Hybrid MAC Protocols Characteristics in Multi-hops Wireless Sensor Networks
In the current decade, wireless sensor networks are
emerging as a peculiar multi-disciplinary research area. By this
way, energy efficiency is one of the fundamental research themes
in the design of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for
wireless sensor networks. Thus, in order to optimize the energy
consumption in these networks, a variety of MAC protocols are
available in the literature. These schemes were commonly evaluated
under simple network density and a few results are published on
their robustness in realistic network-s size. We, in this paper, provide
an analytical study aiming to highlight the energy waste sources in
wireless sensor networks. Then, we experiment three energy efficient
hybrid CSMA/CA based MAC protocols optimized for wireless
sensor networks: Sensor-MAC (SMAC), Time-out MAC (TMAC)
and Traffic aware Energy Efficient MAC (TEEM). We investigate
these protocols with different network densities in order to discuss
the end-to-end performances of these schemes (i.e. in terms of energy
efficiency, delay and throughput). Through Network Simulator (NS-
2) implementations, we explore the behaviors of these protocols with
respect to the network density. In fact, this study may help the multihops
sensor networks designers to design or select the MAC layer
which matches better their applications aims.
[1] K. Romer and, F. Mattern, "The Design Space of Wireless Sensor
Networks", IEEE Wireless Communications, December 2004; 11: pp. 54-
61.
[2] G. P. Halkes, T. V. Dam and, K. G. Langendoen, "Comparing Energy-
Saving MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks", Mobile Networks
and Applications, October 2005, pp.783-791.
[3] F. Chen, F. Dressler and, A. Heindl, "End-to-End Performance Characteristics
in Energy-Aware Wireless Sensor Networks", Proc. ACM Int.
Workshop on Performance Evaluation of Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor, and
Ubiquitous Networks (PE-WASUN-06), October 2006, pp. 41-47.
[4] K. Xu, G. Takahara and, H. Hassanein, "On the Robustness of Gridbased
Deployment in Wireless Sensor Networks", Proc. ACM Int.
Conf. on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference
(IWCMC-06), July 2006, pp. 1183-1188.
[5] X. Bai, S. Kumar, D. Xuan, Z. Yun and, T. H. Laiy, "Deploying
Wireless Sensors to Achieve Both Coverage and Connectivity", Proc.
ACM Int. Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing
(MOBIHOC-06), May 2006, pp. 131-142.
[6] W. Ye, J. Heidemann and, D. Estrin, "Medium Access Control With
Coordinated Adaptive Sleeping for Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE
transactions on Networking, April 2004; 12: pp. 493-506.
[7] T. V. Dam and, V. Langendoen, "An Adaptive Energy-Efficient MAC
Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks", Proc. ACM 1st Int. Conf. on
Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SENSYS-03), Novomber 2003, pp.
171-180.
[8] C. Suh and, Y. B. Ko, "A Traffic Aware, Energy Efficient MAC Protocol
for Wireless Sensor Networks", Proc. IEEE Int. Symposium on Circuit
and Systems (IEEE/ISCS-05), May 2005, pp. 2975-2978.
[9] S. B. Raghuvel, L. L. Jacir, C. Jiangtao and, N. Koji, "Fundamental
Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks", Proc. the International Parallel
and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS-01), April 2001.
[10] J. F. Shi, X. X. Zhong and, S. Chen, "Study on Communication Mode of
Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Effective Result", Journal of Physics,
2006, pp. 1317-1321.
[11] http:Crossbow "Mica Mote", http//www.xbow.com/, last visit November
2008.
[12] H. Li and, P. D. Mitchell, "Medium Access Control Protocols in Wireless
Sensor Networks", Proc. Int. Conf. on Communications (ICON-07),
November 2007, pp. 455-460.
[13] M. Buettner, G. Yee, E. Anderson and, R. Han, "X-MAC: A Short
Preamble MAC Protocol For Duty-Cycled Wireless Sensor Networks",
Proc. 4th ACM Int. Conf. on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems,
(SENSYS-06), Novomber 2006, pp. 307-320.
[14] The CMU Monarch Project. "The CMU Monarch Project-s Wireless
and Mobility extensions to NS", http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/, last visit
November 2008.
[15] B. Karp and, H. T. Kung, "GPSR: Greedy Perimeter Routing for
Wireless Networks", Proc. Int. Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking
(MOBICOM-00), August 2000, pp. 243-254.
[16] ASH Designer guide, RF Monolithics, Inc, "RFM TR3000",
http://www.rfm.com, last visit November 2008.
[17] L. Stabellini and, A. Proutiere, "Evaluating Delay and Energy in
Sensor Networks with Sporadic and Correlated Traffic", Proc. the 7th
Scandinavian Workshop on Wireless Ad-hoc Networks (ADHOC-07), May
2007.
[1] K. Romer and, F. Mattern, "The Design Space of Wireless Sensor
Networks", IEEE Wireless Communications, December 2004; 11: pp. 54-
61.
[2] G. P. Halkes, T. V. Dam and, K. G. Langendoen, "Comparing Energy-
Saving MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks", Mobile Networks
and Applications, October 2005, pp.783-791.
[3] F. Chen, F. Dressler and, A. Heindl, "End-to-End Performance Characteristics
in Energy-Aware Wireless Sensor Networks", Proc. ACM Int.
Workshop on Performance Evaluation of Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor, and
Ubiquitous Networks (PE-WASUN-06), October 2006, pp. 41-47.
[4] K. Xu, G. Takahara and, H. Hassanein, "On the Robustness of Gridbased
Deployment in Wireless Sensor Networks", Proc. ACM Int.
Conf. on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference
(IWCMC-06), July 2006, pp. 1183-1188.
[5] X. Bai, S. Kumar, D. Xuan, Z. Yun and, T. H. Laiy, "Deploying
Wireless Sensors to Achieve Both Coverage and Connectivity", Proc.
ACM Int. Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing
(MOBIHOC-06), May 2006, pp. 131-142.
[6] W. Ye, J. Heidemann and, D. Estrin, "Medium Access Control With
Coordinated Adaptive Sleeping for Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE
transactions on Networking, April 2004; 12: pp. 493-506.
[7] T. V. Dam and, V. Langendoen, "An Adaptive Energy-Efficient MAC
Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks", Proc. ACM 1st Int. Conf. on
Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SENSYS-03), Novomber 2003, pp.
171-180.
[8] C. Suh and, Y. B. Ko, "A Traffic Aware, Energy Efficient MAC Protocol
for Wireless Sensor Networks", Proc. IEEE Int. Symposium on Circuit
and Systems (IEEE/ISCS-05), May 2005, pp. 2975-2978.
[9] S. B. Raghuvel, L. L. Jacir, C. Jiangtao and, N. Koji, "Fundamental
Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks", Proc. the International Parallel
and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS-01), April 2001.
[10] J. F. Shi, X. X. Zhong and, S. Chen, "Study on Communication Mode of
Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Effective Result", Journal of Physics,
2006, pp. 1317-1321.
[11] http:Crossbow "Mica Mote", http//www.xbow.com/, last visit November
2008.
[12] H. Li and, P. D. Mitchell, "Medium Access Control Protocols in Wireless
Sensor Networks", Proc. Int. Conf. on Communications (ICON-07),
November 2007, pp. 455-460.
[13] M. Buettner, G. Yee, E. Anderson and, R. Han, "X-MAC: A Short
Preamble MAC Protocol For Duty-Cycled Wireless Sensor Networks",
Proc. 4th ACM Int. Conf. on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems,
(SENSYS-06), Novomber 2006, pp. 307-320.
[14] The CMU Monarch Project. "The CMU Monarch Project-s Wireless
and Mobility extensions to NS", http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/, last visit
November 2008.
[15] B. Karp and, H. T. Kung, "GPSR: Greedy Perimeter Routing for
Wireless Networks", Proc. Int. Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking
(MOBICOM-00), August 2000, pp. 243-254.
[16] ASH Designer guide, RF Monolithics, Inc, "RFM TR3000",
http://www.rfm.com, last visit November 2008.
[17] L. Stabellini and, A. Proutiere, "Evaluating Delay and Energy in
Sensor Networks with Sporadic and Correlated Traffic", Proc. the 7th
Scandinavian Workshop on Wireless Ad-hoc Networks (ADHOC-07), May
2007.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:63555", author = "M. Miladi and T. Ezzedine and R. Bouallegue", title = "Hybrid MAC Protocols Characteristics in Multi-hops Wireless Sensor Networks", abstract = "In the current decade, wireless sensor networks are
emerging as a peculiar multi-disciplinary research area. By this
way, energy efficiency is one of the fundamental research themes
in the design of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for
wireless sensor networks. Thus, in order to optimize the energy
consumption in these networks, a variety of MAC protocols are
available in the literature. These schemes were commonly evaluated
under simple network density and a few results are published on
their robustness in realistic network-s size. We, in this paper, provide
an analytical study aiming to highlight the energy waste sources in
wireless sensor networks. Then, we experiment three energy efficient
hybrid CSMA/CA based MAC protocols optimized for wireless
sensor networks: Sensor-MAC (SMAC), Time-out MAC (TMAC)
and Traffic aware Energy Efficient MAC (TEEM). We investigate
these protocols with different network densities in order to discuss
the end-to-end performances of these schemes (i.e. in terms of energy
efficiency, delay and throughput). Through Network Simulator (NS-
2) implementations, we explore the behaviors of these protocols with
respect to the network density. In fact, this study may help the multihops
sensor networks designers to design or select the MAC layer
which matches better their applications aims.", keywords = "Energy efficiency, medium access control, network
density, wireless sensor networks.", volume = "2", number = "9", pages = "2063-9", }