unisdr.org/unisdr/glossaire.html
[35] C. V. Patton, Ed., Spontaneous Shelter: International Perspectives and
Prospects, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988.
[36] B. Roy, “Decision Science or Decision-aid Science?”, European Journal
of Operational Research, vol. 66, no. 2, pp.184-203, May, 1993.
[37] B. Roy, Méthodologie multicritère d’aide à la décision, Paris:
Economica, 1985.
[38] L. Salvati, M. Munafò, V. G. Morelli and A. Sabbi, “Low-density
Settlements and Land Use Changes in a Mediterranean Urban Region”,
Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 105, no. 1-2, pp. 43-52, April,
2012.
[39] E. Salzano, “Dualismo urbano. Città dei cittadini o città della rendita”,
QT2 Quaderni del territorio, vol. 2, pp. 143-153, 2011
[40] R. Schoonjans and R. Luttik, “Specifying biodiversity-related protection
goals for environmental risk assessment”, EFSA Journal, vol. 12, no. 6,
pp. 1-4, December, 2014.
[41] M. Scheele, The agri-environmental measures in the context of CAP
reform, in Whitby M., Ed, The European Environment and CAP
Reform, Policies and Prospects for Conservation, Wallingford: CAB
International, pp. 3-7, 1996.
[42] M. Schouten, C. M. Van Der Heide, W. J. M. Heijman, and PFM.
Opdam, A resilience-based policy evaluation framework: application to
European rural development policies, Ecological Economics, vol. 81, pp.
165-175, September, 2012.
[43] S. Stanghellini, “Abusivismo edilizio: Il ministro degli interni si
preoccupi”, Urbanistica Informazioni, vol. 135, no. 6, 215-233, 1994.
[44] W. Tocci, “L’insostenibile ascesa della rendita Urbana”, Democrazia e
Diritto, vol. 1, pp. 17-59, 2009.
[45] C. Stoate C., A. Baldi, P. Beja , N. D., Boatman., I. Herzon, A. van
Doorn, G. R. de Snoo, L. Rakosy and C. Ramwell, “Ecological impacts
of early 21st century agricultural change in Europe - A review”, Journal
of Environmental Management, vol. 91, no.1, pp. 22-46, October 2009.
[46] F. Zanfi, “The “Città Abusiva” in Contemporary Southern Italy: Illegal
Building Prospects for Change”, Urban Studies, vol. 50, no. 16, pp.
3428-3445, December, 2013.
[47] B. Wisner, P. Blaikie, T. Cannon and I. Davis, At Risk. Natural Hazards,
People’s Vulnerability and Disasters, 2nd edition, London: Routledge,
2004.
[1] M. Agnoletti, Ed., Italian Historical Rural Landscapes, Heidelberg
London New York: Springer Verlag, 2013.
[2] M. Antrop, “Landscape Change and Urbanization Process in Europe”,
Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 67, pp. 9-26, March, 2004.
[3] M. Arouri, C. Nguyen and A.B. Youssef, “Natural Disasters, Household
Wel-fare, and Resilience: Evidence from Rural Vietnam”, World
Development, vol. 70, pp. 59-77, June, 2015.
[4] M. Balestrieri, “Zone d’ombra della pianificazione”, Urbanistica
Dossier, vol. 4, pp. 571- 575, 2013.
[5] P. Berdini, Breve storia dell’abuso edilizio in Italia dal ventennio
fascista al prossimo futuro, Roma: Saggine, 2010.
[6] M. Besio, “Dalla carta del rischio al piano integrato della sostenibilità
territoriale”, Urbanistica, vol. 117, pp. 5-17, 2001.
[7] L. Briguglio, G. Cordina, N. Farrugia and S. Vella, Economic
Vulnerability and Resilience Concepts and Measurements, Research
Paper N. 2008/55, UNU-WIDER World Development Economic
Research Institute, 2008.
[8] R. J. Burby, P. J. May and R. G. Paterson., “Improving compliance with
regulations: Choices and outcomes for local government”, Journal of the
American Planning Association, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 324-34, November,
1998.
[9] R. J. Burby, T. Beatley, P. R. Berke, R. E. Deyle, S. P. French, D.R.
Goldschalk, E. J. Kaiser, J. D. Kartez, P. J. May, R. Olshansky, R. G.
Paterson and R. H. Platt, “Unleashing the power of planning to create
disaster-resistant communities”, JAPA, vol. 65, no.3, pp. 247-58,
November, 1999.
[10] R. Camagni, M. C. Gibelli and P. Rigamonti, I costi collettivi della città
dispersa, Firenze: Alinea Editrice, 2002.
[11] R. Camagni, “Perequazione urbanistica estesa, rendita e
finanziarizzazione immobiliare: un conflitto con l’equità e la qualità
territoriale”, Scienze Regionali, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 29-44, 2014.
[12] Crcs, Rapporto 2010, Roma, http://consumosuolo.org/files/2014/06/
abstract_rapporto_2010.pdf
[13] Cresme, Lo stato del territorio italiano 2012, Insediamento e rischio
sismico idrogeologico, www.camera.it/temiap/temi16/
CRESME_rischiosismico.pdf
[14] Cutter, S.L. & Finch, C., “Temporal and spatial changes in social
vulnerability to natural hazards,” in Proc. of the National Academy of
Sciences, vol. 105, no. 7, pp. 2301-2306, 2007.
[15] M. Dallimer, D. Tinch, S. Acs, N. Hanley, H.R. Southall, K. J. Gaston,
and P.R. Armsworth, “100 years of change: examining agricultural
trends, habitat change and stakeholder perceptions through the 20th
century”, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 46, no.2, pp. 334-343, March,
2009.
[16] A. Dauphiné, Risques et catastrophes: observer, spatialiser –
comprendre – gérer, Paris:Armand Colin, 2001.
[17] A. De Montis, “Impacts of the European Landscape Convention on
national planning systems: A comparative investigation of six case
studies”, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 124, pp. 53-65, April,
2014.
[18] L. Fregolent, Governare la dispersione, Franco Angeli: Milano, 2005.
[19] A. Galderisi and A. Ceudech, “Dalle tecniche per la conoscenza agli
strumenti urbanistici per la mitigazione del rischio idrogeologico in
ambito urbano”, in Proc. XXIX Conferenza italiana di Scienze Regionali
Journal of Applied Ecology, Bari, 2008.
[20] A. Galderisi and S. Menoni, “Rischi naturali, Prevenzione e Piano”,
Urbanistica, vol. 134, pp. 7-22, 2007.
[21] P. Graziano, “Vulnerability and resilience of the economic, social and
environmental dimensions of italian provinces”, in Proc. Regional
Studies Association European Conference, Tampere, May 2013.
[22] ISDR, Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the
Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters,
http://www.unisdr.org/2005/wcdr
[23] Ispra, Il consumo di suolo in Italia, Roma: Ispra, 2014.
[24] F. Indovina, La città diffusa, Venezia: Daest-IUAV, 1990.
[25] J. Jensen and M. Mesman, Ecological Risk Assessment of Contaminated
Land, 2006, http://dce.au.dk/fileadmin/Attachments/Prefaceetc.pdf
[26] M.P. Johnson, “Environmental impacts of urban sprawl: a survey of the
literature and proposed research agenda”, Environment and Planning A,
vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 717-735, 2001.
[27] M. Kamppinen and M. Wilenius, “Risk landscapes in the era of social
transition”, Futures, vol. 33, no.3-4, August, pp. 307-317, 2001.
[28] D. Knowler and B. Bradshaw, “Farmers adoption of conservation
agriculture: a review and synthesis of recent research”, Food Policy, vol.
32, no.1, pp. 25-48, 2007.
[29] Legambiente, Rapporto Ecomafia 2008. I numeri e le storie della
criminalità ambientale, Milano: Edizioni Ambiente, 2008.
[30] MATTM, Rischio idrogeologico in Italia, Ministero dell’Ambiente e
della Tutela del Territorio, 2008.
[31] L. Mazza, “Limiti e capacità della pianificazione dello spazio”,
Territorio, vol. 52, no. 7-24, 2010.
[32] D. S. Mileti, Disasters by design, A reassessment of natural hazards in
the United States, Washington DC: Joseph Henry Press, 1999.
[33] W. Naudé, M. McGillivray, and R. Stephanié, Measuring the
Vulnerability of Subnational Regions, Research Paper No. 2008/54,
UNU-WIDER World Development Economic Research Institute, 2008.
[34] ONUG/DHA, (1992), Glossaire International multilingue agrée de
termes relatifs à la gestion de catastrophes,
http://www.unisdr.org/unisdr/glossaire.html
[35] C. V. Patton, Ed., Spontaneous Shelter: International Perspectives and
Prospects, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988.
[36] B. Roy, “Decision Science or Decision-aid Science?”, European Journal
of Operational Research, vol. 66, no. 2, pp.184-203, May, 1993.
[37] B. Roy, Méthodologie multicritère d’aide à la décision, Paris:
Economica, 1985.
[38] L. Salvati, M. Munafò, V. G. Morelli and A. Sabbi, “Low-density
Settlements and Land Use Changes in a Mediterranean Urban Region”,
Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 105, no. 1-2, pp. 43-52, April,
2012.
[39] E. Salzano, “Dualismo urbano. Città dei cittadini o città della rendita”,
QT2 Quaderni del territorio, vol. 2, pp. 143-153, 2011
[40] R. Schoonjans and R. Luttik, “Specifying biodiversity-related protection
goals for environmental risk assessment”, EFSA Journal, vol. 12, no. 6,
pp. 1-4, December, 2014.
[41] M. Scheele, The agri-environmental measures in the context of CAP
reform, in Whitby M., Ed, The European Environment and CAP
Reform, Policies and Prospects for Conservation, Wallingford: CAB
International, pp. 3-7, 1996.
[42] M. Schouten, C. M. Van Der Heide, W. J. M. Heijman, and PFM.
Opdam, A resilience-based policy evaluation framework: application to
European rural development policies, Ecological Economics, vol. 81, pp.
165-175, September, 2012.
[43] S. Stanghellini, “Abusivismo edilizio: Il ministro degli interni si
preoccupi”, Urbanistica Informazioni, vol. 135, no. 6, 215-233, 1994.
[44] W. Tocci, “L’insostenibile ascesa della rendita Urbana”, Democrazia e
Diritto, vol. 1, pp. 17-59, 2009.
[45] C. Stoate C., A. Baldi, P. Beja , N. D., Boatman., I. Herzon, A. van
Doorn, G. R. de Snoo, L. Rakosy and C. Ramwell, “Ecological impacts
of early 21st century agricultural change in Europe - A review”, Journal
of Environmental Management, vol. 91, no.1, pp. 22-46, October 2009.
[46] F. Zanfi, “The “Città Abusiva” in Contemporary Southern Italy: Illegal
Building Prospects for Change”, Urban Studies, vol. 50, no. 16, pp.
3428-3445, December, 2013.
[47] B. Wisner, P. Blaikie, T. Cannon and I. Davis, At Risk. Natural Hazards,
People’s Vulnerability and Disasters, 2nd edition, London: Routledge,
2004.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:71708", author = "M. Balestrieri and C. Pusceddu", title = "Links between Landscape Management and Environmental Risk Assessment: Considerations from the Italian Context", abstract = "Issues relating to the destructive phenomena that can
damage people and goods have returned to the centre of debate in
Italy with the increase in catastrophic episodes in recent years in a
country which is highly vulnerable to hydrological risk.
Environmental factors and geological and geomorphological
territorial characteristics play an important role in determining the
level of vulnerability and the natural tendency to risk. However, a
territory has also been subjected to the requirements of and
transformations of society and this brings other relevant factors. The
reasons for the increase in destructive phenomena are often to be
found in the territorial development models adopted. Stewardship of
the landscape and management of risk are related issues. This study aims to summarize the most relevant elements about
this connection and at the same time to clarify the role of
environmental risk assessment as a tool to aid in the sustainable
management of landscape. Finally, the study reflects on how regional
and urban planners deal with environmental risk and which aspects
should be monitored in order to adopt responsible and useful
interventions.", keywords = "Assessment, landscape, risk, planning.", volume = "10", number = "1", pages = "26-7", }
