Incidence of Acinetobacter in Fresh Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus)
The research aims to investigate the occurrence of
multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter, in carrot and estimate the role of
carrot in its transmission in a rapidly growing urban population.
Thus, 50 carrot samples were collected from Jakara wastewater
irrigation farms and are analyzed on MacConkey agar and screened
by Microbact 24E (Oxoid) and susceptibility of isolates is tested
against 10 commonly used antibiotics. Acinetobacter baumannii and
A. lwoffii were isolated in 22.00% and 16% of samples respectively.
Resistance to ceporex and penicillin of 36.36% and 27.27% in A.
baumannii, and sensitivity to ofloxacin, pefloxacin, gentimycin and
co-trimoxazole were observed. However, for A. lwoffii apart from
37.50% resistance to ceporex, it was also resistant to all other drugs
tested. There were similarities in the resistances shown by A.
baumannii and A. lwoffii to fluoroquinolones and β- lactame drug
families in addition to between sulfonamide and animoglycoside
demonstrated by A. lwoffii. Significant correlation in similarities were
observed at P < 0.05 to CPX to NA (46.2%), and SXT to AU (52.6%)
A. baumannii and A. lwoffii respectively and high multi drug
resistance (MDR) of 27.27% and 62.50% by A. baumannii and A.
lwoffii respectively. The occurrence of multidrug-resistance pathogen
in carrot is a serious challenge to public health care, especially in a
rapidly growing urban population where subsistence agriculture
contributes greatly to urban livelihood and source of vegetables.
[1] Grace, D., Olowoye, J., Dipeolu, M., Odebode, S., and Randolph, T.
“The influence of gender and group membership on food safety: the case
of meat sellers in Bodija market, Ibadan, Nigeria. Tropical Animal
Health and Production” 44 Suppl 1, S53-9. 11250-012-0207-0, 2012.
[2] Berger, N. C., Samir, V. S., Robert, K. S., Griffin, P. M., David, P., Paul,
H. and Gad, F. “Fresh fruit and vegetables as vehicles for the
transmission of human pathogens” Environ. Microbiol. 12(9), 2385–
2397, 2010.
[3] FAO/WHO “Risk profile for enteroheamorrhagic Escherichia coli
including the Identification of the Commodities of Concern, including
Sprouts, Ground Beef and Pork” CX/FH 03/5/Add.4 Sept. 2002. Codex
alimentarious commission, 2003.
[4] Makita, K., Desissa, F., Teklu, A., Zewde, G., and Grace, D. “Risk
assessment of staphylococcal poisoning due to consumption of
informally-marketed milk and home-made yoghurt in Debre Zeit,
Ethiopia”. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 153(1-2), 135-
41, 2012.
[5] Amoah, P., Drechsel, P., Henseler, M. and Abaidoo, R. C. “Irrigated
urban vegetable production in Ghana: microbiological contamination in
farms and markets and associated consumer risk groups” Journal of
Water Health. 5, 455-66, 2007.
[6] World Health Organization “Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater,
excreta and greywater” 2006. Retrieved from,
www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/gsuww/en/
[7] Ndiaye, M. L., Dieng, Y., Niang, S., Pfeifer, H. R., Tonolla, M., and
Peduzzi, R. “Effect of irrigation water on the incidence of Salmonella
spp. on lettuces produced by urban agriculture and sold on the markets
in Dakar, Senegal”. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(19),
2885-2890, 2011.
[8] Schreckenberger P. C., Daneshvar M. I., Weyant R. S., and Hollis D. G.
“Acinetobacter, Achromobacter, Chryseobacterium, Moraxella, and
other nonfermentative gramnegative rods” In: Murray P. R., Baron E. J.,
.Jorgensen J. H., Landry M. L., Pfaller M. A., eds. Manual of clinical
microbiology. 9th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2007:770- 802.
[9] Getchell-White S. I., Donowitz L. G., and Groschel D. H. “The
inanimate environment of an intensive care unit as a potential source of
nosocomial baceria: evidence for long survival of Acinetobacter
calcoaceticus” Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, Vol. 10:402-7, 1989.
[10] Lolans K., Rice T. W., Munoz-Price L. S., and Quinn J. P. “Multicity
outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates
producing the carbapenemase OXA-40” Antimicrob Agents Chemother,
50:2941-5, 2006.
[11] Talbot G. H., Bradley J., Edwards J. E. Jr, Gilbert D., Scheld M., and
Bartlett J. G. “Bad bugs need drugs: an update on the development
pipeline from the Antimicrobial Availability Task Force of the
Infectious Diseases Society of America” Clin Infect Dis. 42:657-68,
2006.
[12] Silvia M. L. and Weinstein, R.A. “Acinetobacter Infection” N Engl J
Med; 358:1271-81, 2008.
[13] Oncul O, Keskin O, Acar HV, et al. “Hospital-acquired infections
following the 1999 Marmara earthquake” J Hosp Infect, 51:47-51, 2002.
[14] Fournier, P. E. and Richet, H. “The epidemiology and control of
Acinetobacter baumannii in health care facilities” Clin. Infect. Dis.
42:692-699, 2006.
[15] Dima S., Kritsotakis E. I., Roumbelaki M., et al. “Device-associated
nosocomial infection rates in intensive care units in Greece” Infect
Control Hosp Epidemiol, 28: 602-5, 2007.
[16] Imperi, F., Antunes, L. C., Blom, J., Villa, L., Iacono, M., Visca, P., and
Carattoli, A. “The genomics of Acinetobacter baumannii: insights into
genome plasticity, antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity” IUBMB
Life. Dec; 63(12), 1068-74, 2011.
[17] Cheesbrough, M. (2005). District Laboratory practice for tropical
countries, Part 2, Cambridge University Press, UK, 426 pp.
[18] Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2007). Performance
Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Approved Standard
(Document M100-S17). 27 (1). 187 pp.
[19] Stine, S. W., Song, I., Choi, C. Y., and Gerba, C. P. “Application of
microbial risk assessment to the development of standards for enteric
pathogens in water used to irrigate fresh produce” Journal of Food
Protection, 68, 913-8, 2005.
[20] Poirel L., and Nordmann P. “Carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter
baumannii: mechanisms and epidemiology” Clin Microbiol Infect;
12:826-36, 2006.
[21] Peleg A. Y., Adams J, and Paterson D. L. “Tigecycline efflux as a
mechanism for nonsusceptibility in Acinetobacter baumannii”
Antimicrob Agents Chemother; 51: 2065-9, 2007.
[22] Jacoby GA, and Munoz-Price LS. “The new beta-lactamases” N Engl J
Med; 352:380-91, 2005.
[23] Qi C, Malczynski M, Parker M, and Scheetz MH. “Characterization of
genetic diversity of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
clinical strains collected from 2004 to 2007” Clin Microbiol; 46 : 1106-
9, 2008.
[24] Acar, J. F. and Goldstein, F. W. “Trends in bacterial resistance to
fluoroquinolones” Clin Infect Dis. 1997; 24 (suppl 1): S67–73, 1997.
[25] Vila, J., Ruiz, J., Goni, P., Marcos, A., and Jimenez De Anta, T.
“Mutation in the gyrA Gene of Quinolone-Resistant Clinical Isolates of
Acinetobacter baumannii” Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39 (5): 1201–
1203, 1995.
[26] Chopra S., Torres-Ortiz M., Hokama L. et al. “Repurposing FDAapproved
drugs to combat drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii” J
Antimicrob Chemother; 65: 2598–601, 2010.
[27] World Health Organization. “Antimicrobial resistance: global report on
surveillance” 2014. WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue
Appia, ISBN 978 92 4 156474 8, 3 – 5 or www.who.int.
[1] Grace, D., Olowoye, J., Dipeolu, M., Odebode, S., and Randolph, T.
“The influence of gender and group membership on food safety: the case
of meat sellers in Bodija market, Ibadan, Nigeria. Tropical Animal
Health and Production” 44 Suppl 1, S53-9. 11250-012-0207-0, 2012.
[2] Berger, N. C., Samir, V. S., Robert, K. S., Griffin, P. M., David, P., Paul,
H. and Gad, F. “Fresh fruit and vegetables as vehicles for the
transmission of human pathogens” Environ. Microbiol. 12(9), 2385–
2397, 2010.
[3] FAO/WHO “Risk profile for enteroheamorrhagic Escherichia coli
including the Identification of the Commodities of Concern, including
Sprouts, Ground Beef and Pork” CX/FH 03/5/Add.4 Sept. 2002. Codex
alimentarious commission, 2003.
[4] Makita, K., Desissa, F., Teklu, A., Zewde, G., and Grace, D. “Risk
assessment of staphylococcal poisoning due to consumption of
informally-marketed milk and home-made yoghurt in Debre Zeit,
Ethiopia”. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 153(1-2), 135-
41, 2012.
[5] Amoah, P., Drechsel, P., Henseler, M. and Abaidoo, R. C. “Irrigated
urban vegetable production in Ghana: microbiological contamination in
farms and markets and associated consumer risk groups” Journal of
Water Health. 5, 455-66, 2007.
[6] World Health Organization “Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater,
excreta and greywater” 2006. Retrieved from,
www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/gsuww/en/
[7] Ndiaye, M. L., Dieng, Y., Niang, S., Pfeifer, H. R., Tonolla, M., and
Peduzzi, R. “Effect of irrigation water on the incidence of Salmonella
spp. on lettuces produced by urban agriculture and sold on the markets
in Dakar, Senegal”. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(19),
2885-2890, 2011.
[8] Schreckenberger P. C., Daneshvar M. I., Weyant R. S., and Hollis D. G.
“Acinetobacter, Achromobacter, Chryseobacterium, Moraxella, and
other nonfermentative gramnegative rods” In: Murray P. R., Baron E. J.,
.Jorgensen J. H., Landry M. L., Pfaller M. A., eds. Manual of clinical
microbiology. 9th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2007:770- 802.
[9] Getchell-White S. I., Donowitz L. G., and Groschel D. H. “The
inanimate environment of an intensive care unit as a potential source of
nosocomial baceria: evidence for long survival of Acinetobacter
calcoaceticus” Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, Vol. 10:402-7, 1989.
[10] Lolans K., Rice T. W., Munoz-Price L. S., and Quinn J. P. “Multicity
outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates
producing the carbapenemase OXA-40” Antimicrob Agents Chemother,
50:2941-5, 2006.
[11] Talbot G. H., Bradley J., Edwards J. E. Jr, Gilbert D., Scheld M., and
Bartlett J. G. “Bad bugs need drugs: an update on the development
pipeline from the Antimicrobial Availability Task Force of the
Infectious Diseases Society of America” Clin Infect Dis. 42:657-68,
2006.
[12] Silvia M. L. and Weinstein, R.A. “Acinetobacter Infection” N Engl J
Med; 358:1271-81, 2008.
[13] Oncul O, Keskin O, Acar HV, et al. “Hospital-acquired infections
following the 1999 Marmara earthquake” J Hosp Infect, 51:47-51, 2002.
[14] Fournier, P. E. and Richet, H. “The epidemiology and control of
Acinetobacter baumannii in health care facilities” Clin. Infect. Dis.
42:692-699, 2006.
[15] Dima S., Kritsotakis E. I., Roumbelaki M., et al. “Device-associated
nosocomial infection rates in intensive care units in Greece” Infect
Control Hosp Epidemiol, 28: 602-5, 2007.
[16] Imperi, F., Antunes, L. C., Blom, J., Villa, L., Iacono, M., Visca, P., and
Carattoli, A. “The genomics of Acinetobacter baumannii: insights into
genome plasticity, antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity” IUBMB
Life. Dec; 63(12), 1068-74, 2011.
[17] Cheesbrough, M. (2005). District Laboratory practice for tropical
countries, Part 2, Cambridge University Press, UK, 426 pp.
[18] Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2007). Performance
Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Approved Standard
(Document M100-S17). 27 (1). 187 pp.
[19] Stine, S. W., Song, I., Choi, C. Y., and Gerba, C. P. “Application of
microbial risk assessment to the development of standards for enteric
pathogens in water used to irrigate fresh produce” Journal of Food
Protection, 68, 913-8, 2005.
[20] Poirel L., and Nordmann P. “Carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter
baumannii: mechanisms and epidemiology” Clin Microbiol Infect;
12:826-36, 2006.
[21] Peleg A. Y., Adams J, and Paterson D. L. “Tigecycline efflux as a
mechanism for nonsusceptibility in Acinetobacter baumannii”
Antimicrob Agents Chemother; 51: 2065-9, 2007.
[22] Jacoby GA, and Munoz-Price LS. “The new beta-lactamases” N Engl J
Med; 352:380-91, 2005.
[23] Qi C, Malczynski M, Parker M, and Scheetz MH. “Characterization of
genetic diversity of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
clinical strains collected from 2004 to 2007” Clin Microbiol; 46 : 1106-
9, 2008.
[24] Acar, J. F. and Goldstein, F. W. “Trends in bacterial resistance to
fluoroquinolones” Clin Infect Dis. 1997; 24 (suppl 1): S67–73, 1997.
[25] Vila, J., Ruiz, J., Goni, P., Marcos, A., and Jimenez De Anta, T.
“Mutation in the gyrA Gene of Quinolone-Resistant Clinical Isolates of
Acinetobacter baumannii” Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39 (5): 1201–
1203, 1995.
[26] Chopra S., Torres-Ortiz M., Hokama L. et al. “Repurposing FDAapproved
drugs to combat drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii” J
Antimicrob Chemother; 65: 2598–601, 2010.
[27] World Health Organization. “Antimicrobial resistance: global report on
surveillance” 2014. WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue
Appia, ISBN 978 92 4 156474 8, 3 – 5 or www.who.int.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:71783", author = "M. Dahiru and O. I. Enabulele", title = "Incidence of Acinetobacter in Fresh Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus)", abstract = "The research aims to investigate the occurrence of
multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter, in carrot and estimate the role of
carrot in its transmission in a rapidly growing urban population.
Thus, 50 carrot samples were collected from Jakara wastewater
irrigation farms and are analyzed on MacConkey agar and screened
by Microbact 24E (Oxoid) and susceptibility of isolates is tested
against 10 commonly used antibiotics. Acinetobacter baumannii and
A. lwoffii were isolated in 22.00% and 16% of samples respectively.
Resistance to ceporex and penicillin of 36.36% and 27.27% in A.
baumannii, and sensitivity to ofloxacin, pefloxacin, gentimycin and
co-trimoxazole were observed. However, for A. lwoffii apart from
37.50% resistance to ceporex, it was also resistant to all other drugs
tested. There were similarities in the resistances shown by A.
baumannii and A. lwoffii to fluoroquinolones and β- lactame drug
families in addition to between sulfonamide and animoglycoside
demonstrated by A. lwoffii. Significant correlation in similarities were
observed at P < 0.05 to CPX to NA (46.2%), and SXT to AU (52.6%)
A. baumannii and A. lwoffii respectively and high multi drug
resistance (MDR) of 27.27% and 62.50% by A. baumannii and A.
lwoffii respectively. The occurrence of multidrug-resistance pathogen
in carrot is a serious challenge to public health care, especially in a
rapidly growing urban population where subsistence agriculture
contributes greatly to urban livelihood and source of vegetables.", keywords = "Urban agriculture, Public health, Fluoroquinolone,
Sulfonamide, Multidrug-resistance.", volume = "9", number = "12", pages = "1291-4", }
