Irrigation Scheduling for Maize and Indian-mustard based on Daily Crop Water Requirement in a Semi- Arid Region
Maize and Indian mustard are significant crops in
semi-arid climate zones of India. Improved water management
requires precise scheduling of irrigation, which in turn requires an
accurate computation of daily crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Daily
crop evapotranspiration comes as a product of reference
evapotranspiration (ET0) and the growth stage specific crop
coefficients modified for daily variation. The first objective of
present study is to develop crop coefficients Kc for Maize and Indian
mustard. The estimated values of Kc for maize at the four crop
growth stages (initial, development, mid-season, and late season) are
0.55, 1.08, 1.25, and 0.75, respectively, and for Indian mustard the Kc
values at the four growth stages are 0.3, 0.6, 1.12, and 0.35,
respectively. The second objective of the study is to compute daily
crop evapotranspiration from ET0 and crop coefficients. Average
daily ETc of maize varied from about 2.5 mm/d in the early growing
period to > 6.5 mm/d at mid season. The peak ETc of maize is 8.3
mm/d and it occurred 64 days after sowing at the reproductive growth
stage when leaf area index was 4.54. In the case of Indian mustard,
average ETc is 1 mm/d at the initial stage, >1.8 mm/d at mid season
and achieves a peak value of 2.12 mm/d on 56 days after sowing.
Improved schedules of irrigation have been simulated based on daily
crop evapo-transpiration and field measured data. Simulation shows a
close match between modeled and field moisture status prevalent
during crop season.
[1] Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., and Smith, M., "Crop
evapotranspiration- Guidelines for Computing Crop Water
Requirements." Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56, FAO, Rome,
Italy, 1998.
[2] Bandyopadhyay, P. K., and Mallick, S., "Effect of soil moisture levels
on root distribution, water uptake and crop coefficient of winter maize in
a humid tropic region." Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.1 (3&4),
2003, pp. 141-147.
[3] Bandyopadhyay, P.K., and Mallick, S., "Irrigation requirement of winter
maize under shallow water table condition in Damodar valley irrigation
command area." Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science, 44, 1996, pp.
616-620.
[4] Belman, C., wesseling, J.G., and Feddes, R.A., "Simulation model of the
water balance of a cropped soil: SWATRE." J. Hydrology, 63, 1983, pp.
271-286.
[5] Bhardwaj S.P., "Studies on consumptive use rates in weighing type
lysimeters for Irrigation." Central Soil and Water Conservation Research
Institute, Dehradun, India, 1983.
[6] Carsel, R.F., and Parrish, R.S., "Developing joint probability
distributions of soil water retention characteristics." Water Resources
Research, 24, 1988, pp. 755-759.
[7] Christiansen, J. E., ÔÇÿÔÇÿPan evaporation and evapotranspiration from
climatic data.-- J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. Div. 94, 1968, pp. 243-265.
[8] Doorenbos, J., and Kassam, A. H., "Yield Response to Water."
Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 33, FAO, Rome, Italy, 1979.
[9] Doorenbos, J., and Pruitt, W.O., "Guidelines for predicting crop water
requirements." FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper 24, FAO, Rome,
1977.
[10] Fares, A., "Environmental impact of unharvested forest buffer zones
upon cypress-pond systems in coastal plains regions: Modeling
analyses." Ph.D. diss. Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, 1996.
[11] Feddes, R.A., Kotwalik, P.J., and Zaradny, H., "Simulation of field
water use and crop yield." Centre for Agricultural Publishing and
Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1978.
[12] Hargreaves, G.H., and Samani, Z.A., "Reference crop evapotranspiration
from temperature." Appl. Engrg. in Agric., 1(2), 1982, pp. 96-99.
[13] Hargreaves, G.L., and Samani, Z.A., "Reference crop evapotranspiration
from temperature." Appl. Engg. Agric. Trans. ASAE, 1 (2), 1985, pp.
96-99.
[14] Jensen, M. E., Burman, R. D., and Allen, R. G., "Evapotranspiration
and irrigation water requirements." ASCE Manual and Report No.70,
ASCE, New York, 1990.
[15] Kang, S., Zhang, F., and Zhang, J., "A simulation model of water
dymamics in winter wheat field and its application in a semiarid region."
Agricultural Water Management, 49, 2001, pp. 115-129.
[16] Lewis G.J. and Thurling N., "Growth, development, and yield of three
oilseed Brassica species in a water-limited environment." Australian
Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 34(1), 1994, pp. 93 - 103.
[17] Mccarthy E.J., and Skaggs R.W., "Simulation and evaluation of water
management systems for a pine plantation watershed." South J. of
Applied Forestry, 16(1), 1992, pp. 48-56.
[18] Mohan, S., "Inter-comparison of evapotranspiration estimates." Hydrol.
Sci. J., 36(5), 1991, pp. 447-460.
[19] Nandagiri, L. and Kovoor, G. M., "Performance Evaluation of Reference
Evapotranspiration Equations across a Range of Indian Climates."
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 132(3), 2006.
[20] Panigrahi, B., Sharma, S. D. and Behera, B. P., "Irrigation water
requirement- Models of some major crops." Water Resources
Management, 6, 1992, pp. 69-77.
[21] Prihar S.S., and Sandhu B.S., "Irrigation of field crops: principles and
practices." Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India,
1987.
[22] Ray, D., Bandyopadhyay, P., Dutta, D., and Jana, P. K., "Studies on
growth, water use efficiency and crop coefficient of mustard (Brassica
juncea L.) under limited irrigation." Research on Crops 4 (2), 2003, 178-
181.
[23] Ritchie J. T., "Model for predicting evaporation from a row crop with
incomplete cover." Water Resour. Res., 8, 1972, pp. 1204-1213.
[24] Samani, Z., "Estimating Solar Radiation and Evapotranspiration Using
Minimum Climatological Data." J. of Irrigation and Drainage
Engineering, 126 (4), 2000, 265-267.
[25] Sau, Federico, Boote, K. J., Bostick, W. McNair, Jones, James W. and
M─▒'nguez, M. Ine's, "Testing and Improving Evapotranspiration and
Soil Water Balance of the DSSAT Crop Models." Agron. J., 96, 2004,
pp.1243-1257.
[26] Shuttleworth, W. J., "Evaporation" Handbook of hydrology, D. R.
Maidment, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1992.
[27] Smith, M., Allen, R., Monteith, J.L., Perrier, A., Santos, Pereira L.,
Sageren, A., "Expert consultation on revision of FAO methodologies for
crop water requirements." FAO (Land and Water Development
Division), Rome, 1992.
[28] Tyagi N. K., Sharma, D. K. and Luthra S. K., "Determination of
evapotranspiration for maize and berseem clov." Irrig Sci., 21, 2003, pp.
173-181.
[29] Van Genuchten, M.T., "A closed form equation for predicting the
hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soil." Soil Science Society of
America Journal, 44, 1980, 892-898.
[30] Wright J.L., "New evapotranspiration crop coefficients." J. Irrigation
and Drainage Engg., 108 (IRI), 1982, pp.57-74.
[1] Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., and Smith, M., "Crop
evapotranspiration- Guidelines for Computing Crop Water
Requirements." Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56, FAO, Rome,
Italy, 1998.
[2] Bandyopadhyay, P. K., and Mallick, S., "Effect of soil moisture levels
on root distribution, water uptake and crop coefficient of winter maize in
a humid tropic region." Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.1 (3&4),
2003, pp. 141-147.
[3] Bandyopadhyay, P.K., and Mallick, S., "Irrigation requirement of winter
maize under shallow water table condition in Damodar valley irrigation
command area." Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science, 44, 1996, pp.
616-620.
[4] Belman, C., wesseling, J.G., and Feddes, R.A., "Simulation model of the
water balance of a cropped soil: SWATRE." J. Hydrology, 63, 1983, pp.
271-286.
[5] Bhardwaj S.P., "Studies on consumptive use rates in weighing type
lysimeters for Irrigation." Central Soil and Water Conservation Research
Institute, Dehradun, India, 1983.
[6] Carsel, R.F., and Parrish, R.S., "Developing joint probability
distributions of soil water retention characteristics." Water Resources
Research, 24, 1988, pp. 755-759.
[7] Christiansen, J. E., ÔÇÿÔÇÿPan evaporation and evapotranspiration from
climatic data.-- J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. Div. 94, 1968, pp. 243-265.
[8] Doorenbos, J., and Kassam, A. H., "Yield Response to Water."
Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 33, FAO, Rome, Italy, 1979.
[9] Doorenbos, J., and Pruitt, W.O., "Guidelines for predicting crop water
requirements." FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper 24, FAO, Rome,
1977.
[10] Fares, A., "Environmental impact of unharvested forest buffer zones
upon cypress-pond systems in coastal plains regions: Modeling
analyses." Ph.D. diss. Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, 1996.
[11] Feddes, R.A., Kotwalik, P.J., and Zaradny, H., "Simulation of field
water use and crop yield." Centre for Agricultural Publishing and
Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1978.
[12] Hargreaves, G.H., and Samani, Z.A., "Reference crop evapotranspiration
from temperature." Appl. Engrg. in Agric., 1(2), 1982, pp. 96-99.
[13] Hargreaves, G.L., and Samani, Z.A., "Reference crop evapotranspiration
from temperature." Appl. Engg. Agric. Trans. ASAE, 1 (2), 1985, pp.
96-99.
[14] Jensen, M. E., Burman, R. D., and Allen, R. G., "Evapotranspiration
and irrigation water requirements." ASCE Manual and Report No.70,
ASCE, New York, 1990.
[15] Kang, S., Zhang, F., and Zhang, J., "A simulation model of water
dymamics in winter wheat field and its application in a semiarid region."
Agricultural Water Management, 49, 2001, pp. 115-129.
[16] Lewis G.J. and Thurling N., "Growth, development, and yield of three
oilseed Brassica species in a water-limited environment." Australian
Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 34(1), 1994, pp. 93 - 103.
[17] Mccarthy E.J., and Skaggs R.W., "Simulation and evaluation of water
management systems for a pine plantation watershed." South J. of
Applied Forestry, 16(1), 1992, pp. 48-56.
[18] Mohan, S., "Inter-comparison of evapotranspiration estimates." Hydrol.
Sci. J., 36(5), 1991, pp. 447-460.
[19] Nandagiri, L. and Kovoor, G. M., "Performance Evaluation of Reference
Evapotranspiration Equations across a Range of Indian Climates."
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 132(3), 2006.
[20] Panigrahi, B., Sharma, S. D. and Behera, B. P., "Irrigation water
requirement- Models of some major crops." Water Resources
Management, 6, 1992, pp. 69-77.
[21] Prihar S.S., and Sandhu B.S., "Irrigation of field crops: principles and
practices." Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India,
1987.
[22] Ray, D., Bandyopadhyay, P., Dutta, D., and Jana, P. K., "Studies on
growth, water use efficiency and crop coefficient of mustard (Brassica
juncea L.) under limited irrigation." Research on Crops 4 (2), 2003, 178-
181.
[23] Ritchie J. T., "Model for predicting evaporation from a row crop with
incomplete cover." Water Resour. Res., 8, 1972, pp. 1204-1213.
[24] Samani, Z., "Estimating Solar Radiation and Evapotranspiration Using
Minimum Climatological Data." J. of Irrigation and Drainage
Engineering, 126 (4), 2000, 265-267.
[25] Sau, Federico, Boote, K. J., Bostick, W. McNair, Jones, James W. and
M─▒'nguez, M. Ine's, "Testing and Improving Evapotranspiration and
Soil Water Balance of the DSSAT Crop Models." Agron. J., 96, 2004,
pp.1243-1257.
[26] Shuttleworth, W. J., "Evaporation" Handbook of hydrology, D. R.
Maidment, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1992.
[27] Smith, M., Allen, R., Monteith, J.L., Perrier, A., Santos, Pereira L.,
Sageren, A., "Expert consultation on revision of FAO methodologies for
crop water requirements." FAO (Land and Water Development
Division), Rome, 1992.
[28] Tyagi N. K., Sharma, D. K. and Luthra S. K., "Determination of
evapotranspiration for maize and berseem clov." Irrig Sci., 21, 2003, pp.
173-181.
[29] Van Genuchten, M.T., "A closed form equation for predicting the
hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soil." Soil Science Society of
America Journal, 44, 1980, 892-898.
[30] Wright J.L., "New evapotranspiration crop coefficients." J. Irrigation
and Drainage Engg., 108 (IRI), 1982, pp.57-74.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:56976", author = "Vijay Shankar and C.S.P. Ojha and K.S. Hari Prasad", title = "Irrigation Scheduling for Maize and Indian-mustard based on Daily Crop Water Requirement in a Semi- Arid Region", abstract = "Maize and Indian mustard are significant crops in
semi-arid climate zones of India. Improved water management
requires precise scheduling of irrigation, which in turn requires an
accurate computation of daily crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Daily
crop evapotranspiration comes as a product of reference
evapotranspiration (ET0) and the growth stage specific crop
coefficients modified for daily variation. The first objective of
present study is to develop crop coefficients Kc for Maize and Indian
mustard. The estimated values of Kc for maize at the four crop
growth stages (initial, development, mid-season, and late season) are
0.55, 1.08, 1.25, and 0.75, respectively, and for Indian mustard the Kc
values at the four growth stages are 0.3, 0.6, 1.12, and 0.35,
respectively. The second objective of the study is to compute daily
crop evapotranspiration from ET0 and crop coefficients. Average
daily ETc of maize varied from about 2.5 mm/d in the early growing
period to > 6.5 mm/d at mid season. The peak ETc of maize is 8.3
mm/d and it occurred 64 days after sowing at the reproductive growth
stage when leaf area index was 4.54. In the case of Indian mustard,
average ETc is 1 mm/d at the initial stage, >1.8 mm/d at mid season
and achieves a peak value of 2.12 mm/d on 56 days after sowing.
Improved schedules of irrigation have been simulated based on daily
crop evapo-transpiration and field measured data. Simulation shows a
close match between modeled and field moisture status prevalent
during crop season.", keywords = "Crop coefficient, Crop evapotranspiration, Field
moisture, Irrigation Scheduling", volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "75-10", }
