Landscape Assessment of the Dam and Motorway Networks that Provide Visual and Recreational Opportunities: Case Study of Artvin, Turkey
Nature constantly changes as a result of human
necessities. This change mostly feels in natural water sources which
are reconstructed with an effect of dams and motorways. In other
respects, visual quality of the landscape gets a new and different
character during and after the construction of dams and motorways.
Changing and specialization new landscapes will be very important
to protection-usage balance to explore sustainable usage facilities.
The main cause of the selection of Artvin city is that it has very
important geographical location and one of the most attraction points
in the World with its biodiversity, conservation areas and natural
landscape characteristics. Many hydroelectric station and 7 dams are
situated, 3 of them have already been built on the Çoruh River in the
province of Artvin. As a result of dams, motorways route were reshaped
and the ways which have already changed because of
elevation is directly affected several of natural destruction. In
contrast, many different reservoirs in Coruh Basin provide new vista
point that has high visual quality. In this study, we would like to
evaluate with sustainable landscape design in 76 km river corridor,
which is mainly based on Deriner, Borçka and Muratlı Dams and
determination of their basin-lakes recreational potential and
opportunities. Lastly, we are going to give some suggestion about the
potential of the corridor.
[1] M. Kummua and O. Varis, “Sediment-related impacts due to upstream
reservoir trapping, the Lower Mekong River”,Geomorphology, Vol. 85,
pp. 275-293, 2007.
[2] M. Fette, C. Weber, A. Peter and B. Wehrli, “Hydropower production
and river rehabilitation: A case study on an alpine river”, Environ Model
Assess, Vol. 12, pp. 257-67. 2007.
[3] R.L. Vannote, G.W. Minshall, K.W. Cummins, J.R. Sedell, C.E.
Cushing, “The river continuum concept”, Can J Fish Aquat Sci, Vol. 37,
pp. 130-7. 1980.
[4] J.A. Stanford, J.V. Ward, W.J. Liss, C.A. Frissell, R.N. Williams, J.A.
Lichatowich, et al., “A general protocol for restoration of regulated
rivers”, Regul Rivers: Res Manage, Vol. 12, pp. 391-413, 1996.
[5] W. Ouyang, F.H. Hao, K.Y. Song and X. Zhang, “Cascade Dam-
Induced Hydrological Disturbance and Environmental Impact in the Upper Stream of the Yellow River”, Water Resour Manage, Vol. 25, pp.
913-27, 2011.
[6] F. Lajoie, A.A. Assani, A.G. Roy and M. Mesfioui, “Impacts of dams on
monthly flow characteristics. The influence of watershed size and
seasons”, J Hydrol, Vol. 334, pp. 423-39, 2007.
[7] J.K. Maingi and S.E. Marsh, “Quantifying hydrologic impacts following
dam construction along the Tana River, Kenya”, J Arid Environ, Vol.
50, pp. 53-79, 2002.
[8] J.J. Wang, X. Lu and M. Kummu, “Sediment load estimates and
variations in the Lower Mekong River”, River Res Appl, Vol. 27, pp. 33-
46, 2011.
[9] P. Zeilhofer and R.M. de Moura, “Hydrological changes in the northern
Pantanal caused by the Manso dam: Impact analysis and suggestions for
mitigation”, Ecol Eng, Vol. 35, pp. 105-17, 2009.
[10] N.L. Poff, J.D. Olden, D.M. Merritt and D.M. Pepin, “Homogenization
of regional river dynamics by dams and global biodiversity
implications”, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, Vol. 104, pp. 5732, 2007.
[11] W.W. Hu, G.X. Wang, W. Deng and S.N. Li, “The influence of dams on
ecohydrological conditions in the Huaihe River basin, China”, Ecol Eng,
Vol. 33, pp. 233-41, 2008.
[12] Q.H. Zhao, S.L. Liu, L. Deng, S.K. Dong, C. Wang and J.J. Yang,
“Assessing the damming effects on runoff using a multiple linear
regression model: A case study of the Manwan Dam on the Lancang
River, Procedia Environ Sci, Vol. 13, pp. 1771 – 1780, 2012.
[13] W. Ouyang, F.H. Hao, , C. Zhao and C. Lin, “Vegetation response to 30
years hydropower cascade exploitation in upper stream of Yellow
River”, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Sim, Vol. 15, pp. 1928–1941,
2010.
[14] M.G. Turner, “Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process”,
Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., Vol. 20, pp. 171–197, 1989.
[15] Q. Zhao, S. Liu, L. Deng, S. Dong, C. Wang, Z. Yang and J. Yang,
“Landscape change and hydrologic alteration associated with dam
construction”, Int. J. of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,
Vol. 16, pp. 17–26, 2012.
[16] G. Brown, “A method for assessing highway qualities to integrate values
in highway planning”, J. of Transport Geography, Vol. 11, pp. 271–283,
2003.
[17] S. Tumer, Rekreasyon Ile Ilgili Kavramlar, Sınıflamalar. Peyzaj
Mimarligi Dergisi, TISA Matbaacılık Sanayi, Ankara, Vol. pp. 16–21.
1975.
[18] G. Uzun and M.F. Altunkasa, “Rekreasyonel Planlamada Arz ve Talep”,
C.U. Ziraat Fakultesi Genel Yayın No: 6, Yardımcı Ders Kitapları, Vol.
1, Adana, 1991.
[19] S. Gulez, “Ormaniçi Rekreasyon Planlaması” KTU Orman Fak Derg,
Vol. 6, pp. 288–317, 1983.
[20] B. C. Kurdoglu, B. Karaşah and H. Yilmaz, “Evaluation of recreational
preferences of urban residents in Artvin (Turkey) in relation to
sustainable urban development”, Int. J. of Sustainable Development &
World Ecology, Vol. 16, pp. 109-116, 2009.
[21] Z. Jaal and J. Abdullah, “Users’ Preferences of Highway Landscapes in
Malaysia: A Review and Analysis of the Literature”, Procedia - Social
and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 36, pp. 265 – 272, 2012.
[22] A.W. Magill and C.F. Schwartz, “Searching for the value of a view”,
Research Paper PSW-193. Pacific SW Forest and Range Experiment
Station, Forest Service, UDSA, Berkeley, California, 1989.
[23] C. Little, “Greenways for America”, Johns Hopkins University Press,
Baltimore, MD, 1990.
[24] S. Bell, “Elements of Visual Design in the Landscape”, E & FN Spon,
London. 1993.
[25] Landscape Institute, “Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact
Assessment”, E & FN Spon, London, pp. 126, 1995.
[26] G. R. Clay and R. K. Smidt, “Assessing the validity and reliability of
descriptor variables used in scenic highway analysis”, Landscape and
Urban Planning, Vol. 66, pp. 239–255, 2004.
[27] E.H. Zube, “Environmental evaluation: Perception and public policy”,
Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Monterey, CA, 1980.
[28] T.C. Daniel and J. Vining, “Methodological issues in the assessment of
landscape quality” In: Altman, I., Wohlwill, J. (Eds.), Behavior and the
Natural Landscape. Plenum Press, New York. 1983.
[29] G. R. Clay, T. C. Daniel, “Scenic landscape assessment: the effects of
land management jurisdiction on public perception of scenic beauty”,
Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 49, pp. 1-13, 2000.
[30] J.M. Denstadli and J.Kr. S. Jacobsen, “The long and winding roads:
Perceived quality of scenic tourism routes”, Tourism Management, Vol.
32, pp. 780-789, 2011.
[31] N.D. Rottle, “Factors in the landscape-based greenway: a Mountains to
Sound case study”, Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 76, pp. 134–
171, 2006.
[1] M. Kummua and O. Varis, “Sediment-related impacts due to upstream
reservoir trapping, the Lower Mekong River”,Geomorphology, Vol. 85,
pp. 275-293, 2007.
[2] M. Fette, C. Weber, A. Peter and B. Wehrli, “Hydropower production
and river rehabilitation: A case study on an alpine river”, Environ Model
Assess, Vol. 12, pp. 257-67. 2007.
[3] R.L. Vannote, G.W. Minshall, K.W. Cummins, J.R. Sedell, C.E.
Cushing, “The river continuum concept”, Can J Fish Aquat Sci, Vol. 37,
pp. 130-7. 1980.
[4] J.A. Stanford, J.V. Ward, W.J. Liss, C.A. Frissell, R.N. Williams, J.A.
Lichatowich, et al., “A general protocol for restoration of regulated
rivers”, Regul Rivers: Res Manage, Vol. 12, pp. 391-413, 1996.
[5] W. Ouyang, F.H. Hao, K.Y. Song and X. Zhang, “Cascade Dam-
Induced Hydrological Disturbance and Environmental Impact in the Upper Stream of the Yellow River”, Water Resour Manage, Vol. 25, pp.
913-27, 2011.
[6] F. Lajoie, A.A. Assani, A.G. Roy and M. Mesfioui, “Impacts of dams on
monthly flow characteristics. The influence of watershed size and
seasons”, J Hydrol, Vol. 334, pp. 423-39, 2007.
[7] J.K. Maingi and S.E. Marsh, “Quantifying hydrologic impacts following
dam construction along the Tana River, Kenya”, J Arid Environ, Vol.
50, pp. 53-79, 2002.
[8] J.J. Wang, X. Lu and M. Kummu, “Sediment load estimates and
variations in the Lower Mekong River”, River Res Appl, Vol. 27, pp. 33-
46, 2011.
[9] P. Zeilhofer and R.M. de Moura, “Hydrological changes in the northern
Pantanal caused by the Manso dam: Impact analysis and suggestions for
mitigation”, Ecol Eng, Vol. 35, pp. 105-17, 2009.
[10] N.L. Poff, J.D. Olden, D.M. Merritt and D.M. Pepin, “Homogenization
of regional river dynamics by dams and global biodiversity
implications”, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, Vol. 104, pp. 5732, 2007.
[11] W.W. Hu, G.X. Wang, W. Deng and S.N. Li, “The influence of dams on
ecohydrological conditions in the Huaihe River basin, China”, Ecol Eng,
Vol. 33, pp. 233-41, 2008.
[12] Q.H. Zhao, S.L. Liu, L. Deng, S.K. Dong, C. Wang and J.J. Yang,
“Assessing the damming effects on runoff using a multiple linear
regression model: A case study of the Manwan Dam on the Lancang
River, Procedia Environ Sci, Vol. 13, pp. 1771 – 1780, 2012.
[13] W. Ouyang, F.H. Hao, , C. Zhao and C. Lin, “Vegetation response to 30
years hydropower cascade exploitation in upper stream of Yellow
River”, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Sim, Vol. 15, pp. 1928–1941,
2010.
[14] M.G. Turner, “Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process”,
Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., Vol. 20, pp. 171–197, 1989.
[15] Q. Zhao, S. Liu, L. Deng, S. Dong, C. Wang, Z. Yang and J. Yang,
“Landscape change and hydrologic alteration associated with dam
construction”, Int. J. of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,
Vol. 16, pp. 17–26, 2012.
[16] G. Brown, “A method for assessing highway qualities to integrate values
in highway planning”, J. of Transport Geography, Vol. 11, pp. 271–283,
2003.
[17] S. Tumer, Rekreasyon Ile Ilgili Kavramlar, Sınıflamalar. Peyzaj
Mimarligi Dergisi, TISA Matbaacılık Sanayi, Ankara, Vol. pp. 16–21.
1975.
[18] G. Uzun and M.F. Altunkasa, “Rekreasyonel Planlamada Arz ve Talep”,
C.U. Ziraat Fakultesi Genel Yayın No: 6, Yardımcı Ders Kitapları, Vol.
1, Adana, 1991.
[19] S. Gulez, “Ormaniçi Rekreasyon Planlaması” KTU Orman Fak Derg,
Vol. 6, pp. 288–317, 1983.
[20] B. C. Kurdoglu, B. Karaşah and H. Yilmaz, “Evaluation of recreational
preferences of urban residents in Artvin (Turkey) in relation to
sustainable urban development”, Int. J. of Sustainable Development &
World Ecology, Vol. 16, pp. 109-116, 2009.
[21] Z. Jaal and J. Abdullah, “Users’ Preferences of Highway Landscapes in
Malaysia: A Review and Analysis of the Literature”, Procedia - Social
and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 36, pp. 265 – 272, 2012.
[22] A.W. Magill and C.F. Schwartz, “Searching for the value of a view”,
Research Paper PSW-193. Pacific SW Forest and Range Experiment
Station, Forest Service, UDSA, Berkeley, California, 1989.
[23] C. Little, “Greenways for America”, Johns Hopkins University Press,
Baltimore, MD, 1990.
[24] S. Bell, “Elements of Visual Design in the Landscape”, E & FN Spon,
London. 1993.
[25] Landscape Institute, “Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact
Assessment”, E & FN Spon, London, pp. 126, 1995.
[26] G. R. Clay and R. K. Smidt, “Assessing the validity and reliability of
descriptor variables used in scenic highway analysis”, Landscape and
Urban Planning, Vol. 66, pp. 239–255, 2004.
[27] E.H. Zube, “Environmental evaluation: Perception and public policy”,
Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Monterey, CA, 1980.
[28] T.C. Daniel and J. Vining, “Methodological issues in the assessment of
landscape quality” In: Altman, I., Wohlwill, J. (Eds.), Behavior and the
Natural Landscape. Plenum Press, New York. 1983.
[29] G. R. Clay, T. C. Daniel, “Scenic landscape assessment: the effects of
land management jurisdiction on public perception of scenic beauty”,
Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 49, pp. 1-13, 2000.
[30] J.M. Denstadli and J.Kr. S. Jacobsen, “The long and winding roads:
Perceived quality of scenic tourism routes”, Tourism Management, Vol.
32, pp. 780-789, 2011.
[31] N.D. Rottle, “Factors in the landscape-based greenway: a Mountains to
Sound case study”, Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 76, pp. 134–
171, 2006.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:71467", author = "Banu Karaşah and Derya Sarı", title = "Landscape Assessment of the Dam and Motorway Networks that Provide Visual and Recreational Opportunities: Case Study of Artvin, Turkey", abstract = "Nature constantly changes as a result of human
necessities. This change mostly feels in natural water sources which
are reconstructed with an effect of dams and motorways. In other
respects, visual quality of the landscape gets a new and different
character during and after the construction of dams and motorways.
Changing and specialization new landscapes will be very important
to protection-usage balance to explore sustainable usage facilities.
The main cause of the selection of Artvin city is that it has very
important geographical location and one of the most attraction points
in the World with its biodiversity, conservation areas and natural
landscape characteristics. Many hydroelectric station and 7 dams are
situated, 3 of them have already been built on the Çoruh River in the
province of Artvin. As a result of dams, motorways route were reshaped
and the ways which have already changed because of
elevation is directly affected several of natural destruction. In
contrast, many different reservoirs in Coruh Basin provide new vista
point that has high visual quality. In this study, we would like to
evaluate with sustainable landscape design in 76 km river corridor,
which is mainly based on Deriner, Borçka and Muratlı Dams and
determination of their basin-lakes recreational potential and
opportunities. Lastly, we are going to give some suggestion about the
potential of the corridor.", keywords = "Artvin, dam reservoirs, landscape assessment, river
corridor, visual quality.", volume = "9", number = "11", pages = "1325-6", }
