Improving the Design of Blood Pressure and Blood Saturation Monitors
A blood pressure monitor or sphygmomanometer can
be either manual or automatic, employing respectively either the
auscultatory method or the oscillometric method.
The manual version of the sphygmomanometer involves an
inflatable cuff with a stethoscope adopted to detect the sounds
generated by the arterial walls to measure blood pressure in an artery.
An automatic sphygmomanometer can be effectively used to
monitor blood pressure through a pressure sensor, which detects
vibrations provoked by oscillations of the arterial walls.
The pressure sensor implemented in this device improves the
accuracy of the measurements taken.
[1] White, WB; Importance of aggressive blood pressure lowering when it
may matter most. Am J Cardiol. 2007 Aug 6;100(3A):10J-16J. Epub
2007 May 25.
[2] Wexler, R; Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in primary care.
South Med J. 2010 May;103(5):447-52.
[3] Clement, DL; De Buyzere, ML; De Bacquer, DA, et al; Prognostic value
of ambulatory blood-pressure recordings in patients with treated
hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jun 12;348(24):2407-15.
[4] McGrath, BP; Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Med J Aust. 2002
Jun 17;176(12):588-92.
[5] Mancia, G; Parati, G; Office compared with ambulatory blood pressure
in assessing response to antihypertensive treatment: a meta-analysis. J
Hypertens. 2004 Mar;22(3):435-45.
[6] Ernst, ME; Bergus, GR; Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. South
Med J. 2003 Jun;96(6):563-8.
[7] http://i00.i.aliimg.com/wsphoto/v1/578669496_1/Fully-font-b-
Automatic-b-font-Digital-Upper-Arm-Blood-Pressure-and-Pulse-
Monitor-font-b.jpg.
[8] http://image.dhgate.com/albu_233630904_00-1.0x0/home-digital-lcdwrist-
cuff-blood-pressure.jpg.
[9] Haydar, AA; Covic, A; Jayawardene, S, et al; Insights from ambulatory
blood pressure monitoring: diagnosis of hypertension and diurnal blood
pressure in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2004 Mar
27;77(6):849-53.
[10] Fagard, RH; Staessen, JA; Thijs, L, et al; Relationship between
ambulatory blood pressure and follow-up clinic blood pressure in elderly
patients with systolic hypertension. J Hypertens. 2004 Jan;22(1):81-7.
[11] O'Brien, E; Beevers, G; Lip, GY; ABC of hypertension: Blood pressure
measurement. Part IV-automated sphygmomanometry: self blood
pressure measurement. BMJ. 2001 May 12;322(7295):1167-70.
[12] ISO 9919:2005 Medical electrical equipment – Particular requirements
for the basic safety and essential performance of pulse oximeter
equipment for medical use.
[13] D.J., McGraw, How LED Wavelength Effects Accuracy in Pulse
Oximetry, OSA TOPS on Biomedical Optical Spectroscopy and
Diagnostics, 1996, Vol. 3. Page (76-82).
[14] deKock J.P., Tarassenko L, Moyle J.T.B. (1991) The effect of varying
LED intensity on pulse oximetry accuracy. J. Med Eng. & Tech.; 15:
111-115.
[15] http://www.oximetry.org/pulseox/principles.htm.
[16] A Technology Overview of the Nellcor@ OxiMax@ Pulse Oximetry
System Ne//cor Technical Staff, 2003 Nellcor Puritan Bennett Inc,
available at www.nellcor.com/_Catalog/PDF/Product/
OxiMaxTechNote.pdf accessed 13/12/2013).
[17] G.R., Mathews et al, The Pulse - The Newsletter of The Electrode Co. -
Issue 5, 2004.
[18] HME Lifepulse 29 Appendix 1: Standards Used for Testing, MDA
evaluation no 303, November –1996 (Latterly MHRA).
[19] ECRI – Compatibility of Alternative Source Pulse Oximeter Sensors,
Health Devices.
[20] Thomson, Alistair J.; Webb, David J; Maxwell, Simon RJ; Grant, Ian S.
Oxygen Therapy in Acute Medical Care. BMJ 2002. 324.
[21] Harten, JM; Anderson, KJ; Kinsella, J; Higgins, MJ.
Normobarichyperoxia reduces cardiac index in patients after coronary
artery bypass surgery. J CardiothacVascAnaesth. 2005 Apr, 19(2):173-5
[22] http://www.meas-spec.com/product/pressure-sensor-1630.aspx.
[23] http://www.alibaba.com/productgs/
752802124/silicon_blood_medical_pressure_sensor.html?s=p
[24] http://www.vernier.com/products/sensors/bps-bta/.
[25] http://www.digikey.co.uk/Web%20Export/Supplier%20Content/GESens
ing_45/PDF/ge-sensing-brochure-pressure-sensor.pdf?redirected=1.
[26] http://www.nagelnetwork.com/Digit3.jpg.
[27] http://www.pmedicalonline.com/media/00/a20791d12453a3d59bdfd2_m
.jpg.
[28] http://www.reptonmedical.co.uk/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/9
df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/o/x/oximeter_probe_wraplarge_
2.jpg.
[29] http://www.alldaymedical.com/images/prodimages/BI1301_PI.jpg.
[30] http://www.hce-uk.com/BCI-3420-Y-Digit-Finger-Tip-Pulse-Oximeter.
[31] http://www.swissmedmobile.com/sensors;
[32] http://spo2monitor.net/oxygen_monitor.html;
[33] http://www.healthcare4all.co.uk/Pulse_Oximeters?gclid=CPet7MOCtbs
CFWnjwgodIAgAmQ.
[1] White, WB; Importance of aggressive blood pressure lowering when it
may matter most. Am J Cardiol. 2007 Aug 6;100(3A):10J-16J. Epub
2007 May 25.
[2] Wexler, R; Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in primary care.
South Med J. 2010 May;103(5):447-52.
[3] Clement, DL; De Buyzere, ML; De Bacquer, DA, et al; Prognostic value
of ambulatory blood-pressure recordings in patients with treated
hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jun 12;348(24):2407-15.
[4] McGrath, BP; Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Med J Aust. 2002
Jun 17;176(12):588-92.
[5] Mancia, G; Parati, G; Office compared with ambulatory blood pressure
in assessing response to antihypertensive treatment: a meta-analysis. J
Hypertens. 2004 Mar;22(3):435-45.
[6] Ernst, ME; Bergus, GR; Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. South
Med J. 2003 Jun;96(6):563-8.
[7] http://i00.i.aliimg.com/wsphoto/v1/578669496_1/Fully-font-b-
Automatic-b-font-Digital-Upper-Arm-Blood-Pressure-and-Pulse-
Monitor-font-b.jpg.
[8] http://image.dhgate.com/albu_233630904_00-1.0x0/home-digital-lcdwrist-
cuff-blood-pressure.jpg.
[9] Haydar, AA; Covic, A; Jayawardene, S, et al; Insights from ambulatory
blood pressure monitoring: diagnosis of hypertension and diurnal blood
pressure in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2004 Mar
27;77(6):849-53.
[10] Fagard, RH; Staessen, JA; Thijs, L, et al; Relationship between
ambulatory blood pressure and follow-up clinic blood pressure in elderly
patients with systolic hypertension. J Hypertens. 2004 Jan;22(1):81-7.
[11] O'Brien, E; Beevers, G; Lip, GY; ABC of hypertension: Blood pressure
measurement. Part IV-automated sphygmomanometry: self blood
pressure measurement. BMJ. 2001 May 12;322(7295):1167-70.
[12] ISO 9919:2005 Medical electrical equipment – Particular requirements
for the basic safety and essential performance of pulse oximeter
equipment for medical use.
[13] D.J., McGraw, How LED Wavelength Effects Accuracy in Pulse
Oximetry, OSA TOPS on Biomedical Optical Spectroscopy and
Diagnostics, 1996, Vol. 3. Page (76-82).
[14] deKock J.P., Tarassenko L, Moyle J.T.B. (1991) The effect of varying
LED intensity on pulse oximetry accuracy. J. Med Eng. & Tech.; 15:
111-115.
[15] http://www.oximetry.org/pulseox/principles.htm.
[16] A Technology Overview of the Nellcor@ OxiMax@ Pulse Oximetry
System Ne//cor Technical Staff, 2003 Nellcor Puritan Bennett Inc,
available at www.nellcor.com/_Catalog/PDF/Product/
OxiMaxTechNote.pdf accessed 13/12/2013).
[17] G.R., Mathews et al, The Pulse - The Newsletter of The Electrode Co. -
Issue 5, 2004.
[18] HME Lifepulse 29 Appendix 1: Standards Used for Testing, MDA
evaluation no 303, November –1996 (Latterly MHRA).
[19] ECRI – Compatibility of Alternative Source Pulse Oximeter Sensors,
Health Devices.
[20] Thomson, Alistair J.; Webb, David J; Maxwell, Simon RJ; Grant, Ian S.
Oxygen Therapy in Acute Medical Care. BMJ 2002. 324.
[21] Harten, JM; Anderson, KJ; Kinsella, J; Higgins, MJ.
Normobarichyperoxia reduces cardiac index in patients after coronary
artery bypass surgery. J CardiothacVascAnaesth. 2005 Apr, 19(2):173-5
[22] http://www.meas-spec.com/product/pressure-sensor-1630.aspx.
[23] http://www.alibaba.com/productgs/
752802124/silicon_blood_medical_pressure_sensor.html?s=p
[24] http://www.vernier.com/products/sensors/bps-bta/.
[25] http://www.digikey.co.uk/Web%20Export/Supplier%20Content/GESens
ing_45/PDF/ge-sensing-brochure-pressure-sensor.pdf?redirected=1.
[26] http://www.nagelnetwork.com/Digit3.jpg.
[27] http://www.pmedicalonline.com/media/00/a20791d12453a3d59bdfd2_m
.jpg.
[28] http://www.reptonmedical.co.uk/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/9
df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/o/x/oximeter_probe_wraplarge_
2.jpg.
[29] http://www.alldaymedical.com/images/prodimages/BI1301_PI.jpg.
[30] http://www.hce-uk.com/BCI-3420-Y-Digit-Finger-Tip-Pulse-Oximeter.
[31] http://www.swissmedmobile.com/sensors;
[32] http://spo2monitor.net/oxygen_monitor.html;
[33] http://www.healthcare4all.co.uk/Pulse_Oximeters?gclid=CPet7MOCtbs
CFWnjwgodIAgAmQ.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:68084", author = "L. Parisi", title = "Improving the Design of Blood Pressure and Blood Saturation Monitors", abstract = "A blood pressure monitor or sphygmomanometer can
be either manual or automatic, employing respectively either the
auscultatory method or the oscillometric method.
The manual version of the sphygmomanometer involves an
inflatable cuff with a stethoscope adopted to detect the sounds
generated by the arterial walls to measure blood pressure in an artery.
An automatic sphygmomanometer can be effectively used to
monitor blood pressure through a pressure sensor, which detects
vibrations provoked by oscillations of the arterial walls.
The pressure sensor implemented in this device improves the
accuracy of the measurements taken.
", keywords = "Blood pressure, blood saturation, sensors, actuators,
design improvement.", volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "718-6", }
