Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Effects of Black Tea Extract and Quercetin in Atherosclerotic Rats
Background: Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) with complex and multifactorial process including atherogenic lipoprotein, oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL), endothelial dysfunction, plaque stability, vascular inflammation, thrombotic and fibrinolytic disorder, exercises and genetic factor Epidemiological studies have shown tea consumption inversely associated with the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The research objectives: to elucidate hypolipidemic, antioxidant effects, as well as ability to improve coronary artery’s histopathologyof black tea extract (BTE) and quercetin in atherosclerotic rats. Methods: The antioxidant activity was determined by using Superoxide Dismutase activity (SOD) of serum and lipid peroxidation product (Malondialdehyde) of plasma and lipid profile including cholesterol total, LDL, triglyceride (TG), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) of atherosclerotic rats. Inducing atherosclerotic, rats were given cholesterol and cholic acid in feed during ten weeks until rats indicated atherosclerotic symptom with narrowed artery and foamy cells in the artery’s wall. After rats suffered atherosclerotic, the high cholesterol feed and cholic acid were stopped and rats were given BTE 450; 300; 150 mg/kg body weight (BW) daily, quercetin 15; 10; 5 mg/kg BW daily, compared to rats were given vitamin E 60 mg/kg/BW; simvastatin 2.7 mg/kg BW, probucol 30 mg/kg BW daily for 21 days (first treatment) and 42 days (second treatment), negative control (normal feed), positive control (atherosclerotic rats). Results: BTE and quercetin could lower cholesterol total, triglyceride, LDL MDA and increase HDL, SOD were comparable with simvastatin, probucol both for 21 days and 42 days treatment, as well to improve coronary arteries histopathology. Conclusions: BTE andquercetin have hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects, as well as improve coronary arteries histopathology in atherosclerotic rats.
[1] Tavridou A, Manolopoulos VG. 2008. Novel molecules targeting
dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Curr Med Chemi; 15:792-802
[2] Vasdev S, Gill V, singal PK. 2006. Beneficial effect of low ethanol
intake on the cardiovascular system: possible biochemical mechanisms.
Vasc Health Risk Manage;:2(3) 263–276.
[3] Roy H, Bhardwaj S, Yla-Herttuala S. 2009. Molecular genetics of
atherosclerosis. Hum Genet 125:467–491.
[4] Jain K S, Kathiravan M K, Somani RS, Shishoo C J, Bioorg. 2007. Med
Chem; 15:4674.
[5] Chan JC, Cheung JC, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Tong PC, Ko GT,
Yudkin JS. 2002. The central roles of obesity associated dyslipidaemia,
endothelial activation and cytokines in the metabolic syndrome: an
analysis by structural equation modeling. Int J Obes Relat Metab
Disord; 26(7):994–1008
[6] Duchnowicz P, Broncel B, Podse˛dek A, Koter-Michalak M. 2012.
Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of hydroxycinnamic acids,
quercetin, and cyanidin 3-glucoside in hypercholesterolemic
erythrocytes (in vitro study). Eur J Nutr; 51:435–443 DOI
10.1007/s00394-011-0227-y
[7] Stocker R, Keaney JF Jr. 2004. Role of oxidative modifications in
atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev; 84:1381-1478.
[8] Mukamal KJ, Maclure M, Muller JE, Sherwood JB, Mittleman M.A.
2002. Tea consumption and mortality after acute myocardial infarction.
Circulation; 105:2476-2481
[9] Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Reunanen A, Maatela J. 1996. Flavonoid intake
and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study. BMJ; 312:478–481
[10] Geleijnse JM, Launer LJ, van der Kuip DAM, Hofman A, Witteman
JCM. 2002. Inverse association of tea and flavonoid intakes with
incident myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Am J Clin Nutr;
75(5):880-886
[11] Leenen R, Roodenburg AJ, Tijburg LB, Wiseman SA. 2000. A single
dose of tea with or without milk increases plasma antioxidant activity in
humans. Eur J Clin Nutr; 54:87–92
[12] Bliss RM. 2003. Brewing up the latest tea research. Agric Res; 51:10-13.
[13] Carlson, JR, Bauer Vincent A, Limburg PJ, Wilson T. 2007. Reading the
tea leaves: anticarcinogenic properties of (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate.
Mayo Clinic Proceedings; 82(6):725-732
[14] Frei B, Hidgon JV. 2003. Antioxidant activity of tea polyphenols in
vivo: evidence from animal studies. J Nutr;133:3275S-3284S.
[15] Ransod Superoxide dismutase. RANDOX Laboratories Ltd., Ardmore,
Diamond Road, Crumlin, Co. Antrim, United Kingdom, BT29 4QY.
[16] Ohkawa H,Ohishi N,Yagi K. 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal
tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem; 95:351-358.
[17] Jeong WI, Jeong, DH, Do, SH, Kim, YK, Park, HY, Kwon, OD, Kim,
TH, Jeong, KS. 2005 Mild hepatic fibrosis in cholesterol and sodium
cholate diet-fed rats. J Vet MedSci; 67:235-242
[18] Horton JD, Cuthbert JA, Spady DK. 1995. Regulation of hepatic 7
alpha-hydroxylase expression and response to dietary cholesterol in the
rat and hamster. J Biol Chem; 270:5381-5387
[19] Pellizzon MA. 2008. Diet- induced atherosclerosis/hypercholesterolemia
in rodent models. Res Diets. 1-3
[20] Daley SJ, Klemp KF, Guyton JR, Rogers KA. 1994. Cholesterol-fed and
casein-fed rabbit models of atherosclerosis. Part 2: Differing
morphological severity of atherogenesis despite matched plasma
cholesterol Cholesterol-fed and casein-fed rabbit models of
atherosclerosis levels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol;14;105-141
[21] Tavridou A, Efthimiadis A, Efthimiadis I, Manolopoulos VG. 2010.
Simvastatin-induced changes in circulating oxidized low-density
lipoprotein in different types of dyslipidemia. Heart Vessels; 25:288–
293. DOI 10.1007/s00380-009-1202-x
[22] Davies MJ, Judd JT, Baer DJ, Clevidence BA, Paul DR, Edwards AJ,
Wiseman SA, Muesing RA, Chen SC. 2003. Black tea consumption
reduces total and ldl cholesterol in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults. J
Nutr; 133:3298S–3302S
[23] Sesso HD, Gaziano JM., Buring JE, Hennekens CH. 1999. Coffee and
Tea Intake and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction. Am J Epidemiol;
149:162-167
[24] Serafini M, Ghiselli A, Ferro-Luzzi A. 1996. In vivo antioxidant effect
of green and black tea in man.Eur. J Clin Nutr; 50:79-85
[25] Vinson JA, Teufel K, Wu N. 2004. Green and black teas inhibit
atherosclerosis by lipid, antioxidant, and fibrinolytic mechanisms. J
Agric Food Chem. 52(11):3661-5.
[26] Yang M, Wang C, Chen H. 2001. Green, oolong and black tea extracts
modulate lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemia rats fed high-sucrose diet.
J Nutr Biochem; 12(1):14-20.
[27] Shrestha S, Ehlers SJ, Lee JY, Fernandez ML, Koo SI. 2009. Dietary
green tea extract lowers plasma and hepatic triglycerides and decreases
the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c mrna and
its responsive genes in fructose-fed, ovariectomized rats. J Nutr;
139(4):640-645.
[28] Muramatsu K, Fukuyo M, Hara Y. 1986. Effect of green tea catechins
on plasma cholesterol level in cholesterol-fed rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol;
32(6):613-622.
[29] Matsumoto N, Okushio K, Hara Y. 1998. Effect of black tea
polyphenols on plasma lipids in cholesterol-fed rats. J Nutr Sci
Vitaminol; 44: 337–342.
[30] Yang CS, Landau JM. 2000. Effects of tea consumption on nutrition and
health. J Nutr; 130:2409-2412.
[31] Kono S, Shinchi K, Wakabayashi K, Honjo S, Todoroki I, Sakurai Y,
Imanishi K, Nishikawa H, Ogawa S, Katsurada M. 1996. Relation of
green tea consumption to serum lipids and lipoproteins in Japanese men.
J Epidemiol; 6(3):128-33.
[32] Raederstoff DG, Schlachter MF, Elste V, Weber P. 2003. Effect of
EGCG on lipid absorption and plasma lipid levels in rats. J Nutr
Biochem; 14:326–332.
[33] Cabrera C, Artacho R, Gime´nez R. 2006. Beneficial effects of green
tea—a review. J Am Coll Nutr; 25(2):79–99
[34] Chan PT, Fong WP, Cheung, YL, Huang Y, Ho WKK,Chen Z-Y. 1999.
Jasmine green tea epicatechins are hypolipidemic in hamsters
(Mesocricetus auratus) fed a high fat diet. J Nutr; 129:1094–1101.
[35] Nagao T, Komine Y, Soga S, Meguro S, Hase T, Tanaka Y, Tokimitsu I.
2005. Ingestion of a tea rich in catechins leads to a reduction in body fat
and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in men. Am J Clin Nutr; 81:122–
129.
[36] Maron D J, Lu GP, Cai NS, Wu ZG, Li Y H, Chen H, Zhu JQ, Jin XJ,
Wouters BC, Zhao J. 2003. Cholesterol-lowering effect of a theaflavin-enriched green tea extract: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Int
Med;163: 1448-1453
[37] Judd JT, Davies MJ, Baer DJ, Chan SC, Wiseman S, Agarwal S. 2003.
Black tea consumption reduces total and LDLcholesterol in mildly
hypercholesterolemic subjects. J. Nutr; 133: 3298S-3302S
[38] Reaven PD, Witztum JL 1996. Oxidized low density lipoproteins in
atherogenesis: role of dietary modification. Ann Rev Nutr; 16: 51–71
[39] Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK. 2011. Progress and challenges in
translating the biology of atherosclerosis. Nat; 473:317-325
doi:10.1038/nature10146
[40] Loke WM, Proudfoot JM, Hodgson JM, McKinley AJ, Hime N, Magat,
Stocker R, Croft KD. 2010. Specific dietary polyphenols attenuate
atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein e–knockout mice by alleviating
inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc
Biol; 30:749-757
[41] Fki I, Bouaziz M, Sahnoun Z, Sayadi S. 2005. Hypocholesterolemic
effects of phenolic-rich extracts of Chemlali olive cultivar in rats fed a
cholesterol-rich diet. BioorgMed Chem; 3: 5362–5370
[42] Kaur GK, Meena C. 2013. Evaluation of anti-hyperlipidemic poptential
of combinatioral extract of curcumin, piperine and quercetin in tritoninduced
hyperlipidemia in rats. Sci Int; 1(3):57-63.
[43] Rivera L, Moron R, sanchez M, Zarzuelo A, Galisteo M. 2008,
Quercetin ameliorates metabolic syndrome and improves the
inflammatory status in obese zucker rats. Obesity 16:2081–2087
[44] Shin HS, Yoo JH, Min TS, Lee K-Y, Choi CY. 2010. The effects of
quercetin on physiological characteristics and oxidative stress resistance
in olive flounder, paralichthys olivaceus. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci;
23(5):588-559
[45] Widowati W, Herlina T, Ratnawati H, Mozef T, Risdian T. 2011.
Antioxidant and platelet aggregation inhibitor activities of black tea
(Camellia sinensis L.) extract and fractions. Med Plants; 3(1) : 21-26.
[46] Sung H, Min WK., Lee W, Chun S, Park H, Lee Y-W, Jang S, Lee D-H.
2005. The effects of green tea ingestion over four weeks on
atherosclerotic markers. Ann Clin Biochem; 42:292–297
[47] Yang TT, Koo MW. 1997. Hypocholesterolemic effects of Chinese tea.
Pharmacol Res Jun;35(6):505-12.
[48] Basu A, Lucas EA. 2007. Mechanisms and effects of green tea on
cardiovascular health. Nutr Rev; 65(8):361-375
[49] Bhaskar S, Kumar KS, Krishnan K, Antony H. 2013. Quercetin
alleviates hypercholesterolemic diet induced inflammation during
progression and regression of atherosclerosis in rabbits. Nutr; 29(1):219-
229. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.01.019
[50] Terao J, Kawai Y, Murota K. 2008. Vegetable flavonoids and
cardiovascular disease. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr; 17(S1):291-293
[51] Moon JH, Tsushida T, Nakahara K, Terao J. 2001. Identification of
quercetin 3-O-β-glucuronide as an antioxidative metabolite in rat plasma
after oral administration of quercetin. Free Radical Biol Med; 30:1274-
1285
[52] Ohara Y, Peterdon TE, Harrison DG. 1993. Hyper-cholesteroemia
increases endothelial superoxide anion production. J Clin Invest;
91:2546-2551.
[53] Williamson G, Barron D, Shimoi K, Terao J. 2005. In vitro biological
properties of flavonoid conjugates found in vivo. Free Radical Res;
39:457-69
[54] USDA. 2003. USDA Database for the Flavonoid Contents of Selected
Foods. Beltsville: US Department of Agriculture.
[55] Bors W, Saran M. 1987. Radical scavenging by flavonoid antioxidants.
Free Radic Res Commun; 2:289-294
[56] Chen Y-H, Li S-J, Chen Y-L, Liu P-L, Chen J-W. 2006. Antiinflammatory
effects of different drugs/agents with antioxidant property
on endothelial expression of adhesion molecules. Cardiovasc
Haematological Disorders-Drug Targets; 6:279-304
[57] Rosenson RS .2004. Statins in atherosclerosis: lipid-lowering agents
with antioxidant capabilities. Atherosclerosis; 173:1–12
[58] Pereira EC, Bertolami MC, Faludi AA, Sevanian A, Abdalla DS. 2004.
Antioxidant effect of simvastatin is not enhanced by its association with
alpha-tocopherol in hypercholesterolemic patients. Free Radic Biol Med;
37:1440-1448
[59] Prasad K, Kalra J. 1993. Oxygen free radicals and hypercholesterolemic
atherosclerosis:effect of vitamin E. Am Heart J; 125(4):135-144.
[60] Prasad K. 2010. Natural products in regression and slowing of
progression of atherosclerosis. Curr Pharmaceut Biotechnol; 11:794-
800.
[61] Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA,
Willett WC. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart
disease in men. N Engl J Med; 328:1450-1456.
[62] Velayutham P, Babu A, Liu D. 2008. Green Tea Catechins and
Cardiovascular Health: An Update. Curr Med Chem; 15(18):1840–1850
[63] Kleemann R, Verschuren L, Morrison M, Zadelaar S, van Erk MJ,
Wielinga PY, Kooistra T. 2011. Anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative
and anti-atherosclerotic effects of quercetin in human in vitro and in
vivo models. Ather; 218(1):44-52.
[1] Tavridou A, Manolopoulos VG. 2008. Novel molecules targeting
dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Curr Med Chemi; 15:792-802
[2] Vasdev S, Gill V, singal PK. 2006. Beneficial effect of low ethanol
intake on the cardiovascular system: possible biochemical mechanisms.
Vasc Health Risk Manage;:2(3) 263–276.
[3] Roy H, Bhardwaj S, Yla-Herttuala S. 2009. Molecular genetics of
atherosclerosis. Hum Genet 125:467–491.
[4] Jain K S, Kathiravan M K, Somani RS, Shishoo C J, Bioorg. 2007. Med
Chem; 15:4674.
[5] Chan JC, Cheung JC, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Tong PC, Ko GT,
Yudkin JS. 2002. The central roles of obesity associated dyslipidaemia,
endothelial activation and cytokines in the metabolic syndrome: an
analysis by structural equation modeling. Int J Obes Relat Metab
Disord; 26(7):994–1008
[6] Duchnowicz P, Broncel B, Podse˛dek A, Koter-Michalak M. 2012.
Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of hydroxycinnamic acids,
quercetin, and cyanidin 3-glucoside in hypercholesterolemic
erythrocytes (in vitro study). Eur J Nutr; 51:435–443 DOI
10.1007/s00394-011-0227-y
[7] Stocker R, Keaney JF Jr. 2004. Role of oxidative modifications in
atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev; 84:1381-1478.
[8] Mukamal KJ, Maclure M, Muller JE, Sherwood JB, Mittleman M.A.
2002. Tea consumption and mortality after acute myocardial infarction.
Circulation; 105:2476-2481
[9] Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Reunanen A, Maatela J. 1996. Flavonoid intake
and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study. BMJ; 312:478–481
[10] Geleijnse JM, Launer LJ, van der Kuip DAM, Hofman A, Witteman
JCM. 2002. Inverse association of tea and flavonoid intakes with
incident myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Am J Clin Nutr;
75(5):880-886
[11] Leenen R, Roodenburg AJ, Tijburg LB, Wiseman SA. 2000. A single
dose of tea with or without milk increases plasma antioxidant activity in
humans. Eur J Clin Nutr; 54:87–92
[12] Bliss RM. 2003. Brewing up the latest tea research. Agric Res; 51:10-13.
[13] Carlson, JR, Bauer Vincent A, Limburg PJ, Wilson T. 2007. Reading the
tea leaves: anticarcinogenic properties of (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate.
Mayo Clinic Proceedings; 82(6):725-732
[14] Frei B, Hidgon JV. 2003. Antioxidant activity of tea polyphenols in
vivo: evidence from animal studies. J Nutr;133:3275S-3284S.
[15] Ransod Superoxide dismutase. RANDOX Laboratories Ltd., Ardmore,
Diamond Road, Crumlin, Co. Antrim, United Kingdom, BT29 4QY.
[16] Ohkawa H,Ohishi N,Yagi K. 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal
tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem; 95:351-358.
[17] Jeong WI, Jeong, DH, Do, SH, Kim, YK, Park, HY, Kwon, OD, Kim,
TH, Jeong, KS. 2005 Mild hepatic fibrosis in cholesterol and sodium
cholate diet-fed rats. J Vet MedSci; 67:235-242
[18] Horton JD, Cuthbert JA, Spady DK. 1995. Regulation of hepatic 7
alpha-hydroxylase expression and response to dietary cholesterol in the
rat and hamster. J Biol Chem; 270:5381-5387
[19] Pellizzon MA. 2008. Diet- induced atherosclerosis/hypercholesterolemia
in rodent models. Res Diets. 1-3
[20] Daley SJ, Klemp KF, Guyton JR, Rogers KA. 1994. Cholesterol-fed and
casein-fed rabbit models of atherosclerosis. Part 2: Differing
morphological severity of atherogenesis despite matched plasma
cholesterol Cholesterol-fed and casein-fed rabbit models of
atherosclerosis levels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol;14;105-141
[21] Tavridou A, Efthimiadis A, Efthimiadis I, Manolopoulos VG. 2010.
Simvastatin-induced changes in circulating oxidized low-density
lipoprotein in different types of dyslipidemia. Heart Vessels; 25:288–
293. DOI 10.1007/s00380-009-1202-x
[22] Davies MJ, Judd JT, Baer DJ, Clevidence BA, Paul DR, Edwards AJ,
Wiseman SA, Muesing RA, Chen SC. 2003. Black tea consumption
reduces total and ldl cholesterol in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults. J
Nutr; 133:3298S–3302S
[23] Sesso HD, Gaziano JM., Buring JE, Hennekens CH. 1999. Coffee and
Tea Intake and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction. Am J Epidemiol;
149:162-167
[24] Serafini M, Ghiselli A, Ferro-Luzzi A. 1996. In vivo antioxidant effect
of green and black tea in man.Eur. J Clin Nutr; 50:79-85
[25] Vinson JA, Teufel K, Wu N. 2004. Green and black teas inhibit
atherosclerosis by lipid, antioxidant, and fibrinolytic mechanisms. J
Agric Food Chem. 52(11):3661-5.
[26] Yang M, Wang C, Chen H. 2001. Green, oolong and black tea extracts
modulate lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemia rats fed high-sucrose diet.
J Nutr Biochem; 12(1):14-20.
[27] Shrestha S, Ehlers SJ, Lee JY, Fernandez ML, Koo SI. 2009. Dietary
green tea extract lowers plasma and hepatic triglycerides and decreases
the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c mrna and
its responsive genes in fructose-fed, ovariectomized rats. J Nutr;
139(4):640-645.
[28] Muramatsu K, Fukuyo M, Hara Y. 1986. Effect of green tea catechins
on plasma cholesterol level in cholesterol-fed rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol;
32(6):613-622.
[29] Matsumoto N, Okushio K, Hara Y. 1998. Effect of black tea
polyphenols on plasma lipids in cholesterol-fed rats. J Nutr Sci
Vitaminol; 44: 337–342.
[30] Yang CS, Landau JM. 2000. Effects of tea consumption on nutrition and
health. J Nutr; 130:2409-2412.
[31] Kono S, Shinchi K, Wakabayashi K, Honjo S, Todoroki I, Sakurai Y,
Imanishi K, Nishikawa H, Ogawa S, Katsurada M. 1996. Relation of
green tea consumption to serum lipids and lipoproteins in Japanese men.
J Epidemiol; 6(3):128-33.
[32] Raederstoff DG, Schlachter MF, Elste V, Weber P. 2003. Effect of
EGCG on lipid absorption and plasma lipid levels in rats. J Nutr
Biochem; 14:326–332.
[33] Cabrera C, Artacho R, Gime´nez R. 2006. Beneficial effects of green
tea—a review. J Am Coll Nutr; 25(2):79–99
[34] Chan PT, Fong WP, Cheung, YL, Huang Y, Ho WKK,Chen Z-Y. 1999.
Jasmine green tea epicatechins are hypolipidemic in hamsters
(Mesocricetus auratus) fed a high fat diet. J Nutr; 129:1094–1101.
[35] Nagao T, Komine Y, Soga S, Meguro S, Hase T, Tanaka Y, Tokimitsu I.
2005. Ingestion of a tea rich in catechins leads to a reduction in body fat
and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in men. Am J Clin Nutr; 81:122–
129.
[36] Maron D J, Lu GP, Cai NS, Wu ZG, Li Y H, Chen H, Zhu JQ, Jin XJ,
Wouters BC, Zhao J. 2003. Cholesterol-lowering effect of a theaflavin-enriched green tea extract: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Int
Med;163: 1448-1453
[37] Judd JT, Davies MJ, Baer DJ, Chan SC, Wiseman S, Agarwal S. 2003.
Black tea consumption reduces total and LDLcholesterol in mildly
hypercholesterolemic subjects. J. Nutr; 133: 3298S-3302S
[38] Reaven PD, Witztum JL 1996. Oxidized low density lipoproteins in
atherogenesis: role of dietary modification. Ann Rev Nutr; 16: 51–71
[39] Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK. 2011. Progress and challenges in
translating the biology of atherosclerosis. Nat; 473:317-325
doi:10.1038/nature10146
[40] Loke WM, Proudfoot JM, Hodgson JM, McKinley AJ, Hime N, Magat,
Stocker R, Croft KD. 2010. Specific dietary polyphenols attenuate
atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein e–knockout mice by alleviating
inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc
Biol; 30:749-757
[41] Fki I, Bouaziz M, Sahnoun Z, Sayadi S. 2005. Hypocholesterolemic
effects of phenolic-rich extracts of Chemlali olive cultivar in rats fed a
cholesterol-rich diet. BioorgMed Chem; 3: 5362–5370
[42] Kaur GK, Meena C. 2013. Evaluation of anti-hyperlipidemic poptential
of combinatioral extract of curcumin, piperine and quercetin in tritoninduced
hyperlipidemia in rats. Sci Int; 1(3):57-63.
[43] Rivera L, Moron R, sanchez M, Zarzuelo A, Galisteo M. 2008,
Quercetin ameliorates metabolic syndrome and improves the
inflammatory status in obese zucker rats. Obesity 16:2081–2087
[44] Shin HS, Yoo JH, Min TS, Lee K-Y, Choi CY. 2010. The effects of
quercetin on physiological characteristics and oxidative stress resistance
in olive flounder, paralichthys olivaceus. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci;
23(5):588-559
[45] Widowati W, Herlina T, Ratnawati H, Mozef T, Risdian T. 2011.
Antioxidant and platelet aggregation inhibitor activities of black tea
(Camellia sinensis L.) extract and fractions. Med Plants; 3(1) : 21-26.
[46] Sung H, Min WK., Lee W, Chun S, Park H, Lee Y-W, Jang S, Lee D-H.
2005. The effects of green tea ingestion over four weeks on
atherosclerotic markers. Ann Clin Biochem; 42:292–297
[47] Yang TT, Koo MW. 1997. Hypocholesterolemic effects of Chinese tea.
Pharmacol Res Jun;35(6):505-12.
[48] Basu A, Lucas EA. 2007. Mechanisms and effects of green tea on
cardiovascular health. Nutr Rev; 65(8):361-375
[49] Bhaskar S, Kumar KS, Krishnan K, Antony H. 2013. Quercetin
alleviates hypercholesterolemic diet induced inflammation during
progression and regression of atherosclerosis in rabbits. Nutr; 29(1):219-
229. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.01.019
[50] Terao J, Kawai Y, Murota K. 2008. Vegetable flavonoids and
cardiovascular disease. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr; 17(S1):291-293
[51] Moon JH, Tsushida T, Nakahara K, Terao J. 2001. Identification of
quercetin 3-O-β-glucuronide as an antioxidative metabolite in rat plasma
after oral administration of quercetin. Free Radical Biol Med; 30:1274-
1285
[52] Ohara Y, Peterdon TE, Harrison DG. 1993. Hyper-cholesteroemia
increases endothelial superoxide anion production. J Clin Invest;
91:2546-2551.
[53] Williamson G, Barron D, Shimoi K, Terao J. 2005. In vitro biological
properties of flavonoid conjugates found in vivo. Free Radical Res;
39:457-69
[54] USDA. 2003. USDA Database for the Flavonoid Contents of Selected
Foods. Beltsville: US Department of Agriculture.
[55] Bors W, Saran M. 1987. Radical scavenging by flavonoid antioxidants.
Free Radic Res Commun; 2:289-294
[56] Chen Y-H, Li S-J, Chen Y-L, Liu P-L, Chen J-W. 2006. Antiinflammatory
effects of different drugs/agents with antioxidant property
on endothelial expression of adhesion molecules. Cardiovasc
Haematological Disorders-Drug Targets; 6:279-304
[57] Rosenson RS .2004. Statins in atherosclerosis: lipid-lowering agents
with antioxidant capabilities. Atherosclerosis; 173:1–12
[58] Pereira EC, Bertolami MC, Faludi AA, Sevanian A, Abdalla DS. 2004.
Antioxidant effect of simvastatin is not enhanced by its association with
alpha-tocopherol in hypercholesterolemic patients. Free Radic Biol Med;
37:1440-1448
[59] Prasad K, Kalra J. 1993. Oxygen free radicals and hypercholesterolemic
atherosclerosis:effect of vitamin E. Am Heart J; 125(4):135-144.
[60] Prasad K. 2010. Natural products in regression and slowing of
progression of atherosclerosis. Curr Pharmaceut Biotechnol; 11:794-
800.
[61] Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA,
Willett WC. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart
disease in men. N Engl J Med; 328:1450-1456.
[62] Velayutham P, Babu A, Liu D. 2008. Green Tea Catechins and
Cardiovascular Health: An Update. Curr Med Chem; 15(18):1840–1850
[63] Kleemann R, Verschuren L, Morrison M, Zadelaar S, van Erk MJ,
Wielinga PY, Kooistra T. 2011. Anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative
and anti-atherosclerotic effects of quercetin in human in vitro and in
vivo models. Ather; 218(1):44-52.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:65259", author = "Wahyu Widowati and Hana Ratnawati and Tjandrawati Mozefis and Dwiyati Pujimulyani and Yelliantty Yelliantty", title = "Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Effects of Black Tea Extract and Quercetin in Atherosclerotic Rats", abstract = "Background: Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) with complex and multifactorial process including atherogenic lipoprotein, oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL), endothelial dysfunction, plaque stability, vascular inflammation, thrombotic and fibrinolytic disorder, exercises and genetic factor Epidemiological studies have shown tea consumption inversely associated with the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The research objectives: to elucidate hypolipidemic, antioxidant effects, as well as ability to improve coronary artery’s histopathologyof black tea extract (BTE) and quercetin in atherosclerotic rats. Methods: The antioxidant activity was determined by using Superoxide Dismutase activity (SOD) of serum and lipid peroxidation product (Malondialdehyde) of plasma and lipid profile including cholesterol total, LDL, triglyceride (TG), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) of atherosclerotic rats. Inducing atherosclerotic, rats were given cholesterol and cholic acid in feed during ten weeks until rats indicated atherosclerotic symptom with narrowed artery and foamy cells in the artery’s wall. After rats suffered atherosclerotic, the high cholesterol feed and cholic acid were stopped and rats were given BTE 450; 300; 150 mg/kg body weight (BW) daily, quercetin 15; 10; 5 mg/kg BW daily, compared to rats were given vitamin E 60 mg/kg/BW; simvastatin 2.7 mg/kg BW, probucol 30 mg/kg BW daily for 21 days (first treatment) and 42 days (second treatment), negative control (normal feed), positive control (atherosclerotic rats). Results: BTE and quercetin could lower cholesterol total, triglyceride, LDL MDA and increase HDL, SOD were comparable with simvastatin, probucol both for 21 days and 42 days treatment, as well to improve coronary arteries histopathology. Conclusions: BTE andquercetin have hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects, as well as improve coronary arteries histopathology in atherosclerotic rats.
", keywords = "Black tea, quercetin, atherosclerosis, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, cardiovascular disease.", volume = "7", number = "10", pages = "626-8", }
