Improving Water Productivity of Chickpea by the Use of Deficit Irrigation with Treated Domestic Wastewater
An experiment was performed in the south of
Morocco in order to evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation by treated
wastewater on chickpea production. We applied six irrigation
treatments on a local variety of chickpea by supplying alternatively
50 or 100% of ETm in a completely randomized design.
We found a highly significant difference between treatments in
terms of biomass production. Drought stress during the vegetative
period showed highest yield with 6.5 t/ha which was more than the
yield obtained for the control (4.9 t/ha). The optimal crop stage in
which deficit irrigation can be applied is the vegetative growth stage,
as the crop has a chance to develop its root system, to be able to
cover the plant needs for water and nutrient supply during the rest of
cycle, and non stress conditions during the flowering and seed filling
stages allow the plant to optimize its photosynthesis and carbon
translocation, therefore increase its productivity.
[1] C. Schaffnit-Chatterjee, "The global food equation: Food security in an
environment of increasing scarcity" Schneider S. Frankfurt, Germany,
Deutsche Bank Research, p. 40, 2009.
[2] A. Abbassian, C. Cerquiglini, F. Picchioni, R. Ashton, M. Shirely and
V. Banti, "End-of-Year Message from the Secretary of the FAO
Intergovernmental Group on Grains", Food and Agriculture
Organization, 2010.
[3] W. M. Edmunds, "Renewable and non-renewable groundwater in
semi-arid and arid regions", In, A.S. Alsharhan And W.W.Wood
(eds.), Water Resources Perspectives: Evaluation, Management and
Policy. Elsevier, 2003.
[4] W. A. Jury, J. H. J. Vaux and L.S. Donald, "The Emerging Global
Water Crisis: Managing Scarcity and Conflict Between Water Users",
Advances in Agronomy, Vol. Academic Press, pp. 1-76, 2007
[5] P. G Meng├╝, "Global water crisis and water harvesting techniques",
Journal of Adnan Menderes University Agricultural Faculty, Vol. 5,
No. 2, pp. 75-85, 2008.
[6] T. Asano and A.D. Levine, "Wastewater reclamation, recycling and
reuse: past, present, and future", Water Science and Technology, Vol.
33, No. 10-11, pp. 1-14, 1996.
[7] D. M. Marecos, F. M Helena, A. N. Angelakis and T. Asano,
"Necessity and basis for establishment of European guidelines for
reclaimed wastewater in the Mediterranean region", Water Science and
Technology, Vol. 33, No. 10-1, pp. 303-316, 1996.
[8] S. M. Kim, S. J. Im, S. W. Park, J. J. Lee, B. L. Benham and T. Il Jang,
"Assessment of wastewater reuse effects on nutrient loads from paddy
field using field-scale water quality model", Environmental Modeling
& Assessment, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 305-313, 2008.
[9] M. Qadir, D. Wichelns, L. Raschid-Sally, P. G. Mccornick, P.
Drechsel, A. Bahri and P.S. Minhas, "The challenges of wastewater
irrigation in developing countries", Agricultural Water Management,
vol. 97, No. 4, pp. 561-568, 2010.
[10] C. Kirda, M. Cetin, Y. Dasgan, S. Topcu, H. Kaman, B. Ekici, M. R.
Derici and A. I. Ozguven, "Yield response of greenhouse grown tomato
to partial root drying and conventional deficit irrigation", Agricultural
Water Management, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 191-201, 2004.
[11] J. O. Payero, S. R. Melvin, S. Irmak and D. Tarkalson, "Yield response
of corn to deficit irrigation in a semiarid climate", Agricultural Water
Management, Vol. 84, No. 1-2, pp. 101-112, 2006.
[12] B. Zhang, F. M. Li, G. Huang, Z. Y. Cheng and Y. Zhang, "Yield
performance of spring wheat improved by regulated deficit irrigation in
an arid area", Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 28-
42, 2006.
[13] N. M. Cooley, D. M. Glenn, P. R. Lingeleffer and R. R. Walker, "The
effects of water deficit and particle film technology interactions on
cabernet sauvignon grape composition" Acta Hort. (ISHS), Vol. 792,
pp. 193-200, 2008.
[14] A. Oktem, M. Simsek and A. G. Oktem, "Deficit irrigation effects on
sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt) with drip irrigation system in a
semi-arid region: I. Water-yield relationship", Agricultural Water
Management, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 63-74, 2003.
[15] M. H. Ali, M. R. Hoque, A. A. Hassan and A. Khair, "Effects of deficit
irrigation on yield, water productivity, and economic returns of wheat",
Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 92, No. 3, pp. 151-161, 2007.
[16] S. Geerts, "Deficit irrigation strategies via crop water productivity
modeling: Field research of quinoa in the Bolivian Altiplano",
Faculteit Bio-ingenieurswetenschappen,Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven, Leuven. Doctoraatsproefschrift, p. 814, 2008.
[17] S. Geerts and D. Raes, "Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to
maximize crop water productivity in dry areas", Agricultural Water
Management, Vol. 96, No. 9, pp. 1275-1284, 2009.
[18] M. English and S. N. Raja, "Perspectives on deficit irrigation",
Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 1-14, 1996.
[19] M. R. Anwar, B. A. Mckenzie and G. D. Hill, "Water-use efficiency
and the effect of water deficits on crop growth and yield of Kabuli
chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in a cool-temperate subhumid climate",
Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 141,pp. 285-301, 2003.
[20] H. Zhang , "Improving Water Productivity through Deficit Irrigation:
Examples from Syria, the North China Plain and Oregon USA", In: J.
W. Kijne, R. Barker and D. Molden (eds), CAB International, 2003.
[21] S. H. Sabaghpour, A. A. Mahmodi, A. Saeed, M. Kamel and R. S.
Malhotra, "Study on chickpea drought tolerance lines under dryland
condition of Iran", Indian J. Crop Science, Vol. 1, No. 1-2, pp. 70-73,
2006.
[22] K. Shamsi, S. Kobraee and R. Haghparast, "Drought stress mitigation
using supplemental irrigation in rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
varieties in Kermanshah, Iran", African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol.
9, No. 27, pp. 4197- 4203, 2010.
[23] H. Elattir, "La conduite et le pilotage de l'irrigation Goutte à Goutte en
maraichage", Transfert de technologie en agriculture, Vol. 124, p. 6,
2005.
[24] R. G. Allen, L. S. Pereira, D. Raes and M. Smith,
"CropEvapotranspiration (guidelines for computing crop water
requirements)". FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, Vol. 56, p. 326,
2000.
[25] W. Zhao, B. Liu and Z. Zhang, "Water requirements of maize in the
middle Heihe River basin, China", Agricultural Water Management,
Vol. 97, No. 2, pp. 215-223, 2010.
[26] F. X. Wang, Y. Kang and B. S. P. Liu, "Effects of drip irrigation
frequency on soil wetting pattern and potato growth in North China
Plain", Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 79, No. 2006, pp. 248-
264, 2005.
[27] M. D. Dennett, J. R. Milford and J. Elston, "The effect of temperature
on the relative leaf growth rate of crops of Vicia faba L.", Agricultural
Meteorology, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 505-514, 1978.
[28] H. M. Dekhuijzen, J. Van Hattum and D. R. Verkerke, "Effect of
temperature on growth of Vicia faba cotyledons in vitro", Plant
Science, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 223-229, 1988.
[29] D. Poulain, J. Le Guen and S. Keller, "Influence des facteurs
climatiques sur le rendement de la féverole (Vicia faba L. var. Ascott)
et ses composantes", Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 52,
No. 3-4, pp. 397-414, 1990.
[30] K. D. Sharma, R. K. Pannu, P. K. Tyagi, B. D. Chaudhary and D. P.
Singh, "Response of chickpea genotypes to plant water relations and
yield under soil moisture stress", Journal of Agrometeorology, Vol. 9,
No. 1, pp. 42-48, 2007.
[31] N. Labidi, M. Henda, D. Messedi, I. Slama and A. Chedly,
"Assessment of intervarietal differences in drought tolerance in
chickpea using both nodule and plant traits as indicators", Journal of
Plant Breeding and Crop Science. Vol. 1, No.4, pp. 80-86, 2009.
[32] H. Behboudian, M. Q. Ma, C. N. T. Palta and A. Jairo "Reactions of
chickpea to water stress : yield and seed composition", Journal of the
Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol. 81, No. 13, pp. 1288-1291,
2001.
[33] J. G. Benjamin and D. C. Nielsen, "Water deficit effects on root
distribution of soybean, field pea and chickpea", Field Crops Research,
Vol. 97, pp. 248-253, 2006.
[34] Thomas and S. Fukai, "Growth and Yield Response of Barley and
Chickpea to Water-Stress under 3 Environments in Southeast
Queensland .1. Light Interception, Crop Growth and Grain-Yield",
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 17-33,
1995.
[35] C. Toker and M. I. Çagirgan, "Assessment of Response to Drought
Stress of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Lines Under Rainfed
Conditions", Tr. J. of Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 22, pp. 615-621,
1998.
[1] C. Schaffnit-Chatterjee, "The global food equation: Food security in an
environment of increasing scarcity" Schneider S. Frankfurt, Germany,
Deutsche Bank Research, p. 40, 2009.
[2] A. Abbassian, C. Cerquiglini, F. Picchioni, R. Ashton, M. Shirely and
V. Banti, "End-of-Year Message from the Secretary of the FAO
Intergovernmental Group on Grains", Food and Agriculture
Organization, 2010.
[3] W. M. Edmunds, "Renewable and non-renewable groundwater in
semi-arid and arid regions", In, A.S. Alsharhan And W.W.Wood
(eds.), Water Resources Perspectives: Evaluation, Management and
Policy. Elsevier, 2003.
[4] W. A. Jury, J. H. J. Vaux and L.S. Donald, "The Emerging Global
Water Crisis: Managing Scarcity and Conflict Between Water Users",
Advances in Agronomy, Vol. Academic Press, pp. 1-76, 2007
[5] P. G Meng├╝, "Global water crisis and water harvesting techniques",
Journal of Adnan Menderes University Agricultural Faculty, Vol. 5,
No. 2, pp. 75-85, 2008.
[6] T. Asano and A.D. Levine, "Wastewater reclamation, recycling and
reuse: past, present, and future", Water Science and Technology, Vol.
33, No. 10-11, pp. 1-14, 1996.
[7] D. M. Marecos, F. M Helena, A. N. Angelakis and T. Asano,
"Necessity and basis for establishment of European guidelines for
reclaimed wastewater in the Mediterranean region", Water Science and
Technology, Vol. 33, No. 10-1, pp. 303-316, 1996.
[8] S. M. Kim, S. J. Im, S. W. Park, J. J. Lee, B. L. Benham and T. Il Jang,
"Assessment of wastewater reuse effects on nutrient loads from paddy
field using field-scale water quality model", Environmental Modeling
& Assessment, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 305-313, 2008.
[9] M. Qadir, D. Wichelns, L. Raschid-Sally, P. G. Mccornick, P.
Drechsel, A. Bahri and P.S. Minhas, "The challenges of wastewater
irrigation in developing countries", Agricultural Water Management,
vol. 97, No. 4, pp. 561-568, 2010.
[10] C. Kirda, M. Cetin, Y. Dasgan, S. Topcu, H. Kaman, B. Ekici, M. R.
Derici and A. I. Ozguven, "Yield response of greenhouse grown tomato
to partial root drying and conventional deficit irrigation", Agricultural
Water Management, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 191-201, 2004.
[11] J. O. Payero, S. R. Melvin, S. Irmak and D. Tarkalson, "Yield response
of corn to deficit irrigation in a semiarid climate", Agricultural Water
Management, Vol. 84, No. 1-2, pp. 101-112, 2006.
[12] B. Zhang, F. M. Li, G. Huang, Z. Y. Cheng and Y. Zhang, "Yield
performance of spring wheat improved by regulated deficit irrigation in
an arid area", Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 28-
42, 2006.
[13] N. M. Cooley, D. M. Glenn, P. R. Lingeleffer and R. R. Walker, "The
effects of water deficit and particle film technology interactions on
cabernet sauvignon grape composition" Acta Hort. (ISHS), Vol. 792,
pp. 193-200, 2008.
[14] A. Oktem, M. Simsek and A. G. Oktem, "Deficit irrigation effects on
sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt) with drip irrigation system in a
semi-arid region: I. Water-yield relationship", Agricultural Water
Management, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 63-74, 2003.
[15] M. H. Ali, M. R. Hoque, A. A. Hassan and A. Khair, "Effects of deficit
irrigation on yield, water productivity, and economic returns of wheat",
Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 92, No. 3, pp. 151-161, 2007.
[16] S. Geerts, "Deficit irrigation strategies via crop water productivity
modeling: Field research of quinoa in the Bolivian Altiplano",
Faculteit Bio-ingenieurswetenschappen,Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven, Leuven. Doctoraatsproefschrift, p. 814, 2008.
[17] S. Geerts and D. Raes, "Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to
maximize crop water productivity in dry areas", Agricultural Water
Management, Vol. 96, No. 9, pp. 1275-1284, 2009.
[18] M. English and S. N. Raja, "Perspectives on deficit irrigation",
Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 1-14, 1996.
[19] M. R. Anwar, B. A. Mckenzie and G. D. Hill, "Water-use efficiency
and the effect of water deficits on crop growth and yield of Kabuli
chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in a cool-temperate subhumid climate",
Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 141,pp. 285-301, 2003.
[20] H. Zhang , "Improving Water Productivity through Deficit Irrigation:
Examples from Syria, the North China Plain and Oregon USA", In: J.
W. Kijne, R. Barker and D. Molden (eds), CAB International, 2003.
[21] S. H. Sabaghpour, A. A. Mahmodi, A. Saeed, M. Kamel and R. S.
Malhotra, "Study on chickpea drought tolerance lines under dryland
condition of Iran", Indian J. Crop Science, Vol. 1, No. 1-2, pp. 70-73,
2006.
[22] K. Shamsi, S. Kobraee and R. Haghparast, "Drought stress mitigation
using supplemental irrigation in rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
varieties in Kermanshah, Iran", African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol.
9, No. 27, pp. 4197- 4203, 2010.
[23] H. Elattir, "La conduite et le pilotage de l'irrigation Goutte à Goutte en
maraichage", Transfert de technologie en agriculture, Vol. 124, p. 6,
2005.
[24] R. G. Allen, L. S. Pereira, D. Raes and M. Smith,
"CropEvapotranspiration (guidelines for computing crop water
requirements)". FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, Vol. 56, p. 326,
2000.
[25] W. Zhao, B. Liu and Z. Zhang, "Water requirements of maize in the
middle Heihe River basin, China", Agricultural Water Management,
Vol. 97, No. 2, pp. 215-223, 2010.
[26] F. X. Wang, Y. Kang and B. S. P. Liu, "Effects of drip irrigation
frequency on soil wetting pattern and potato growth in North China
Plain", Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 79, No. 2006, pp. 248-
264, 2005.
[27] M. D. Dennett, J. R. Milford and J. Elston, "The effect of temperature
on the relative leaf growth rate of crops of Vicia faba L.", Agricultural
Meteorology, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 505-514, 1978.
[28] H. M. Dekhuijzen, J. Van Hattum and D. R. Verkerke, "Effect of
temperature on growth of Vicia faba cotyledons in vitro", Plant
Science, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 223-229, 1988.
[29] D. Poulain, J. Le Guen and S. Keller, "Influence des facteurs
climatiques sur le rendement de la féverole (Vicia faba L. var. Ascott)
et ses composantes", Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 52,
No. 3-4, pp. 397-414, 1990.
[30] K. D. Sharma, R. K. Pannu, P. K. Tyagi, B. D. Chaudhary and D. P.
Singh, "Response of chickpea genotypes to plant water relations and
yield under soil moisture stress", Journal of Agrometeorology, Vol. 9,
No. 1, pp. 42-48, 2007.
[31] N. Labidi, M. Henda, D. Messedi, I. Slama and A. Chedly,
"Assessment of intervarietal differences in drought tolerance in
chickpea using both nodule and plant traits as indicators", Journal of
Plant Breeding and Crop Science. Vol. 1, No.4, pp. 80-86, 2009.
[32] H. Behboudian, M. Q. Ma, C. N. T. Palta and A. Jairo "Reactions of
chickpea to water stress : yield and seed composition", Journal of the
Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol. 81, No. 13, pp. 1288-1291,
2001.
[33] J. G. Benjamin and D. C. Nielsen, "Water deficit effects on root
distribution of soybean, field pea and chickpea", Field Crops Research,
Vol. 97, pp. 248-253, 2006.
[34] Thomas and S. Fukai, "Growth and Yield Response of Barley and
Chickpea to Water-Stress under 3 Environments in Southeast
Queensland .1. Light Interception, Crop Growth and Grain-Yield",
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 17-33,
1995.
[35] C. Toker and M. I. Çagirgan, "Assessment of Response to Drought
Stress of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Lines Under Rainfed
Conditions", Tr. J. of Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 22, pp. 615-621,
1998.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:64495", author = "Hirich A. and Choukr-allah R. and Jacobsen S-E. and Hamdy A. and El youssfi L. and El Omari H.", title = "Improving Water Productivity of Chickpea by the Use of Deficit Irrigation with Treated Domestic Wastewater", abstract = "An experiment was performed in the south of
Morocco in order to evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation by treated
wastewater on chickpea production. We applied six irrigation
treatments on a local variety of chickpea by supplying alternatively
50 or 100% of ETm in a completely randomized design.
We found a highly significant difference between treatments in
terms of biomass production. Drought stress during the vegetative
period showed highest yield with 6.5 t/ha which was more than the
yield obtained for the control (4.9 t/ha). The optimal crop stage in
which deficit irrigation can be applied is the vegetative growth stage,
as the crop has a chance to develop its root system, to be able to
cover the plant needs for water and nutrient supply during the rest of
cycle, and non stress conditions during the flowering and seed filling
stages allow the plant to optimize its photosynthesis and carbon
translocation, therefore increase its productivity.", keywords = "chickpea, crop stages, drought stress, water productivity", volume = "5", number = "11", pages = "837-6", }
