Kinematic Gait Analysis of Upper and Lower Limbs Joints in Hemiplegic Children
Children with hemiplgic cerebral palsy often walk
with diminished reciprocal arm swing so the purpose of this study
was to describe kinematic characteristics in children with hemiplegic
cerebral palsy (CP) during the gait suphases, and find if there is a
correlation between upper(shoulder and elbow) and lower(hip, knee,
and ankle) limb joints either in involved or uninvolved.48 children
with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (18boys, 30girls) with an average age
of (5.1±0.87) years were selected randomly to evaluate joint angles
during gait by 3D motion analysis system with 6 pro reflex cameras
in a sagittal plane for both sides of the body. The results showed
increased shoulder and elbow flexion, increased hip angular
displacement, decreased knee and ankle arcs during gait cycle, also
there is correlation between shoulder and elbow to hip, knee, and
ankle joints during various subphases of gait.
[1] E.M. Michael: Developmental vulnerability and Resilience in extreme
preterm infants. JAMA, 2004, 2399- 2401.
[2] L. Koman, B.P. Smith, and R. Balkrishman: Spasticity associated with
cerebral palsy in children: Guidelines for the use of botulinum A toxin.
Pediatric Drugs, vol.5, 2003, pp. 11-33.
[3] C.P. Panteliadis: Cerebral palsy: in Panteliadis CP, and Daras BT(ed).
Encyclopedia of pediatric Neurology; Theory and Practice, 2nd ed,
Thessalonic. Greece.1999,pp 322-363
[4] D.l. Damiano, K. Dodd, and N.F. Taylor: Should we be testing and
training muscle strength in cerebral palsy?. Dev Med Child Neurology;
Bobath B. the treatment of neuromuscular disorders. vol 44, 2002,pp 68-
72.
[5] S.K. Campbell, D. Lenden, and R. Palisano: Gait: Development and
Analysis. In: physical therapy for children, by. Stout,J. 1st ed , Saunders,
Elsevier, 2006 pp 161-190.
[6] S.A. Jane: Physical Therapy for the Child with Cerebral Palsy. In: J.S.
Tecklin , ed. Pediatric Physical Therapy. 4th ed. Baltimore,
MD:Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2008:120-125.
[7] S. Ounpuu, K.J. Bell, and P.A. Deluca: An evaluation of the posterior
leaf spring orthosis using joint kinematics and kinetics. J Ped Orth; vol
16, 1996, pp.378- 384.
[8] J. Carr,and R. shepherd : Neurological rehabilitation. 1st ed, Oxford.
Butterworth and Heinmann, 1998, 55-97.
[9] T.D. Sanger, C. Delgado, D.S. Gaebler, and J.W. Mink: Classification
and definition of disorders causing hypertonia in childhood.
Pediatrics;vol 11,2003,pp.89-97.
[10] - S. Allison, G. T.Darryl, H. S. Michael, C. A.Frank, and L. D.Scott:
Muscular coordination of knee motion during the terminal-swing phase
of normal gait, Journal of Biomechanics. Vol 40, 2007, pp.3314 - 3324.
[11] A.E.Tuzson,, K.P. Granata, and M.F Abel: Spastic velocity threshold
constrains functional performance in cerebral palsy. Archives of
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation vol 84, 2003, pp1363-1368.
[12] B.S. Russman: Cerebral Palsy Curr Treat Options Neurol. vol 2, 2000,
pp. 97- 108.
[13] D.P. Ferris, H.J. Huang, and P.C. Kao: Moving the Arms to Activate the
Legs. Exercise and sport sciences Reviews. Vol 34(3), 2004: pp, 113-
120.
[14] H.M. Algra,: The neuronal group selection theory: promising principles
for understanding and treating developmental motor disorders.
Developmental Medicine& Child Neurology, vol 42, 2000, pp, 707-715.
[15] M.C. Kinlary and Bedford: Disorders of the central nervous system. In
P.M Eckerslly, ed., Element of pediatric physiotherapy. Churchill
Livingstone, London 1993, pp: 115-153.
[16] J.R. Gage, P.A. Deluca, and T.S.Renshaw: Gait analysis principle and
applications with emphasis on its use in cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint
Syrgery.vol 77(A), 1995,pp, 1607-1623.
[1] E.M. Michael: Developmental vulnerability and Resilience in extreme
preterm infants. JAMA, 2004, 2399- 2401.
[2] L. Koman, B.P. Smith, and R. Balkrishman: Spasticity associated with
cerebral palsy in children: Guidelines for the use of botulinum A toxin.
Pediatric Drugs, vol.5, 2003, pp. 11-33.
[3] C.P. Panteliadis: Cerebral palsy: in Panteliadis CP, and Daras BT(ed).
Encyclopedia of pediatric Neurology; Theory and Practice, 2nd ed,
Thessalonic. Greece.1999,pp 322-363
[4] D.l. Damiano, K. Dodd, and N.F. Taylor: Should we be testing and
training muscle strength in cerebral palsy?. Dev Med Child Neurology;
Bobath B. the treatment of neuromuscular disorders. vol 44, 2002,pp 68-
72.
[5] S.K. Campbell, D. Lenden, and R. Palisano: Gait: Development and
Analysis. In: physical therapy for children, by. Stout,J. 1st ed , Saunders,
Elsevier, 2006 pp 161-190.
[6] S.A. Jane: Physical Therapy for the Child with Cerebral Palsy. In: J.S.
Tecklin , ed. Pediatric Physical Therapy. 4th ed. Baltimore,
MD:Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2008:120-125.
[7] S. Ounpuu, K.J. Bell, and P.A. Deluca: An evaluation of the posterior
leaf spring orthosis using joint kinematics and kinetics. J Ped Orth; vol
16, 1996, pp.378- 384.
[8] J. Carr,and R. shepherd : Neurological rehabilitation. 1st ed, Oxford.
Butterworth and Heinmann, 1998, 55-97.
[9] T.D. Sanger, C. Delgado, D.S. Gaebler, and J.W. Mink: Classification
and definition of disorders causing hypertonia in childhood.
Pediatrics;vol 11,2003,pp.89-97.
[10] - S. Allison, G. T.Darryl, H. S. Michael, C. A.Frank, and L. D.Scott:
Muscular coordination of knee motion during the terminal-swing phase
of normal gait, Journal of Biomechanics. Vol 40, 2007, pp.3314 - 3324.
[11] A.E.Tuzson,, K.P. Granata, and M.F Abel: Spastic velocity threshold
constrains functional performance in cerebral palsy. Archives of
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation vol 84, 2003, pp1363-1368.
[12] B.S. Russman: Cerebral Palsy Curr Treat Options Neurol. vol 2, 2000,
pp. 97- 108.
[13] D.P. Ferris, H.J. Huang, and P.C. Kao: Moving the Arms to Activate the
Legs. Exercise and sport sciences Reviews. Vol 34(3), 2004: pp, 113-
120.
[14] H.M. Algra,: The neuronal group selection theory: promising principles
for understanding and treating developmental motor disorders.
Developmental Medicine& Child Neurology, vol 42, 2000, pp, 707-715.
[15] M.C. Kinlary and Bedford: Disorders of the central nervous system. In
P.M Eckerslly, ed., Element of pediatric physiotherapy. Churchill
Livingstone, London 1993, pp: 115-153.
[16] J.R. Gage, P.A. Deluca, and T.S.Renshaw: Gait analysis principle and
applications with emphasis on its use in cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint
Syrgery.vol 77(A), 1995,pp, 1607-1623.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:55902", author = "Zeinab A.Hussein and Manal S. Abd El-Wahab and Shorouk A. W. El-Shennawy", title = "Kinematic Gait Analysis of Upper and Lower Limbs Joints in Hemiplegic Children", abstract = "Children with hemiplgic cerebral palsy often walk
with diminished reciprocal arm swing so the purpose of this study
was to describe kinematic characteristics in children with hemiplegic
cerebral palsy (CP) during the gait suphases, and find if there is a
correlation between upper(shoulder and elbow) and lower(hip, knee,
and ankle) limb joints either in involved or uninvolved.48 children
with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (18boys, 30girls) with an average age
of (5.1±0.87) years were selected randomly to evaluate joint angles
during gait by 3D motion analysis system with 6 pro reflex cameras
in a sagittal plane for both sides of the body. The results showed
increased shoulder and elbow flexion, increased hip angular
displacement, decreased knee and ankle arcs during gait cycle, also
there is correlation between shoulder and elbow to hip, knee, and
ankle joints during various subphases of gait.", keywords = "Cerebral palsy, Gait, Hemiplegia, Motion analysis.", volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "54-5", }
