Influence of Supplemental Glutamine on Nutrient Digestibility and Utilization, Small Intestinal Morphology and Gastrointestinal Tract and Immune Organ Developments of Broiler Chickens
This study was conducted to investigate the optimum
levels of glutamine (Gln) supplementation in broiler diets. A total of
32 one-day-old male chicks with initial body weight 41.5 g were
segregated into 4 groups (8 chicks per group) and subsequently
distributed to individual cages. Feed and water were provided ad
libitum for 21 days. Four dietary treatments were as follows: control
and supplemented Gln at 1, 2 and 3%, respectively. The results found
that the addition Gln had no negative effects on dry matter, organic
matter, ash digestibility or nitrogen retention. Birds fed with 1% Gln
had significantly higher villi wide and villi height : crypt depth ratio
in duodenum than the control chicks and 2 and 3% Gln chicks. It is
suggested that the addition of Gln at 1% indicated a beneficial effect
on improving small intestinal morphology, in addition Gln may
stimulate immune organ development of broiler chickens.
[1] E. A. Newsholme, B. Crabtree, and M. S. Ardawi, "Glutamine
metabolism in lymphocytes: its biochemical, physiological and clinical
important", Q. J. Exp. Physiol., vol. 70, pp. 473-489, 1985.
[2] F. J. Andrews, and R. D. Griffiths, "Glutamine: essential for immune
nutrition in the critically ill", Br. J. Nutr., vol. S1, pp. 3-8, 2002.
[3] P. Newsholme, "Why is L-glutamine metabolism important to cells of
the immune system in health post-immune, surgery, or infection?", J.
Nutr. vol. 131, pp. 2515-2522.
[4] NRC, "Nutrient Requirements of Poultry", 9th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press,
Washington, DC., 1994.
[5] AOAC, "Association of Official Analytical Chemists", 14th ed.
Washington, D.C., 1990.
[6] Z., Uni, Y. Noy, and D. Sklan, "Posthatch changes in morphology and
function of the small intestines in heavy- and light-strain chicks", Poult.
Sci., vol. 74, pp. 1622-1629, 1995.
[7] SPSS, "User-s Guide", Version 13.0 SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL., 2004.
[8] A. E. Murakami, M. I. Sakamoto, M. R. M. Natali, L. M. G. Souza, and
J. R. G. Farnco, "Supplementation of glutamine and vitamin E on the
morphology of the intestinal mucosa in broiler chickens", Poult. Sci.,
vol. 86, pp. 488-495, 2007.
[9] G. F. Yi, G. L. Allee, J. W. Frank, J. D. Spencer, and K. J. Touchette,
"Impact of glutamine, menhaden fish meal, and spray-dried plasma on
the growth and intestinal morphology of broilers", Poult. Sci., vol. 80
(supple. 1), pp. 201 (Abstr.), 2001.
[10] M. A. Soltan, "Influence of dietary glutamine supplementation on
growth performance, small intestinal morphology, immune response and
some blood parameters of broiler chickens", Inter. J. Poult. Sci., vol.
8(1), pp. 60-86, 2009.
[11] S. M. Bartell, and A. B. Batal, "The effect of supplemental glutamine on
growth performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract and
immune response of broilers", Poult. Sci., vol. 86, pp. 1940-1947, 2007.
[12] Z. G. Nitsan, B. Avraham, Z. Zoref, and I. Nir, "Organ growth and
digestive enzymes levels to fifteen days of age in lines of chickens
differing in body weight", Poult. Sci., vol. 70, pp. 2040-2048, 1991.
[13] M. I. Sakamoto, A. E. Murakami, T. G. V. Silveira, J. I. M. Fernandes
and C. A. L. Oliveira, "Influence of glutamine and vitamin E on the
performance and the immune response of broiler chickens", Brazilian J.
Poult. Sci., vol. 8, pp. 243-249, 2006.
[14] A. A. Adjei, Y. Matsumoto, T. Oku, Y. Hiroi and Y. Yamamoto,
"Dietary agrinine and glutamine combination improves survival in septic
mice", Nutr. Res., vol. 14, pp. 1591-1599, 1994.
[15] J. V. Reynolds, J. M. Daly, and S. Zhang, "Immunomodulatory
mechanism of arginine", Surg., vol. 104, pp. 141-151, 1988.
[1] E. A. Newsholme, B. Crabtree, and M. S. Ardawi, "Glutamine
metabolism in lymphocytes: its biochemical, physiological and clinical
important", Q. J. Exp. Physiol., vol. 70, pp. 473-489, 1985.
[2] F. J. Andrews, and R. D. Griffiths, "Glutamine: essential for immune
nutrition in the critically ill", Br. J. Nutr., vol. S1, pp. 3-8, 2002.
[3] P. Newsholme, "Why is L-glutamine metabolism important to cells of
the immune system in health post-immune, surgery, or infection?", J.
Nutr. vol. 131, pp. 2515-2522.
[4] NRC, "Nutrient Requirements of Poultry", 9th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press,
Washington, DC., 1994.
[5] AOAC, "Association of Official Analytical Chemists", 14th ed.
Washington, D.C., 1990.
[6] Z., Uni, Y. Noy, and D. Sklan, "Posthatch changes in morphology and
function of the small intestines in heavy- and light-strain chicks", Poult.
Sci., vol. 74, pp. 1622-1629, 1995.
[7] SPSS, "User-s Guide", Version 13.0 SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL., 2004.
[8] A. E. Murakami, M. I. Sakamoto, M. R. M. Natali, L. M. G. Souza, and
J. R. G. Farnco, "Supplementation of glutamine and vitamin E on the
morphology of the intestinal mucosa in broiler chickens", Poult. Sci.,
vol. 86, pp. 488-495, 2007.
[9] G. F. Yi, G. L. Allee, J. W. Frank, J. D. Spencer, and K. J. Touchette,
"Impact of glutamine, menhaden fish meal, and spray-dried plasma on
the growth and intestinal morphology of broilers", Poult. Sci., vol. 80
(supple. 1), pp. 201 (Abstr.), 2001.
[10] M. A. Soltan, "Influence of dietary glutamine supplementation on
growth performance, small intestinal morphology, immune response and
some blood parameters of broiler chickens", Inter. J. Poult. Sci., vol.
8(1), pp. 60-86, 2009.
[11] S. M. Bartell, and A. B. Batal, "The effect of supplemental glutamine on
growth performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract and
immune response of broilers", Poult. Sci., vol. 86, pp. 1940-1947, 2007.
[12] Z. G. Nitsan, B. Avraham, Z. Zoref, and I. Nir, "Organ growth and
digestive enzymes levels to fifteen days of age in lines of chickens
differing in body weight", Poult. Sci., vol. 70, pp. 2040-2048, 1991.
[13] M. I. Sakamoto, A. E. Murakami, T. G. V. Silveira, J. I. M. Fernandes
and C. A. L. Oliveira, "Influence of glutamine and vitamin E on the
performance and the immune response of broiler chickens", Brazilian J.
Poult. Sci., vol. 8, pp. 243-249, 2006.
[14] A. A. Adjei, Y. Matsumoto, T. Oku, Y. Hiroi and Y. Yamamoto,
"Dietary agrinine and glutamine combination improves survival in septic
mice", Nutr. Res., vol. 14, pp. 1591-1599, 1994.
[15] J. V. Reynolds, J. M. Daly, and S. Zhang, "Immunomodulatory
mechanism of arginine", Surg., vol. 104, pp. 141-151, 1988.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:60107", author = "Sutisa Khempaka and Supattra Okrathok and Laddawan Hokking and Buntita Thukhanon and Wittawat Molee", title = "Influence of Supplemental Glutamine on Nutrient Digestibility and Utilization, Small Intestinal Morphology and Gastrointestinal Tract and Immune Organ Developments of Broiler Chickens", abstract = "This study was conducted to investigate the optimum
levels of glutamine (Gln) supplementation in broiler diets. A total of
32 one-day-old male chicks with initial body weight 41.5 g were
segregated into 4 groups (8 chicks per group) and subsequently
distributed to individual cages. Feed and water were provided ad
libitum for 21 days. Four dietary treatments were as follows: control
and supplemented Gln at 1, 2 and 3%, respectively. The results found
that the addition Gln had no negative effects on dry matter, organic
matter, ash digestibility or nitrogen retention. Birds fed with 1% Gln
had significantly higher villi wide and villi height : crypt depth ratio
in duodenum than the control chicks and 2 and 3% Gln chicks. It is
suggested that the addition of Gln at 1% indicated a beneficial effect
on improving small intestinal morphology, in addition Gln may
stimulate immune organ development of broiler chickens.", keywords = "broiler chicken, digestibility, gastrointestinal tract glutamine, glutamine", volume = "5", number = "8", pages = "462-3", }