Life Cycle Assessment of Expressway Passenger Transport Service: A Case Study of Thailand
This research work is concerned with the life cycle
assessment (LCA) of an expressway, as well as its infrastructure, in
Thailand. The life cycle of an expressway encompasses the raw
material acquisition phase, the construction phase, the use or service
phase, the rehabilitation phase, and finally the demolition and
disposal phase. The LCA in this research was carried out using CML
baseline 2000 and in accordance with the ISO 14040 standard. A
functional unit refers to transportation of one person over one
kilometer of a 3-lane expressway with a 50-year lifetime. This
research has revealed that the construction phase produced the largest
proportion of the environmental impact (81.46%), followed by the
service, rehabilitation, demolition and disposal phases and
transportation at 11.97%, 3.72% 0.33% and 2.52%, respectively. For
the expressway under study, the total carbon footprint over its
lifetime is equivalent to 245,639 tons CO2-eq per 1 kilometer
functional unit, with the phases of construction, service,
rehabilitation, demolition and disposal and transportation
contributing 153,690; 73,773; 3693, 755 and 13,728 tons CO2-eq,
respectively. The findings could be adopted as a benchmark against
which the environmental impacts of future similar projects can be
measured.
[1] K. Junkeaw, Advanced Environmental Impact Assessment. Bangkok:
Kasetsart University, 2011.
[2] C. J. Kibert, et al., Construction ecology Nature as the basis for green
buildings. London: Spon press, 2002.
[3] SETEC, "Guidelines for Life-Cycle Assessment: A “Code of Practice,”
workshop proceedings," ed. Florida Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry: Pensacola, 1993.
[4] A. Azapagic and R. Clift, "Life cycle assessment and multiobjective
optimization," Jounal of Cleaner Production, vol. 7, pp. 137-143, 1999.
[5] G. Rebitzera, et al., "Life cycle assessment Part 1: Framework, goal and
scope definition, inventory analysis, and applications," Environment
International, vol. 30, 2004.
[6] ISO, Environmental management-Life cycle assessment-Goal and scope
definition and inventory analysis. ed. Geneva: International Organization
for Standardization, 1998.
[7] X. Li, et al., "An LCA-based environmental impact assessment model
for construction processes," Building and Environment, vol. 45, pp. 766-
775, 2010.
[8] W. Pintapun, "Comparision of Concrete pavement and asphalt concrete
pavement for highway design in Thailand," Master of Engineering,
Major field Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
Kasetsart Bangkok, Thailand, 2002.
[9] S. Panwai, et al., "Development of SIDRA-TRIP Integrated GPS Model
to Evaluate Fuel Consumption/Emission on Expressway and Alternative
Road," ed. Busan: 17th ITS World Congress, Busan, 2010: Proceedings
2010.
[10] R. Chowdhury, et al., "A life cycle base environmental impacts
assessment of construction materials use in road construction," Resource
conservation & Recycling, vol. 54, pp. 250-255, 2010.
[11] Clifford J. Schexnayder and Richard E. Mayo, Construction
Management Fundamentals: McGraw Hill, 2004.
[12] N.D. Lea International LTD, "Modeling road deterioration and
maintenance effects in HDM-IV. Final Report," Vancouve Canada1992.
[13] National Research Council, "Modeling Mobile-Source Emission," 2000.
[14] AEC, "Final report on feasibility study environment impact assessment
and route alignment study of Ekamai-Ramindra Expressway project,"
Asian Engineering Consultant, Bangkok Thailand1988.
[15] R. Akcelik, et al., "Calibrating Fuel Consumption and Emission Model
for Modern Vehicles," Paper presented at the IPENZ Transportation
Group Conference, Rotorua, New Zealand., 2012.
[16] ETH-ESU 96, "Öko-inventare von Energiesystemen," ESUGroup Ökoinventare
von Energiesystemen1996.
[17] LCA.Lab National Metal and Materials Technology Center, "Thai
National Life cycle Inventory Database," National Science and
Technology Development Agency, Ed., ed. Thailand, 2005.
[18] D. P. Bowyer, et al., "Guide to Fuel Construction Analysis for Urban
Trafic Management," ARRB Transport Rearch Ltd, Vermont South,
Australia.1985.
[19] Asain Development Bank, "Reducing Carbon Emission from Transport
Project," Asain Development Bank2010.
[20] The world bank, "Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation in Road
Construction and Rshabilitation," The world bank,2010.
[21] S. Panwai, et al., "Comparative Evaluation of Power-Based
Environmental Emissions Models," IEEE (ITSC2006), vol. 9, pp. 1251-
1256, 2006.
[22] K. a. D. Aravind, A., "Pavement design with central plant hot-mix
recycled asphalt mixes," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 21,
pp. 928-936 2007.
[23] Y. Huang, et al., "Measuring the carbon footprint of road construction
using CHANGER," International Journal of Pavement Engineering, vol.
iFirst, pp. 1-10, 2012.
[24] S. R. Sanders, et al., "Preliminary Estimating Models for Infrastructure
Projects," Journal of Cost Engineering, vol. 34, pp. 7-13, 1992.
[25] M. T. Callahan, et al., Construction Project Scheduling. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1992.
[1] K. Junkeaw, Advanced Environmental Impact Assessment. Bangkok:
Kasetsart University, 2011.
[2] C. J. Kibert, et al., Construction ecology Nature as the basis for green
buildings. London: Spon press, 2002.
[3] SETEC, "Guidelines for Life-Cycle Assessment: A “Code of Practice,”
workshop proceedings," ed. Florida Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry: Pensacola, 1993.
[4] A. Azapagic and R. Clift, "Life cycle assessment and multiobjective
optimization," Jounal of Cleaner Production, vol. 7, pp. 137-143, 1999.
[5] G. Rebitzera, et al., "Life cycle assessment Part 1: Framework, goal and
scope definition, inventory analysis, and applications," Environment
International, vol. 30, 2004.
[6] ISO, Environmental management-Life cycle assessment-Goal and scope
definition and inventory analysis. ed. Geneva: International Organization
for Standardization, 1998.
[7] X. Li, et al., "An LCA-based environmental impact assessment model
for construction processes," Building and Environment, vol. 45, pp. 766-
775, 2010.
[8] W. Pintapun, "Comparision of Concrete pavement and asphalt concrete
pavement for highway design in Thailand," Master of Engineering,
Major field Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
Kasetsart Bangkok, Thailand, 2002.
[9] S. Panwai, et al., "Development of SIDRA-TRIP Integrated GPS Model
to Evaluate Fuel Consumption/Emission on Expressway and Alternative
Road," ed. Busan: 17th ITS World Congress, Busan, 2010: Proceedings
2010.
[10] R. Chowdhury, et al., "A life cycle base environmental impacts
assessment of construction materials use in road construction," Resource
conservation & Recycling, vol. 54, pp. 250-255, 2010.
[11] Clifford J. Schexnayder and Richard E. Mayo, Construction
Management Fundamentals: McGraw Hill, 2004.
[12] N.D. Lea International LTD, "Modeling road deterioration and
maintenance effects in HDM-IV. Final Report," Vancouve Canada1992.
[13] National Research Council, "Modeling Mobile-Source Emission," 2000.
[14] AEC, "Final report on feasibility study environment impact assessment
and route alignment study of Ekamai-Ramindra Expressway project,"
Asian Engineering Consultant, Bangkok Thailand1988.
[15] R. Akcelik, et al., "Calibrating Fuel Consumption and Emission Model
for Modern Vehicles," Paper presented at the IPENZ Transportation
Group Conference, Rotorua, New Zealand., 2012.
[16] ETH-ESU 96, "Öko-inventare von Energiesystemen," ESUGroup Ökoinventare
von Energiesystemen1996.
[17] LCA.Lab National Metal and Materials Technology Center, "Thai
National Life cycle Inventory Database," National Science and
Technology Development Agency, Ed., ed. Thailand, 2005.
[18] D. P. Bowyer, et al., "Guide to Fuel Construction Analysis for Urban
Trafic Management," ARRB Transport Rearch Ltd, Vermont South,
Australia.1985.
[19] Asain Development Bank, "Reducing Carbon Emission from Transport
Project," Asain Development Bank2010.
[20] The world bank, "Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation in Road
Construction and Rshabilitation," The world bank,2010.
[21] S. Panwai, et al., "Comparative Evaluation of Power-Based
Environmental Emissions Models," IEEE (ITSC2006), vol. 9, pp. 1251-
1256, 2006.
[22] K. a. D. Aravind, A., "Pavement design with central plant hot-mix
recycled asphalt mixes," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 21,
pp. 928-936 2007.
[23] Y. Huang, et al., "Measuring the carbon footprint of road construction
using CHANGER," International Journal of Pavement Engineering, vol.
iFirst, pp. 1-10, 2012.
[24] S. R. Sanders, et al., "Preliminary Estimating Models for Infrastructure
Projects," Journal of Cost Engineering, vol. 34, pp. 7-13, 1992.
[25] M. T. Callahan, et al., Construction Project Scheduling. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1992.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:68584", author = "Watchara Surawong and Cheema Soralumn", title = "Life Cycle Assessment of Expressway Passenger Transport Service: A Case Study of Thailand", abstract = "This research work is concerned with the life cycle
assessment (LCA) of an expressway, as well as its infrastructure, in
Thailand. The life cycle of an expressway encompasses the raw
material acquisition phase, the construction phase, the use or service
phase, the rehabilitation phase, and finally the demolition and
disposal phase. The LCA in this research was carried out using CML
baseline 2000 and in accordance with the ISO 14040 standard. A
functional unit refers to transportation of one person over one
kilometer of a 3-lane expressway with a 50-year lifetime. This
research has revealed that the construction phase produced the largest
proportion of the environmental impact (81.46%), followed by the
service, rehabilitation, demolition and disposal phases and
transportation at 11.97%, 3.72% 0.33% and 2.52%, respectively. For
the expressway under study, the total carbon footprint over its
lifetime is equivalent to 245,639 tons CO2-eq per 1 kilometer
functional unit, with the phases of construction, service,
rehabilitation, demolition and disposal and transportation
contributing 153,690; 73,773; 3693, 755 and 13,728 tons CO2-eq,
respectively. The findings could be adopted as a benchmark against
which the environmental impacts of future similar projects can be
measured.
", keywords = "Environmental impact assessment, Life cycle
assessment, LCA, Expressway passenger transport service, Carbon
footprint, Eco-friendly expressway.", volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "690-9", }
