Hexavalent Chromium Pollution Abatement by use of Scrap Iron
In this study, the reduction of Cr(VI) by use of scrap
iron, a cheap and locally available industrial waste, was investigated
in continuous system. The greater scrap iron efficiency observed for
the first two sections of the column filling indicate that most of the
reduction process was carried out in the bottom half of the column
filling. This was ascribed to a constant decrease of Cr(VI)
concentration inside the filling, as the water front passes from the
bottom to the top end of the column. While the bottom section of the
column filling was heavily passivated with secondary mineral phases,
the top section was less affected by the passivation process; therefore
the column filling would likely ensure the reduction of Cr(VI) for
time periods longer than 216 hours. The experimental results indicate
that fixed beds columns packed with scrap iron could be successfully
used for the first step of Cr(VI) polluted wastewater treatment.
However, the mass of scrap iron filling should be carefully estimated
since it significantly affects the Cr(VI) reduction efficiency.
[1] D. E. Kimbrough, Y. Cohen, and A. M. Winer, "A critical assessment of
chromium in the environment," Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., vol.
29, 1999, pp. 1-46.
[2] M. Perez-Candela, J. M. Martin-Martinez, and R. Torregrosa-Macia,
"Chromium(VI) removal with activated carbons", Water Res., vol 29,
1995, pp. 2174-2180.
[3] F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. A. Murillo, and M. Bochmann,
Advanced inorganic chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999, pp. 736-
737.
[4] S. E. Fendorf, "Surface reactions of chromium in soil and waters",
Geoderma, vol. 67, 1995, pp. 55-71.
[5] M. Cieslak-Golonka, "Toxic and mutagenic effects of chromium(VI). A
review", Polyhedron, vol. 15, 1995, pp. 3667-3689.
[6] L. B. Khalil, W. E. Mourad, and M. W. Rophael, "Photocatalytic
reduction of environmental pollutant Cr(VI) over some semiconductors
under UV/visible illumination", Appl. Cat. B: Environ., vol. 17, 1998,
pp. 267-273.
[7] D. Rai, B. M. Sass, and D. A. Moore, "Chromium(III) hydrolysis
constants and solubility of chromium(III) hydroxide", Inorg. Chem., vol.
26, 1987, pp. 345-349.
[8] R. W. Puls, D. W. Blowes, and R. W. Gillham, "Long-term performance
monitoring for a permeable reactive barrier at the U.S. Coast Guard
Support Center, Elizabeth City, North Carolina", J. Hazard. Mater., vol
68, 1999, pp. 109-124.
[9] D. W. Blowes, C. J. Ptacek, S. G. Benner, C. W. T. McRae, T. A.
Bennett, and R. W. Puls, "Treatment of inorganic contaminants using
permeable reactive barriers", J. Contam. Hydrol., vol. 45, 2000, pp.
123-137.
[10] R. A. Anderson, "Essentiality of chromium in humans", Sci. Total
Environ., vol. 86, 1989, pp. 75-81.
[11] S. S. Wise, F. Shaffiey, C. LaCerte, C. E. C. Goertz, J. L. Dunn, F. M.
D. Gulland, A. E. Aboueissa, T. Zheng, and J. P. Wise Sr., "Particulate
and soluble hexavalent chromium are cytotoxic and genotoxic to Steller
sea lion lung cells", Aquat. Toxicol., vol. 91, 2009, pp. 329-335.
[12] M. Z. Hauschild, "Putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) as an indicator of
pollution-induced stress in higher plants: barley and rape stressed with
Cr(III) or Cr(VI)", Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., vol. 26, 1993, pp. 228-
247.
[13] V. Korallus, H. Lange, and A. Ness, "Relationships between
precautionary measures and bronchial carcinoma mortality in the
chromate-producing industry", Arb. Soc. Med. Prev., vol. 17, 1982, pp.
159-167.
[14] S. S. Wise, A. L. Holmes, and J. P. Wise Sr., "Particulate and soluble
hexavalent chromium are cytotoxic and genotoxic to human lung
epithelial cells", Mutat. Res., vol. 610, 2006, pp. 2-7.
[15] P. Cheryl, and M. B. Susan, "Reflections on hexavalent chromium:
health hazards of an industrial heavyweight", Env. Health Persp., vol
108, 2000, pp. 48-58.
[16] M. D. Cohen, B. Kargacin, and C. B. Klein, "Mechanisms of chromium
carcinogenicity and toxicity", Crit. Rev. Toxicol., vol. 23, 1993, pp.
255-281.
[17] M. Costa, "Toxicity and carcinogenity of Cr(VI) in animal models and
humans", Crit. Rev. Toxicol., vol. 27, 1997, pp. 431-442.
[18] A. H. Stern, ÔÇ×A quantitative assessment of the carcinogenicity of
hexavalent chromium by the oral route and its relevance to human
exposure", Environ Res., vol. 110, 2010, pp. 798-807.
[19] J. N. Anderson, B. A. Bolto, and L. A. Pawlowski, "A method for
chromate removal from cooling tower blowdown water," Nucl.Chem.
Waste Manag., vol. 5, 1984, pp. 125-129.
[20] M. L. Peterson, A. White, G. E. Brown, and G. A. Parks, "Surface
passivation of magnetite by reaction with aqueous Cr(VI): XAFS and
TEM results", Environ. Sci.Technol., vol. 31, 1997, pp. 1573-1576.
[21] T. Kendelewicz, P. Liu, C. S. Doyle, and G. E. Brown Jr.,
"Spectroscopic study of the interaction of aqueous Cr(VI) with
Fe3O4(111) surfaces", Surf. Sci., vol. 469, 2000, pp. 144-163.
[22] D. W. Blowes, C. J. Ptacek, and J. L. Jambor, "In-situ remediation of
chromate contaminated groundwater using permeable reactive walls:
laboratory studies", Environ. Sci. Technol. vol. 31, 1997, pp. 3348-
3357.
[23] M. Mullet, S. Boursiquot, and J. J. Ehrhardt, "Removal of hexavalent
chromium from solutions by mackinawite, tetragonal FeS", Coll. Surf.
A: Physicochem. Engineer. Aspects, vol. 244, 2004, pp. 77-85.
[24] R. R. Patterson, S. Fendorf, and M. Fendorf, "Reduction of hexavalent
chromium by amorphous iron sulfide", Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 31,
1997, pp. 2039-2044.
[25] J. Kim, P. K. Jung, H. S. Moon, C. M. Chon, "Reduction of hexavalent
chromium by pyrite-rich andesite in different anionic solutions",
Environ. Geol., vol. 42, 2002, pp. 642-648.
[26] L. E. Eary, and D. Rai, "Kinetics of chromate reduction by ferrous ions
derived from hematite and biotite at 25o C", Am. J. Sci., vol. 289, 1989,
pp. 180-213.
[27] B. Kyak, A. Ozer, H. S. Altundogan, M. Erdem, and F. Tumen, "Cr(VI)
reduction in aqueous solutions by using copper smelter slag", Waste
Manag., vol. 19, 1999, pp. 333-338.
[28] M. Gheju, and A. Iovi, "Kinetics of hexavalent chromium reduction by
scrap iron", J. Hazard. Mater., vol. B135, 2006, pp. 66-73.
[29] J. Ye, H. Yin, B. Mai, H. Peng, H. Qin, B. He, and N. Zhang,
"Biosorption of chromium from aqueous solution and electroplating
wastewater using mixture of Candida lipolytica and dewatered sewage
sludge", Biores. Technol., vol. 101, 2010, pp. 3893-3902.
[30] M. Gheju, A. Iovi, and I. Balcu, "Hexavalent chromium reduction with
scrap iron in continuous-flow system. Part 1: Effect of feed solution
pH", J. Hazard. Mater. vol, 153, 2008, pp. 655-662.
[31] APHA, AWWA, WEF, Standard methods for the examination of water
and wastewater, 19th Edition, Baltimore: United Book Press, Inc., 1995,
pp. 3.59-3.60.
[32] M. Gheju, and I. Balcu, "Hexavalent chromium reduction with scrap
iron in continuous-flow system. Part 2: Effect of scrap iron shape and
size", J. Hazard. Mater., vol 182, 2010, pp. 484-493.
[1] D. E. Kimbrough, Y. Cohen, and A. M. Winer, "A critical assessment of
chromium in the environment," Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., vol.
29, 1999, pp. 1-46.
[2] M. Perez-Candela, J. M. Martin-Martinez, and R. Torregrosa-Macia,
"Chromium(VI) removal with activated carbons", Water Res., vol 29,
1995, pp. 2174-2180.
[3] F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. A. Murillo, and M. Bochmann,
Advanced inorganic chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999, pp. 736-
737.
[4] S. E. Fendorf, "Surface reactions of chromium in soil and waters",
Geoderma, vol. 67, 1995, pp. 55-71.
[5] M. Cieslak-Golonka, "Toxic and mutagenic effects of chromium(VI). A
review", Polyhedron, vol. 15, 1995, pp. 3667-3689.
[6] L. B. Khalil, W. E. Mourad, and M. W. Rophael, "Photocatalytic
reduction of environmental pollutant Cr(VI) over some semiconductors
under UV/visible illumination", Appl. Cat. B: Environ., vol. 17, 1998,
pp. 267-273.
[7] D. Rai, B. M. Sass, and D. A. Moore, "Chromium(III) hydrolysis
constants and solubility of chromium(III) hydroxide", Inorg. Chem., vol.
26, 1987, pp. 345-349.
[8] R. W. Puls, D. W. Blowes, and R. W. Gillham, "Long-term performance
monitoring for a permeable reactive barrier at the U.S. Coast Guard
Support Center, Elizabeth City, North Carolina", J. Hazard. Mater., vol
68, 1999, pp. 109-124.
[9] D. W. Blowes, C. J. Ptacek, S. G. Benner, C. W. T. McRae, T. A.
Bennett, and R. W. Puls, "Treatment of inorganic contaminants using
permeable reactive barriers", J. Contam. Hydrol., vol. 45, 2000, pp.
123-137.
[10] R. A. Anderson, "Essentiality of chromium in humans", Sci. Total
Environ., vol. 86, 1989, pp. 75-81.
[11] S. S. Wise, F. Shaffiey, C. LaCerte, C. E. C. Goertz, J. L. Dunn, F. M.
D. Gulland, A. E. Aboueissa, T. Zheng, and J. P. Wise Sr., "Particulate
and soluble hexavalent chromium are cytotoxic and genotoxic to Steller
sea lion lung cells", Aquat. Toxicol., vol. 91, 2009, pp. 329-335.
[12] M. Z. Hauschild, "Putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) as an indicator of
pollution-induced stress in higher plants: barley and rape stressed with
Cr(III) or Cr(VI)", Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., vol. 26, 1993, pp. 228-
247.
[13] V. Korallus, H. Lange, and A. Ness, "Relationships between
precautionary measures and bronchial carcinoma mortality in the
chromate-producing industry", Arb. Soc. Med. Prev., vol. 17, 1982, pp.
159-167.
[14] S. S. Wise, A. L. Holmes, and J. P. Wise Sr., "Particulate and soluble
hexavalent chromium are cytotoxic and genotoxic to human lung
epithelial cells", Mutat. Res., vol. 610, 2006, pp. 2-7.
[15] P. Cheryl, and M. B. Susan, "Reflections on hexavalent chromium:
health hazards of an industrial heavyweight", Env. Health Persp., vol
108, 2000, pp. 48-58.
[16] M. D. Cohen, B. Kargacin, and C. B. Klein, "Mechanisms of chromium
carcinogenicity and toxicity", Crit. Rev. Toxicol., vol. 23, 1993, pp.
255-281.
[17] M. Costa, "Toxicity and carcinogenity of Cr(VI) in animal models and
humans", Crit. Rev. Toxicol., vol. 27, 1997, pp. 431-442.
[18] A. H. Stern, ÔÇ×A quantitative assessment of the carcinogenicity of
hexavalent chromium by the oral route and its relevance to human
exposure", Environ Res., vol. 110, 2010, pp. 798-807.
[19] J. N. Anderson, B. A. Bolto, and L. A. Pawlowski, "A method for
chromate removal from cooling tower blowdown water," Nucl.Chem.
Waste Manag., vol. 5, 1984, pp. 125-129.
[20] M. L. Peterson, A. White, G. E. Brown, and G. A. Parks, "Surface
passivation of magnetite by reaction with aqueous Cr(VI): XAFS and
TEM results", Environ. Sci.Technol., vol. 31, 1997, pp. 1573-1576.
[21] T. Kendelewicz, P. Liu, C. S. Doyle, and G. E. Brown Jr.,
"Spectroscopic study of the interaction of aqueous Cr(VI) with
Fe3O4(111) surfaces", Surf. Sci., vol. 469, 2000, pp. 144-163.
[22] D. W. Blowes, C. J. Ptacek, and J. L. Jambor, "In-situ remediation of
chromate contaminated groundwater using permeable reactive walls:
laboratory studies", Environ. Sci. Technol. vol. 31, 1997, pp. 3348-
3357.
[23] M. Mullet, S. Boursiquot, and J. J. Ehrhardt, "Removal of hexavalent
chromium from solutions by mackinawite, tetragonal FeS", Coll. Surf.
A: Physicochem. Engineer. Aspects, vol. 244, 2004, pp. 77-85.
[24] R. R. Patterson, S. Fendorf, and M. Fendorf, "Reduction of hexavalent
chromium by amorphous iron sulfide", Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 31,
1997, pp. 2039-2044.
[25] J. Kim, P. K. Jung, H. S. Moon, C. M. Chon, "Reduction of hexavalent
chromium by pyrite-rich andesite in different anionic solutions",
Environ. Geol., vol. 42, 2002, pp. 642-648.
[26] L. E. Eary, and D. Rai, "Kinetics of chromate reduction by ferrous ions
derived from hematite and biotite at 25o C", Am. J. Sci., vol. 289, 1989,
pp. 180-213.
[27] B. Kyak, A. Ozer, H. S. Altundogan, M. Erdem, and F. Tumen, "Cr(VI)
reduction in aqueous solutions by using copper smelter slag", Waste
Manag., vol. 19, 1999, pp. 333-338.
[28] M. Gheju, and A. Iovi, "Kinetics of hexavalent chromium reduction by
scrap iron", J. Hazard. Mater., vol. B135, 2006, pp. 66-73.
[29] J. Ye, H. Yin, B. Mai, H. Peng, H. Qin, B. He, and N. Zhang,
"Biosorption of chromium from aqueous solution and electroplating
wastewater using mixture of Candida lipolytica and dewatered sewage
sludge", Biores. Technol., vol. 101, 2010, pp. 3893-3902.
[30] M. Gheju, A. Iovi, and I. Balcu, "Hexavalent chromium reduction with
scrap iron in continuous-flow system. Part 1: Effect of feed solution
pH", J. Hazard. Mater. vol, 153, 2008, pp. 655-662.
[31] APHA, AWWA, WEF, Standard methods for the examination of water
and wastewater, 19th Edition, Baltimore: United Book Press, Inc., 1995,
pp. 3.59-3.60.
[32] M. Gheju, and I. Balcu, "Hexavalent chromium reduction with scrap
iron in continuous-flow system. Part 2: Effect of scrap iron shape and
size", J. Hazard. Mater., vol 182, 2010, pp. 484-493.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:60074", author = "Marius Gheju and Laura Cocheci", title = "Hexavalent Chromium Pollution Abatement by use of Scrap Iron", abstract = "In this study, the reduction of Cr(VI) by use of scrap
iron, a cheap and locally available industrial waste, was investigated
in continuous system. The greater scrap iron efficiency observed for
the first two sections of the column filling indicate that most of the
reduction process was carried out in the bottom half of the column
filling. This was ascribed to a constant decrease of Cr(VI)
concentration inside the filling, as the water front passes from the
bottom to the top end of the column. While the bottom section of the
column filling was heavily passivated with secondary mineral phases,
the top section was less affected by the passivation process; therefore
the column filling would likely ensure the reduction of Cr(VI) for
time periods longer than 216 hours. The experimental results indicate
that fixed beds columns packed with scrap iron could be successfully
used for the first step of Cr(VI) polluted wastewater treatment.
However, the mass of scrap iron filling should be carefully estimated
since it significantly affects the Cr(VI) reduction efficiency.", keywords = "hexavalent chromium, heavy metals, scrap iron,reduction capacity, wastewater treatment", volume = "5", number = "7", pages = "391-6", }
