In-situ Chemical Oxidation of Residual TCE by Permanganate in Epikarst
In-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) has been widely
used for source zone remediation of Dense Nonaqueous Phase
Liquids (DNAPLs) in subsurface environments. DNAPL source
zones for karst aquifers are generally located in epikarst where the
DNAPL mass is trapped either in karst soil or at the regolith contact
with carbonate bedrock. This study aims to investigate the
performance of oxidation of residual trichloroethylene found in such
environments by potassium permanganate. Batch and flow cell
experiments were conducted to determine the kinetics and the mass
removal rate of TCE. pH change, Cl production, TCE and MnO4
destruction were monitored routinely during experiments. Nonreactive
tracer tests were also conducted prior and after the oxidation
process to determine the influence of oxidation on flow conditions.
The results show that oxidant consumption rate of the calcareous
epikarst soil was significant and the oxidant demand was determined
to be 20 g KMnO4/kg soil. Oxidation rate of residual TCE (1.26x10-3
s-1) was faster than the oxidant consumption rate of the soil (2.54 -
2.92x10-4 s-1) at only high oxidant concentrations (> 40 mM
KMnO4). Half life of TCE oxidation ranged from 7.9 to 10.7 min.
Although highly significant fraction of residual TCE mass in the
system was destroyed by permanganate oxidation, TCE
concentration in the effluent remained above its MCL. Flow
interruption tests indicate that efficiency of ISCO was limited by the
rate of TCE dissolution and the rate-limited desorption of TCE. The
residence time and the initial concentration of the oxidant in the
source zone also controlled the efficiency of ISCO in epikarst.
[1] S.-R. Cline, O. R. West, Siegrist, S. R, W. L. Holden., 1997.
Performance of in situ chemical oxidation field demonstration at DOS
sites. Proceedings of In Situ Remediation of the Geoenvironment
Conference. Minneapolis, MI, USA.
[2] D. D. Gates, R.L Siegrist, S. R. Cline., 1995. "Chemical oxidation of
contaminants in clay or sandy soil. J. Environ. Eng. 121, pp. 582-588.
[3] K. C. Huang, G. E. Hoag, P. Chheda, B. A. Woody, G. M. Dobbs., 1999.
Kinetic study of oxidation of trichloroethylene by potassium
permanganate. Environ. Eng. Sci. 1116, 265-274.
[4] K. C. Huang, G. E. Hoag, P. Chheda, B. A. Woody, G. M. Dobbs., 2000.
A pilot scale study of oxidation of trichloroethylene by sodium
permanganate. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on
Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds. Monterey,
CA, USA, pp. 145-152.
[5] K. C. Huang, G. E. Hoag, P. Chheda, B. A. Woody, G. M. Dobbs., 2002.
Chemical oxidation of trichloroethylene with potassium permanganate in
a porous medium. Advances in Environmental Research. 7, 217-229.
[6] X. D. Li, F. W. Schwartz, 2004. DNAPL mass transfer and permeability
reduction during in situ chemical oxidation with permanganate.
Geophysical Research Letters.,31.
[7] M. Schnar, C. Truax, G. Farquhar, E. Hood, T. Gonulla, B. Stickney.,
1998. Laboratory and controlled field experiments using potassium
permanganate to remediate trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene
DNAPLs in porous media. J. Contam. Hydrol. 29, 205-224.
[8] R. L. Siegrist, K. S. Lowe, L. C. Murdoch, T. L. Case, D. A. Pickerging.,
1999. In situ oxidation by fracture emplaced reactive solids. J. Environ.
Eng. 125, 429-440.
[9] P. G. Tratnyek, T. M. Johnson, S. D. Warner,. H. S. Clarke, J. A.
Baker., 1998. In situ treatment of organics by sequential reduction and
oxidation. . Proceedings of the Second International Conference on
Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds. CI-5, pp.
371-376.
[10] C. T. Truax., 1993. Investigation of the in-situ potassium permanganate
oxidation of residual DNAPLs located below the groundwater table.
M.S. Thesis. University of Waterloo, Ontorio, Canada.
[11] P. A. Vella, B. Veronda., 1992. Oxidation of trichloroethylene: a
comparison of potassium permanganate and Fenton-s reagent. Chemical
Oxidation: Technology for the Nineties in Proceedings of the Third
International Symposium. PA, USA, pp. 75-82.
[12] R. F. Weston., 2000. Summary report for the In situ chemical oxidation
remediation pilot study of the bedrock aquifer at the Southeastern (SE)
disposal area. Letterkenny Army Depot, Chambersburg, PA.
[13] Y. E. Yan, F. W. Schwartz, 1998. Oxidative degradation of chlorinated
ethylenes by potassium permanganate. Environ. Sci. Tcehnol. 34, 2535-
2541.
[1] S.-R. Cline, O. R. West, Siegrist, S. R, W. L. Holden., 1997.
Performance of in situ chemical oxidation field demonstration at DOS
sites. Proceedings of In Situ Remediation of the Geoenvironment
Conference. Minneapolis, MI, USA.
[2] D. D. Gates, R.L Siegrist, S. R. Cline., 1995. "Chemical oxidation of
contaminants in clay or sandy soil. J. Environ. Eng. 121, pp. 582-588.
[3] K. C. Huang, G. E. Hoag, P. Chheda, B. A. Woody, G. M. Dobbs., 1999.
Kinetic study of oxidation of trichloroethylene by potassium
permanganate. Environ. Eng. Sci. 1116, 265-274.
[4] K. C. Huang, G. E. Hoag, P. Chheda, B. A. Woody, G. M. Dobbs., 2000.
A pilot scale study of oxidation of trichloroethylene by sodium
permanganate. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on
Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds. Monterey,
CA, USA, pp. 145-152.
[5] K. C. Huang, G. E. Hoag, P. Chheda, B. A. Woody, G. M. Dobbs., 2002.
Chemical oxidation of trichloroethylene with potassium permanganate in
a porous medium. Advances in Environmental Research. 7, 217-229.
[6] X. D. Li, F. W. Schwartz, 2004. DNAPL mass transfer and permeability
reduction during in situ chemical oxidation with permanganate.
Geophysical Research Letters.,31.
[7] M. Schnar, C. Truax, G. Farquhar, E. Hood, T. Gonulla, B. Stickney.,
1998. Laboratory and controlled field experiments using potassium
permanganate to remediate trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene
DNAPLs in porous media. J. Contam. Hydrol. 29, 205-224.
[8] R. L. Siegrist, K. S. Lowe, L. C. Murdoch, T. L. Case, D. A. Pickerging.,
1999. In situ oxidation by fracture emplaced reactive solids. J. Environ.
Eng. 125, 429-440.
[9] P. G. Tratnyek, T. M. Johnson, S. D. Warner,. H. S. Clarke, J. A.
Baker., 1998. In situ treatment of organics by sequential reduction and
oxidation. . Proceedings of the Second International Conference on
Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds. CI-5, pp.
371-376.
[10] C. T. Truax., 1993. Investigation of the in-situ potassium permanganate
oxidation of residual DNAPLs located below the groundwater table.
M.S. Thesis. University of Waterloo, Ontorio, Canada.
[11] P. A. Vella, B. Veronda., 1992. Oxidation of trichloroethylene: a
comparison of potassium permanganate and Fenton-s reagent. Chemical
Oxidation: Technology for the Nineties in Proceedings of the Third
International Symposium. PA, USA, pp. 75-82.
[12] R. F. Weston., 2000. Summary report for the In situ chemical oxidation
remediation pilot study of the bedrock aquifer at the Southeastern (SE)
disposal area. Letterkenny Army Depot, Chambersburg, PA.
[13] Y. E. Yan, F. W. Schwartz, 1998. Oxidative degradation of chlorinated
ethylenes by potassium permanganate. Environ. Sci. Tcehnol. 34, 2535-
2541.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:64736", author = "Nihat Hakan Akyol and Irfan Yolcubal", title = "In-situ Chemical Oxidation of Residual TCE by Permanganate in Epikarst", abstract = "In-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) has been widely
used for source zone remediation of Dense Nonaqueous Phase
Liquids (DNAPLs) in subsurface environments. DNAPL source
zones for karst aquifers are generally located in epikarst where the
DNAPL mass is trapped either in karst soil or at the regolith contact
with carbonate bedrock. This study aims to investigate the
performance of oxidation of residual trichloroethylene found in such
environments by potassium permanganate. Batch and flow cell
experiments were conducted to determine the kinetics and the mass
removal rate of TCE. pH change, Cl production, TCE and MnO4
destruction were monitored routinely during experiments. Nonreactive
tracer tests were also conducted prior and after the oxidation
process to determine the influence of oxidation on flow conditions.
The results show that oxidant consumption rate of the calcareous
epikarst soil was significant and the oxidant demand was determined
to be 20 g KMnO4/kg soil. Oxidation rate of residual TCE (1.26x10-3
s-1) was faster than the oxidant consumption rate of the soil (2.54 -
2.92x10-4 s-1) at only high oxidant concentrations (> 40 mM
KMnO4). Half life of TCE oxidation ranged from 7.9 to 10.7 min.
Although highly significant fraction of residual TCE mass in the
system was destroyed by permanganate oxidation, TCE
concentration in the effluent remained above its MCL. Flow
interruption tests indicate that efficiency of ISCO was limited by the
rate of TCE dissolution and the rate-limited desorption of TCE. The
residence time and the initial concentration of the oxidant in the
source zone also controlled the efficiency of ISCO in epikarst.", keywords = "Epikarst, in-situ chemical oxidation, permanganate.", volume = "3", number = "9", pages = "298-3", }