Importance of the Green Belts to Reduce Noise Pollution and Determination of Roadside Noise Reduction Effectiveness of Bushes in Konya, Turkey
The impact of noise upon live quality has become an
important aspect to make both urban and environmental policythroughout
Europe and in Turkey. Concern over the quality of urban
environments, including noise levels and declining quality of green
space, is over the past decade with increasing emphasis on designing
livable and sustainable communities. According to the World Health
Organization, noise pollution is the third most hazardous
environmental type of pollution which proceeded by only air (gas
emission) and water pollution. The research carried out in two
phases, the first stage of the research noise and plant types providing
the suction of noise was evaluated through literature study and at the
second stage, definite types (Juniperus horizontalis L., Spirea
vanhouetti Briot., Cotoneaster dammerii C.K., Berberis thunbergii
D.C., Pyracantha coccinea M. etc.) were selected for the city of
Konya. Trials were conducted on the highway of Konya. The biggest
value of noise reduction was 6.3 dB(A), 4.9 dB(A), 6.2 dB(A) value
with compared to the control which includes the group that formed
by the bushes at the distance of 7m, 11m, 20m from the source and
5m, 9m, 20m of plant width, respectively. In this paper, definitions
regarding to noise and its sources were made and the precautions
were taken against to noise that mentioned earlier with the adverse
effects of noise. Plantation design approaches and suggestions
concerning to the diversity to be used, which are peculiar to roadside,
were developed to discuss the role and the function of plant material
to reduce the noise of the traffic.
[1] Cohen, B., 2006. Urbanization in developing countries: current trends,
future projections, and key challenges for sustainability. Technol Soc
2006;28:63-80.
[2] McMichael AJ., 2000. The urban environment and health in a world of
increasing globalization: issues for developing countries. BullWorld
Health Organ 2000;78(9):1117-26.
[3] Moudon, AV. and Wee BV., 2009. Environmental effects of urban
traffic. In: Garling T, Steg L, editors. Threats from car traffic to the
quality of urban life: problems, causes, and solutions. Amsterdam,
Netherlands: Elsevier; 2007. p. 11-32.
[4] Sy, HK., Ong, PP., Tang, SH. and Tan, KL., 1985. Traffic noise survey
and analysis in Singapore. Applied Acustics, 18(2), 15-125.
[5] Garcia, A., 1997. Noise survey in the community of Valencia (Spain).
Acustica, 839(3), 516-521.
[6] Arana, M. and Garcia, A., 1998. A social survey on the effects on
environmental noise pollution in the city of Curitiba, Brazil. Applied
Acoustics, 53, 245-253.
[7] Onuu, MU. 2000. Road traffic noise in Nigeria.Measurements, analysis
and evaluation of nuisance. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 233(4),
391-405.
[8] Zannin, PH., Zanin, FB. and Barbosa, W. A., 2002. Environmental noise
pollution in the city of Curitiba, Brazil. Applied Acoustic, 63, 351-358.
[9] Li, B., Tao, S. and Dawson, R.W., 2002. Evaluation and analysis of
traffic noise from the main urban roads in Beijing. Applied Acoustics,
63(10), 1137-1142, October.
[10] Morillas, JMB., Escobar, VG., Sierra, JAM., G├│mez, RV. and Carmona,
JT., 2002. An environmental noise study in the city of Cáceres, Spain.
Applied Acoustics, 63 (10), 1061-1070, October.
[11] Gunnarsson AG, Ohrstrom E., 2007. Noise and well-being in urban
residential environments: The potential role of perceived availability to
nearby green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning 83:115-126.
[12] Mishra RK, Parida M. and Rangnekar─▒nt S., 2010. Evaluation and
analysis of traffic noise along bus rapid transit system corridor. J.
Environ. Sci. Tech., 7 (4):737-750.
[13] Aylor DE, 1972. Noise reduction by vegetation and ground. J. Acoust.
Soc. Am. 51, 197-205.
[14] Whitcomb, C. and Stowers, J., 1974. Stop noise with hedges.
Horticulture, 2(4), 58-67.
[15] Lorenz, E., 1975. Karayolları Ağaçlandırma Rehberi (Çeviren F.
Tanrıverdi) Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü Matbaası. Yayın, 214, 55,
Ankara.
[16] Cook, DI. and Haverbeke, DF., 1977. Suburbon noise control with
planting and solid barrier combinations Research bulletin p. 100.
Lincoln: EM.
[17] Krag, J., 1979. Pilot study on railway noise attenuation by belts of trees.
Journal of Sound and Vibration, 66(3), 407-415.
[18] Çepel, N., 1994. Landscape Ecology- I.U. Forest Faculty, Puplished No.
429, 228, ─░stanbul.
[19] Pal A., Kumar V. And Saxena N., 2000. Noise attenuation by greenbelts,
Journal of Soundand Vibration 234 (2000)149-165.
[20] Rao, PS., Gavane, AG., Ankam, SS., Ansari, MF., Pandit, IV., and
Nema, P., 2004. Performance evaluation of a green belt in a petroleum
refinery: A case study. Ecological Engineering, 23(2), 77-84.
[21] Fang CF. and Ling DL, 2003. Investigation of the noise reduction
provided by tree belts. Landscape and Urban Planning 63:187-195.
[22] Fang, CF. and Ling, DL., 2005. Guidance for noise reduction provided
by tree belts. Landscape and Urban Planning, 71 (1), 29-34.
[23] Tyagi V., Kumar K. and Jain V., 2006. A study of the spectral
characteristics of traffic noise attenuation by vegetation belts in Delhi,
Applied Acoustics 67 (2006) 926-935.
[24] Pathak V., Tripathi B., Mishra V., 2008. Dynamicsof traffic noise in a
tropical city Varanasi and its abatement through vegetation,
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 146 (2008) 67-75.
[25] Koçbeker Z. and Onder S. 2012. Investigation of the Noise Reduction
Provided by Bush Belts in Konya, Turkey. J. Int. Environmental
Application & Sciences, Vol. 7(1):48-54.
[26] Anonymous 1999. The Turkish environmental legislation. the
publication of Environment Foundation of Turkey. Publication no:134.
Onder printing, Ankara.
[27] Anonymous 2012. World Health Organization, Burden of Disease from
Environmental Noise. Available at:http://docs.wind-watch.org/WHOburden-
of-disease-from-environmental-noise-2011.pdf 2011. Accessed
Feb. 10, 2012.
[28] Sarıgül, S., 1995. CED Kapsamında Ses ve Gürültü Kirlenmesi. D.E.Ü.
Çevre Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi ve TMMOB Çevre
M├╝hendisleri Odas─▒ ─░zmir ┼×ubesi. ─░zmir.
[29] G├╝r, K. and Onder, S. 2000. Konya'da G├╝r├╝lt├╝ Kirlili─ƒi ve Al─▒nmas─▒
Gereken Biyolojik Önlemler. 3. GAP Mühendislik Kongresi. 24-26
May─▒s 2000 s: 286-294. Urfa
[30] Erdo─ƒan E. and Yazgan M., 2009. Landscaping in reducing traffic noise
problem in cities: Ankara case. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 4 (10): 1015-1022.
[31] Nagendra, H. and Rocchini, D., 2008. High resolution satellite imagery
for tropical biodiversity assessment: the devil is in the detail.
Biodiversity and Conserva- tion 17, 3431-3442.
[32] Heynen, N., Perkins, HA. and Roy, P., 2006. The impact of political
economy on race and ethnicity in producing environmental inequality in
Milwaukee. Urban Affairs Review 42, 3-25.
[33] Fernandez-Juricic, E., 2000. Avifaunal use of wooded streets in an urban
landscape. Conservation Biology 14, 513-521.
[34] Chow, WTL. and Roth, M., 2006. Temporal dynamics of the urban heat
island of Singapore. International Journal of Climatology 26, 2243-
2260.
[35] McPherson, EG., Nowak, D., Heisler, G., Grimmond, S., Souch, C.,
Grant, R. and Rowntree, R., 1997. Quantifying urban forest structure,
function and value: the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. Urban
Ecosystems 1, 49-61.
[36] Maco, SE. And McPherson, EG., 2003. A practical approach to
assessing structure, function and value of street tree populations in small
communities. Journal of Arboriculture 29, 84-97.
[37] Beckett, KP., Freer-Smith, P. and Taylor, G., 2000. Effective tree
species for local air- quality management. Journal of Arboriculture 26,
12-19.
[38] Kragh J., 1981. Road traffic noise attenuation by belts of trees. J. Sound
Vib.74(2):235-241.
[39] Reethof, G., 1973. Effect of plantings on radiation of highway noise. Air
Pollut. Control Aso. 23 (3), 185-189.
[40] Cook, DI. and Haverbeke, DF., 1977. Suburbon noise control with
planting and solid barrier combinations Research bulletin p. 100.
Lincoln: EM.
[41] Reethof G. and Heisler GM., 1976. Trees and forest for noise abatement
and visual screening. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report,
NE-22, pp. 39-48.
[42] Urgenc S., 1998. Genel Plantasyon ve Agaçlandırma Teknigi
(Arborikültür), Istanbul Üniversitesi Yayın no. 444, ISBN: 975-404-
443-0, I.Ü. Basımevi, Istanbul.
[43] Kragh J., 1979. Pilot study on railway noise attenuation by belts of trees.
J. Sound Vib. 66 (3): 407-415.
[44] Fang CF and Ling DL., 2003. Investigation of the noise reduction
provided by tree belts. Landscape and Urban Planning 63:187-195.
[45] Fang CF. and Ling DL., 2005. Guidance for noise reduction provided by
tree belts. Landscape and Urban Planning 71: 29-34.
[46] Ozer S. and Irmak M., 2008. Determination of roadside noise reduction
effectiveness of Pinus sylvestris L. and Populus nigra L. in Erzurum,
Turkey. Environ. Monit. Assess., 144:191-197.
[47] Dursun S. and Ozdemir C., 1999. Konya ─░l Merkezinde G├╝r├╝lt├╝ Kirlili─ƒi
Haritas─▒n─▒n Haz─▒rlanmas─▒, Selcuk Universty Research Fund BAP Project,
1999, Konya.
[48] Nas B., Berktay A., Ertu─ƒrul T., Ayg├╝n A. and Is─▒k M., 2004.
V─▒sual─▒zat─▒on of road traff─▒c no─▒se levels us─▒ng g─▒s ─▒n the c─▒ty of Konya. 3
rd. GIS Days in Turkey. October 6-9 2004, ─░stanbul.
[49] Chepesiuk R., 2005. Decibel hell: the effects of living in a noisy world.
Environ Health Perspect 2005;113(1):A35-41.
[50] Bluhm GL., Berglind N., Nordling E. and Rosenlund M., 2007. Road
traffic noise and hypertension. Occup Environ Med 2007;64:122-6.
[1] Cohen, B., 2006. Urbanization in developing countries: current trends,
future projections, and key challenges for sustainability. Technol Soc
2006;28:63-80.
[2] McMichael AJ., 2000. The urban environment and health in a world of
increasing globalization: issues for developing countries. BullWorld
Health Organ 2000;78(9):1117-26.
[3] Moudon, AV. and Wee BV., 2009. Environmental effects of urban
traffic. In: Garling T, Steg L, editors. Threats from car traffic to the
quality of urban life: problems, causes, and solutions. Amsterdam,
Netherlands: Elsevier; 2007. p. 11-32.
[4] Sy, HK., Ong, PP., Tang, SH. and Tan, KL., 1985. Traffic noise survey
and analysis in Singapore. Applied Acustics, 18(2), 15-125.
[5] Garcia, A., 1997. Noise survey in the community of Valencia (Spain).
Acustica, 839(3), 516-521.
[6] Arana, M. and Garcia, A., 1998. A social survey on the effects on
environmental noise pollution in the city of Curitiba, Brazil. Applied
Acoustics, 53, 245-253.
[7] Onuu, MU. 2000. Road traffic noise in Nigeria.Measurements, analysis
and evaluation of nuisance. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 233(4),
391-405.
[8] Zannin, PH., Zanin, FB. and Barbosa, W. A., 2002. Environmental noise
pollution in the city of Curitiba, Brazil. Applied Acoustic, 63, 351-358.
[9] Li, B., Tao, S. and Dawson, R.W., 2002. Evaluation and analysis of
traffic noise from the main urban roads in Beijing. Applied Acoustics,
63(10), 1137-1142, October.
[10] Morillas, JMB., Escobar, VG., Sierra, JAM., G├│mez, RV. and Carmona,
JT., 2002. An environmental noise study in the city of Cáceres, Spain.
Applied Acoustics, 63 (10), 1061-1070, October.
[11] Gunnarsson AG, Ohrstrom E., 2007. Noise and well-being in urban
residential environments: The potential role of perceived availability to
nearby green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning 83:115-126.
[12] Mishra RK, Parida M. and Rangnekar─▒nt S., 2010. Evaluation and
analysis of traffic noise along bus rapid transit system corridor. J.
Environ. Sci. Tech., 7 (4):737-750.
[13] Aylor DE, 1972. Noise reduction by vegetation and ground. J. Acoust.
Soc. Am. 51, 197-205.
[14] Whitcomb, C. and Stowers, J., 1974. Stop noise with hedges.
Horticulture, 2(4), 58-67.
[15] Lorenz, E., 1975. Karayolları Ağaçlandırma Rehberi (Çeviren F.
Tanrıverdi) Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü Matbaası. Yayın, 214, 55,
Ankara.
[16] Cook, DI. and Haverbeke, DF., 1977. Suburbon noise control with
planting and solid barrier combinations Research bulletin p. 100.
Lincoln: EM.
[17] Krag, J., 1979. Pilot study on railway noise attenuation by belts of trees.
Journal of Sound and Vibration, 66(3), 407-415.
[18] Çepel, N., 1994. Landscape Ecology- I.U. Forest Faculty, Puplished No.
429, 228, ─░stanbul.
[19] Pal A., Kumar V. And Saxena N., 2000. Noise attenuation by greenbelts,
Journal of Soundand Vibration 234 (2000)149-165.
[20] Rao, PS., Gavane, AG., Ankam, SS., Ansari, MF., Pandit, IV., and
Nema, P., 2004. Performance evaluation of a green belt in a petroleum
refinery: A case study. Ecological Engineering, 23(2), 77-84.
[21] Fang CF. and Ling DL, 2003. Investigation of the noise reduction
provided by tree belts. Landscape and Urban Planning 63:187-195.
[22] Fang, CF. and Ling, DL., 2005. Guidance for noise reduction provided
by tree belts. Landscape and Urban Planning, 71 (1), 29-34.
[23] Tyagi V., Kumar K. and Jain V., 2006. A study of the spectral
characteristics of traffic noise attenuation by vegetation belts in Delhi,
Applied Acoustics 67 (2006) 926-935.
[24] Pathak V., Tripathi B., Mishra V., 2008. Dynamicsof traffic noise in a
tropical city Varanasi and its abatement through vegetation,
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 146 (2008) 67-75.
[25] Koçbeker Z. and Onder S. 2012. Investigation of the Noise Reduction
Provided by Bush Belts in Konya, Turkey. J. Int. Environmental
Application & Sciences, Vol. 7(1):48-54.
[26] Anonymous 1999. The Turkish environmental legislation. the
publication of Environment Foundation of Turkey. Publication no:134.
Onder printing, Ankara.
[27] Anonymous 2012. World Health Organization, Burden of Disease from
Environmental Noise. Available at:http://docs.wind-watch.org/WHOburden-
of-disease-from-environmental-noise-2011.pdf 2011. Accessed
Feb. 10, 2012.
[28] Sarıgül, S., 1995. CED Kapsamında Ses ve Gürültü Kirlenmesi. D.E.Ü.
Çevre Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi ve TMMOB Çevre
M├╝hendisleri Odas─▒ ─░zmir ┼×ubesi. ─░zmir.
[29] G├╝r, K. and Onder, S. 2000. Konya'da G├╝r├╝lt├╝ Kirlili─ƒi ve Al─▒nmas─▒
Gereken Biyolojik Önlemler. 3. GAP Mühendislik Kongresi. 24-26
May─▒s 2000 s: 286-294. Urfa
[30] Erdo─ƒan E. and Yazgan M., 2009. Landscaping in reducing traffic noise
problem in cities: Ankara case. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 4 (10): 1015-1022.
[31] Nagendra, H. and Rocchini, D., 2008. High resolution satellite imagery
for tropical biodiversity assessment: the devil is in the detail.
Biodiversity and Conserva- tion 17, 3431-3442.
[32] Heynen, N., Perkins, HA. and Roy, P., 2006. The impact of political
economy on race and ethnicity in producing environmental inequality in
Milwaukee. Urban Affairs Review 42, 3-25.
[33] Fernandez-Juricic, E., 2000. Avifaunal use of wooded streets in an urban
landscape. Conservation Biology 14, 513-521.
[34] Chow, WTL. and Roth, M., 2006. Temporal dynamics of the urban heat
island of Singapore. International Journal of Climatology 26, 2243-
2260.
[35] McPherson, EG., Nowak, D., Heisler, G., Grimmond, S., Souch, C.,
Grant, R. and Rowntree, R., 1997. Quantifying urban forest structure,
function and value: the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. Urban
Ecosystems 1, 49-61.
[36] Maco, SE. And McPherson, EG., 2003. A practical approach to
assessing structure, function and value of street tree populations in small
communities. Journal of Arboriculture 29, 84-97.
[37] Beckett, KP., Freer-Smith, P. and Taylor, G., 2000. Effective tree
species for local air- quality management. Journal of Arboriculture 26,
12-19.
[38] Kragh J., 1981. Road traffic noise attenuation by belts of trees. J. Sound
Vib.74(2):235-241.
[39] Reethof, G., 1973. Effect of plantings on radiation of highway noise. Air
Pollut. Control Aso. 23 (3), 185-189.
[40] Cook, DI. and Haverbeke, DF., 1977. Suburbon noise control with
planting and solid barrier combinations Research bulletin p. 100.
Lincoln: EM.
[41] Reethof G. and Heisler GM., 1976. Trees and forest for noise abatement
and visual screening. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report,
NE-22, pp. 39-48.
[42] Urgenc S., 1998. Genel Plantasyon ve Agaçlandırma Teknigi
(Arborikültür), Istanbul Üniversitesi Yayın no. 444, ISBN: 975-404-
443-0, I.Ü. Basımevi, Istanbul.
[43] Kragh J., 1979. Pilot study on railway noise attenuation by belts of trees.
J. Sound Vib. 66 (3): 407-415.
[44] Fang CF and Ling DL., 2003. Investigation of the noise reduction
provided by tree belts. Landscape and Urban Planning 63:187-195.
[45] Fang CF. and Ling DL., 2005. Guidance for noise reduction provided by
tree belts. Landscape and Urban Planning 71: 29-34.
[46] Ozer S. and Irmak M., 2008. Determination of roadside noise reduction
effectiveness of Pinus sylvestris L. and Populus nigra L. in Erzurum,
Turkey. Environ. Monit. Assess., 144:191-197.
[47] Dursun S. and Ozdemir C., 1999. Konya ─░l Merkezinde G├╝r├╝lt├╝ Kirlili─ƒi
Haritas─▒n─▒n Haz─▒rlanmas─▒, Selcuk Universty Research Fund BAP Project,
1999, Konya.
[48] Nas B., Berktay A., Ertu─ƒrul T., Ayg├╝n A. and Is─▒k M., 2004.
V─▒sual─▒zat─▒on of road traff─▒c no─▒se levels us─▒ng g─▒s ─▒n the c─▒ty of Konya. 3
rd. GIS Days in Turkey. October 6-9 2004, ─░stanbul.
[49] Chepesiuk R., 2005. Decibel hell: the effects of living in a noisy world.
Environ Health Perspect 2005;113(1):A35-41.
[50] Bluhm GL., Berglind N., Nordling E. and Rosenlund M., 2007. Road
traffic noise and hypertension. Occup Environ Med 2007;64:122-6.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:57619", author = "S. Onder and Z. Kocbeker", title = "Importance of the Green Belts to Reduce Noise Pollution and Determination of Roadside Noise Reduction Effectiveness of Bushes in Konya, Turkey", abstract = "The impact of noise upon live quality has become an
important aspect to make both urban and environmental policythroughout
Europe and in Turkey. Concern over the quality of urban
environments, including noise levels and declining quality of green
space, is over the past decade with increasing emphasis on designing
livable and sustainable communities. According to the World Health
Organization, noise pollution is the third most hazardous
environmental type of pollution which proceeded by only air (gas
emission) and water pollution. The research carried out in two
phases, the first stage of the research noise and plant types providing
the suction of noise was evaluated through literature study and at the
second stage, definite types (Juniperus horizontalis L., Spirea
vanhouetti Briot., Cotoneaster dammerii C.K., Berberis thunbergii
D.C., Pyracantha coccinea M. etc.) were selected for the city of
Konya. Trials were conducted on the highway of Konya. The biggest
value of noise reduction was 6.3 dB(A), 4.9 dB(A), 6.2 dB(A) value
with compared to the control which includes the group that formed
by the bushes at the distance of 7m, 11m, 20m from the source and
5m, 9m, 20m of plant width, respectively. In this paper, definitions
regarding to noise and its sources were made and the precautions
were taken against to noise that mentioned earlier with the adverse
effects of noise. Plantation design approaches and suggestions
concerning to the diversity to be used, which are peculiar to roadside,
were developed to discuss the role and the function of plant material
to reduce the noise of the traffic.", keywords = "Bushes, noise, road, Konya", volume = "6", number = "6", pages = "364-4", }
