In vitro Susceptibility of Madurella mycetomatis to the Extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus Leaves
Anogeissus leiocarpus (Combretaceae) is well known
for its medicinal uses in African traditional medicine, for treating
many human diseases mainly skin diseases and infections. Mycetoma
disease is a fungal and/ or bacterial skininfection, mainly cause by
Madurella mycetomatis fungus. This study was carried out in vitro to
investigate the antifungal activity of Anogeissus leiocarpus leaf
extracts against the isolated pathogenic Madurella mycetomatis, by
using the NCCLS modified method compared to Ketoconazole
standard drug, and MTT assay. The bioactive fraction was subjected
to chemical analysis implementing different chromatographic
analytical methods (TLC, HPLC, and LC-MS/MS). The results
showed significance antifungal activity of A. leiocarpus leaf extracts
against the isolated pathogenic M. mycetomatis, compared to negative
and positive controls. The chloroform fraction showed the highest
antifungal activity. The chromatographic analysis of the chloroform
fraction with the highest activity showed the presence of important
bioactive compounds such as ellagic and flavellagic acids derivatives,
flavonoids and stilbenoid, which are well known for their antifungal
activity.
[1] Agaie, B.M.; Onyeyili, P.A.; Muhammad, B.Y. and Landan, M.J., 2007.
Some Toxic Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus
in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2(4): 396-401.
[2] Adejumobi, J.A.; Ogundiya, M. O.; Kolapo, A.andkunade, M.B., 2008.
Phytochemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of
Anogeissus leiocarpus on some common oral pathogens. Journal of
Medicinal Plants Research, 2(8):193-196.
[3] Okpekon, T.; Yolou, S.; Gleye, C.; Roblot, F.; Loiseau, P.; Bories, C.;
Grellier, P.; Frappier F.; Laurens, A. and Hocquemiller, R., 2004.
Antiparasitic activities of medicinal plants used in Ivory Coast. Journal
of Ethnopharmacology, 90: 91-97.
[4] Agaie, B. M. and Onyeyili, P. A., 2007. Anthelmintic activity of the
crude aqueous leaf extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus in sheep. African
Journal of Biotechnology, 6(13):1511-1515.
[5] Adeleye, I.A.; Ogunniyi, A.A. and Omonigbehin, E. A., 2003.
Antimicrobial activity of some local herbs on common skin pathogens.
Bioscience Research Communication, 15(3): 231-236.
[6] Vonthron-Sénécheau, C.; Weniger, B.; Ouattara, M.; Tra Bi, F.;
Kamenan, A.; Lobstein, A.; Brun, R. and Anton, R., 2003. In vitro
antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of ethnobotanically selected
Ivorian plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 87: 221-225.
[7] Mustofa, V. A.; Benoˆıt-Vical, F.; Pellissier, Y.; Kone-Bamba, D. and
Mallié, M., 2000. Antiplasmodial activity of plants extracts used in West
African traditional Medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 73: 145-
151.
[8] Chaabi, M.; Benayache, S.; Vonthron-Sénécheau, C.; Weniger, B.;
Anton, R. andLobstein, A., 2006. Antiprotozoal activity of saponins
from Anogeissus leiocarpus (Combretaceae). Planta Med., 72: 7.
[9] Almagboul, A. Z.; Basher, A. and Salih, A.K. M., 1988. Antimicrobial
activity of certain Sudanese plants used in folkloric medicine. Screening
for antifungal activity. Fitoterapia, 59: 393-396.
[10] Mann, A.; Amupitan, J.O.; Oyewale, A.O.; Okogun, J.I.; Ibrahim, K.;
Oladosu, P.; Lawson, L.; Olajide, I. and Nnamdi, A., 2008. Evaluation
of in vitro antimycobacterial activity of Nigerian plants used for
treatment of respiratory diseases. African Journal of Biotechnology,
7(11): 1630-1636.
[11] Ibrahim, M.B.; Owonubi, M.O.; Onaopo, J.A., 1997. Antibacterial effect
of extract of leaf, stem and root bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus on some
bacterial organisms. J. Pharm. Res. Dev., 2(1): 20-23.
[12] Sanogo, R., 2005. Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of 14 plants
used in the treatment of sexually transmitted infections. Afr. J. Trad,
Complem. Alter. Med.,2(2): 177- 205.
[13] Batawila, K.; Kokou, K.; Koumaglo, K.; Gbéassor, M.; de Foucault,B.;
Bouchet, Ph. and Akpagana, K., 2005. Antifungal activities of five
Combretaceae used in Togolese traditional medicine. Fitoterapia, 76:
264-268.
[14] Mann, A.; Yahaya Y.; Banso, A. and Ajayi, G.O., 2008.Phytochemical
and antibacterial screening of Anogeissus leiocarpus against some
microorganisms associated with infectious wounds. African Journal of
Microbiology Research, 2: 60-62.
[15] Mann, A.; Banso, A. and Clifford, L.C., 2008. An antifungal property of
crude plant Extracts from Anogessius leiocarpus and Terminalia
avicennioides, Tanzania Journal of Health Researc.,10(1): 34-38.
[16] Mann, A.; Amupitan, J.O.; Oyewale, A.O.; Okogun, J.I. and Ibrahim,
K., 2009. Antibacterial activity of terpenoidal fractions from Anogeissus
leiocarpus and Terminalia avicennioides against community acquired
infections. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 3(1): 22-25.
[17] Mann, A.; Amupitan, J.O.; Oyewale, A.O.; Okogun, J.I. and Ibrahim,
K., 2009. Chemistry of secondary metabolites and their antimicrobial
activity in the drug development process: A review of the genus
Anogeissus. Medicinal Plants-International Journal of Phytomedicines
and Related Industries, 1(2): 6.
[18] Gumaa, S.A., 1994. The aetiology and epidemiology of mycetoma.
Sudan medical journal, 32(2): 14-22.
[19] Mahgoub, E.S., 1994. Medical treatment of mycetoma. Sudan medical
journal, 32(2): 88-97.
[20] NCCLS, 2002. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.
2002. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility
testing of filamentous fungi. Approved standard NCCLS Document
M38-A.9. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards,
Wayne, USA.
[21] Ahmed, A.O.; Van de Sande, W.W.; Van Vianen, W.; Belkum, Van
Alex; Fahal, A.H.; Verbrug, H.A.; Irma, A. and Bakker-Woudenber,
J.M., 2004. In vitro Susceptibility of Madurella mycetomatis to
Itraconazole and Amphotericin B assed by a Modified NCCLS Method
and a viability based 2,3-bis(2-methoxy 040nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-
{(phenylamino) carbonyl}-2H-tetrazplium hydroxide (XTT) assay and a
modified NCCLS method. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy,
48(7): 2742-2746. [22] Van de Sande, W.W.J.; Lujendijk, A. and Ahmed, A.O., 2005.Testing of
the in-vitro susceptibility of Madurella mycetomatis to six antifungal
agents by using the sensititer system in comparison with viability based
2,3-bis(2-methoxy040nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-{(phenylamino) carbonyl}-
2H-tetrazplium hydroxide (XTT) assay and a modified NCCLS method.
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 49:1364-1368.
[23] Muraina, I.A.; Picard, J.A. and Eloff, J.N., 2009. Development of a
reproducible method to determine minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) of plant extract against a slow-growing mycoplasmas organism.
Phytomedicine, 16(2-3): 262-264.
[24] Kuo-Ching Wen, I-Chen Shih, Jhe-Cyuan Hu, Sue-Tsai Liao, Tsung-
Wei Su, and Hsiu-Mei Chiang, 2011. Inhibitory Effects of Terminalia
catappa on UVB-Induced Photodamage in Fibroblast Cell Line. Evid
Based Complement Alternat Med.: 904532.
[25] Ten-Ning, C.; Guan-Jhong, H.; Yu-Lin, H.; Shgh-Shgun, H.; Heng-Yua,
C.; Yuan-Shium, C., 2009. Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities
of Crossostephium chinenis. The American Journal of Chinese
Medicine, 37(4): 797-814.
[26] Eloff, J. N.; Katere, D. R.; McGaw, L.J., 2008. The biological activity
and chemistry of the Southern African Combretaceae Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 119: 686-699.
[27] Reddy, K.K.; Rajadurai, S.; Sastry, K.N.S. and Nayudamma, Y., 1964.
Studies on dhava tannins: Part I. The isolation and constitution of a
gallotannin from dhava (Anogeissus latifolia). Australian Journal of
Chemistry, 17(2): 238-245.
[28] Reddy, K.K.; Rajadurai, S. and Nayudamma,Y., 1965. Studies on Dhava
(Anogeis suslatifolia) Tannins: Part III. Polyphenols of bark, sapwood
and heartwood of Dhava. Indian. J. Chem., 27: 308-310.
[29] Deshpande, V.H.; Patil, A.D.; Rama Roa, A.V. and Venkataraman.,
1976. Methylellagic acid and methylflavellagic acid from Anogeis
suslatifolia bark, Ind. J. Chem., 14B: 641-643.
[30] Govindarajan, R.; Vijayakumar, M.; Rao, Ch.V.;Shirwaikar, A.;Rawat,
A.K.S.; Mehrotra, S. and Pushpangadan, P., 2004. Antioxidant potential
of Anogeissus. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 27(8): 1266-1269.
[31] Govindarajan, R.; Vijayakumar, M.; Rao, Ch.V.; Shirwaikar, A.;
Pushpangadan, P. andMehrotra, S., 2004. Healing potential of
Anogeissus latifolia for dermal wounds in rats. Acta. Pharmaceutica.,
54(4): 331-338.
[32] Govindarajan, R.; Vijayakumar, M.; Shirwaikar, A.; Rawat A.K.S.;
Mehrotra, S.and Pushpangadan, P., 2005. Activity Guided Isolation of
Antioxidant Tannoid Principles from Anogeissus latifolia. Natural
Product Sciences, 11(3):174-178.
[33] Pradeep, H.A.; Khan, S.; Ravikumar, K.; Ahmed, M.F.; Rao, M.S.;
Kiranmai, M.; Reddy, D.S.; Ahamed, Sh.R.;and Ibrahim, M.,
2009.Hepatoprotective evaluation of Anogeissus latifolia: In vitro and in
vivo studies. World. J. Gastroenterol., 15(38): 4816-4822.
[34] Scalbert, A., 1991. Antimicrobial properties of tannins. Phytochemistry,
30: Pp 3875-3883.
[35] Cowan, M. M., 1999. Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents. Clinical
microbiology reviews, 12 (4): Pp 564-582.
[36] Langcake P., 1981. Disease resistance of Vitis spp. and the production of
the stress metabolites resveratrol, e-viniferin, a-viniferin and
pterostilbene. Physiological Plant Pathology,18: 312–226.
[37] Alessandro, M.; Marco, S.D.; Osti, F. and Cesari, A., 2000. Bioassays
on the activity of resveratrol, pterostilbene and phosphorous acid
towards fungal associated with esca of grape vine. Phytopathol.
Mediterr., 39: 357-365.
[38] Alessandro, M.; Marco, S.D.; Osti, F. and Cesari, A., 2000. Bioassays
on the activity of resveratrol, pterostilbene and phosphorous acid
towards fungal associated with esca of grape vine. Phytopathol.
Mediterr., 39: 357-365.
[39] Suh, N.; Paul, S.; Hao, X.; Simi, B.; Xiao, H.; Rimando, A.M. and
Reddy, B.S., 2007. Pterostilbene, an active constituent of Blueberries,
suppresses aberrant crypt foci formation in the azoxymethane-induced
colon carcinogenesis model in rats. Clin. Cancer Res., 13(1): 350-355.
[40] Rimando, A.M. and Suh, N., 2008. Biological/Chemopreventive
Activity of Stilbenes and their Effect on Colon Cancer. Planta Med.,
74(13): 1635-1643.
[1] Agaie, B.M.; Onyeyili, P.A.; Muhammad, B.Y. and Landan, M.J., 2007.
Some Toxic Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus
in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2(4): 396-401.
[2] Adejumobi, J.A.; Ogundiya, M. O.; Kolapo, A.andkunade, M.B., 2008.
Phytochemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of
Anogeissus leiocarpus on some common oral pathogens. Journal of
Medicinal Plants Research, 2(8):193-196.
[3] Okpekon, T.; Yolou, S.; Gleye, C.; Roblot, F.; Loiseau, P.; Bories, C.;
Grellier, P.; Frappier F.; Laurens, A. and Hocquemiller, R., 2004.
Antiparasitic activities of medicinal plants used in Ivory Coast. Journal
of Ethnopharmacology, 90: 91-97.
[4] Agaie, B. M. and Onyeyili, P. A., 2007. Anthelmintic activity of the
crude aqueous leaf extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus in sheep. African
Journal of Biotechnology, 6(13):1511-1515.
[5] Adeleye, I.A.; Ogunniyi, A.A. and Omonigbehin, E. A., 2003.
Antimicrobial activity of some local herbs on common skin pathogens.
Bioscience Research Communication, 15(3): 231-236.
[6] Vonthron-Sénécheau, C.; Weniger, B.; Ouattara, M.; Tra Bi, F.;
Kamenan, A.; Lobstein, A.; Brun, R. and Anton, R., 2003. In vitro
antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of ethnobotanically selected
Ivorian plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 87: 221-225.
[7] Mustofa, V. A.; Benoˆıt-Vical, F.; Pellissier, Y.; Kone-Bamba, D. and
Mallié, M., 2000. Antiplasmodial activity of plants extracts used in West
African traditional Medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 73: 145-
151.
[8] Chaabi, M.; Benayache, S.; Vonthron-Sénécheau, C.; Weniger, B.;
Anton, R. andLobstein, A., 2006. Antiprotozoal activity of saponins
from Anogeissus leiocarpus (Combretaceae). Planta Med., 72: 7.
[9] Almagboul, A. Z.; Basher, A. and Salih, A.K. M., 1988. Antimicrobial
activity of certain Sudanese plants used in folkloric medicine. Screening
for antifungal activity. Fitoterapia, 59: 393-396.
[10] Mann, A.; Amupitan, J.O.; Oyewale, A.O.; Okogun, J.I.; Ibrahim, K.;
Oladosu, P.; Lawson, L.; Olajide, I. and Nnamdi, A., 2008. Evaluation
of in vitro antimycobacterial activity of Nigerian plants used for
treatment of respiratory diseases. African Journal of Biotechnology,
7(11): 1630-1636.
[11] Ibrahim, M.B.; Owonubi, M.O.; Onaopo, J.A., 1997. Antibacterial effect
of extract of leaf, stem and root bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus on some
bacterial organisms. J. Pharm. Res. Dev., 2(1): 20-23.
[12] Sanogo, R., 2005. Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of 14 plants
used in the treatment of sexually transmitted infections. Afr. J. Trad,
Complem. Alter. Med.,2(2): 177- 205.
[13] Batawila, K.; Kokou, K.; Koumaglo, K.; Gbéassor, M.; de Foucault,B.;
Bouchet, Ph. and Akpagana, K., 2005. Antifungal activities of five
Combretaceae used in Togolese traditional medicine. Fitoterapia, 76:
264-268.
[14] Mann, A.; Yahaya Y.; Banso, A. and Ajayi, G.O., 2008.Phytochemical
and antibacterial screening of Anogeissus leiocarpus against some
microorganisms associated with infectious wounds. African Journal of
Microbiology Research, 2: 60-62.
[15] Mann, A.; Banso, A. and Clifford, L.C., 2008. An antifungal property of
crude plant Extracts from Anogessius leiocarpus and Terminalia
avicennioides, Tanzania Journal of Health Researc.,10(1): 34-38.
[16] Mann, A.; Amupitan, J.O.; Oyewale, A.O.; Okogun, J.I. and Ibrahim,
K., 2009. Antibacterial activity of terpenoidal fractions from Anogeissus
leiocarpus and Terminalia avicennioides against community acquired
infections. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 3(1): 22-25.
[17] Mann, A.; Amupitan, J.O.; Oyewale, A.O.; Okogun, J.I. and Ibrahim,
K., 2009. Chemistry of secondary metabolites and their antimicrobial
activity in the drug development process: A review of the genus
Anogeissus. Medicinal Plants-International Journal of Phytomedicines
and Related Industries, 1(2): 6.
[18] Gumaa, S.A., 1994. The aetiology and epidemiology of mycetoma.
Sudan medical journal, 32(2): 14-22.
[19] Mahgoub, E.S., 1994. Medical treatment of mycetoma. Sudan medical
journal, 32(2): 88-97.
[20] NCCLS, 2002. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.
2002. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility
testing of filamentous fungi. Approved standard NCCLS Document
M38-A.9. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards,
Wayne, USA.
[21] Ahmed, A.O.; Van de Sande, W.W.; Van Vianen, W.; Belkum, Van
Alex; Fahal, A.H.; Verbrug, H.A.; Irma, A. and Bakker-Woudenber,
J.M., 2004. In vitro Susceptibility of Madurella mycetomatis to
Itraconazole and Amphotericin B assed by a Modified NCCLS Method
and a viability based 2,3-bis(2-methoxy 040nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-
{(phenylamino) carbonyl}-2H-tetrazplium hydroxide (XTT) assay and a
modified NCCLS method. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy,
48(7): 2742-2746. [22] Van de Sande, W.W.J.; Lujendijk, A. and Ahmed, A.O., 2005.Testing of
the in-vitro susceptibility of Madurella mycetomatis to six antifungal
agents by using the sensititer system in comparison with viability based
2,3-bis(2-methoxy040nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-{(phenylamino) carbonyl}-
2H-tetrazplium hydroxide (XTT) assay and a modified NCCLS method.
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 49:1364-1368.
[23] Muraina, I.A.; Picard, J.A. and Eloff, J.N., 2009. Development of a
reproducible method to determine minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) of plant extract against a slow-growing mycoplasmas organism.
Phytomedicine, 16(2-3): 262-264.
[24] Kuo-Ching Wen, I-Chen Shih, Jhe-Cyuan Hu, Sue-Tsai Liao, Tsung-
Wei Su, and Hsiu-Mei Chiang, 2011. Inhibitory Effects of Terminalia
catappa on UVB-Induced Photodamage in Fibroblast Cell Line. Evid
Based Complement Alternat Med.: 904532.
[25] Ten-Ning, C.; Guan-Jhong, H.; Yu-Lin, H.; Shgh-Shgun, H.; Heng-Yua,
C.; Yuan-Shium, C., 2009. Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities
of Crossostephium chinenis. The American Journal of Chinese
Medicine, 37(4): 797-814.
[26] Eloff, J. N.; Katere, D. R.; McGaw, L.J., 2008. The biological activity
and chemistry of the Southern African Combretaceae Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 119: 686-699.
[27] Reddy, K.K.; Rajadurai, S.; Sastry, K.N.S. and Nayudamma, Y., 1964.
Studies on dhava tannins: Part I. The isolation and constitution of a
gallotannin from dhava (Anogeissus latifolia). Australian Journal of
Chemistry, 17(2): 238-245.
[28] Reddy, K.K.; Rajadurai, S. and Nayudamma,Y., 1965. Studies on Dhava
(Anogeis suslatifolia) Tannins: Part III. Polyphenols of bark, sapwood
and heartwood of Dhava. Indian. J. Chem., 27: 308-310.
[29] Deshpande, V.H.; Patil, A.D.; Rama Roa, A.V. and Venkataraman.,
1976. Methylellagic acid and methylflavellagic acid from Anogeis
suslatifolia bark, Ind. J. Chem., 14B: 641-643.
[30] Govindarajan, R.; Vijayakumar, M.; Rao, Ch.V.;Shirwaikar, A.;Rawat,
A.K.S.; Mehrotra, S. and Pushpangadan, P., 2004. Antioxidant potential
of Anogeissus. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 27(8): 1266-1269.
[31] Govindarajan, R.; Vijayakumar, M.; Rao, Ch.V.; Shirwaikar, A.;
Pushpangadan, P. andMehrotra, S., 2004. Healing potential of
Anogeissus latifolia for dermal wounds in rats. Acta. Pharmaceutica.,
54(4): 331-338.
[32] Govindarajan, R.; Vijayakumar, M.; Shirwaikar, A.; Rawat A.K.S.;
Mehrotra, S.and Pushpangadan, P., 2005. Activity Guided Isolation of
Antioxidant Tannoid Principles from Anogeissus latifolia. Natural
Product Sciences, 11(3):174-178.
[33] Pradeep, H.A.; Khan, S.; Ravikumar, K.; Ahmed, M.F.; Rao, M.S.;
Kiranmai, M.; Reddy, D.S.; Ahamed, Sh.R.;and Ibrahim, M.,
2009.Hepatoprotective evaluation of Anogeissus latifolia: In vitro and in
vivo studies. World. J. Gastroenterol., 15(38): 4816-4822.
[34] Scalbert, A., 1991. Antimicrobial properties of tannins. Phytochemistry,
30: Pp 3875-3883.
[35] Cowan, M. M., 1999. Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents. Clinical
microbiology reviews, 12 (4): Pp 564-582.
[36] Langcake P., 1981. Disease resistance of Vitis spp. and the production of
the stress metabolites resveratrol, e-viniferin, a-viniferin and
pterostilbene. Physiological Plant Pathology,18: 312–226.
[37] Alessandro, M.; Marco, S.D.; Osti, F. and Cesari, A., 2000. Bioassays
on the activity of resveratrol, pterostilbene and phosphorous acid
towards fungal associated with esca of grape vine. Phytopathol.
Mediterr., 39: 357-365.
[38] Alessandro, M.; Marco, S.D.; Osti, F. and Cesari, A., 2000. Bioassays
on the activity of resveratrol, pterostilbene and phosphorous acid
towards fungal associated with esca of grape vine. Phytopathol.
Mediterr., 39: 357-365.
[39] Suh, N.; Paul, S.; Hao, X.; Simi, B.; Xiao, H.; Rimando, A.M. and
Reddy, B.S., 2007. Pterostilbene, an active constituent of Blueberries,
suppresses aberrant crypt foci formation in the azoxymethane-induced
colon carcinogenesis model in rats. Clin. Cancer Res., 13(1): 350-355.
[40] Rimando, A.M. and Suh, N., 2008. Biological/Chemopreventive
Activity of Stilbenes and their Effect on Colon Cancer. Planta Med.,
74(13): 1635-1643.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:71480", author = "Ikram Mohamed Eltayeb Elsiddig and Abdel Khalig Muddather and Hiba Abdel Rahman Ali and Saad Mohamed Hussein Ayoub", title = "In vitro Susceptibility of Madurella mycetomatis to the Extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus Leaves", abstract = "Anogeissus leiocarpus (Combretaceae) is well known
for its medicinal uses in African traditional medicine, for treating
many human diseases mainly skin diseases and infections. Mycetoma
disease is a fungal and/ or bacterial skininfection, mainly cause by
Madurella mycetomatis fungus. This study was carried out in vitro to
investigate the antifungal activity of Anogeissus leiocarpus leaf
extracts against the isolated pathogenic Madurella mycetomatis, by
using the NCCLS modified method compared to Ketoconazole
standard drug, and MTT assay. The bioactive fraction was subjected
to chemical analysis implementing different chromatographic
analytical methods (TLC, HPLC, and LC-MS/MS). The results
showed significance antifungal activity of A. leiocarpus leaf extracts
against the isolated pathogenic M. mycetomatis, compared to negative
and positive controls. The chloroform fraction showed the highest
antifungal activity. The chromatographic analysis of the chloroform
fraction with the highest activity showed the presence of important
bioactive compounds such as ellagic and flavellagic acids derivatives,
flavonoids and stilbenoid, which are well known for their antifungal
activity.
", keywords = "Anogeissus leiocarpus, crude extracts and fractions
of Anogeissus leiocarpus, in vitro susceptibility of Madurella
mycetomatis, Madurella mycetomatis.", volume = "9", number = "12", pages = "1198-12", }
