Bottle water is getting very popular all through the
world; especially in the gulf countries as the main source of drinking
water. However, concerns over leaching of toxic chemicals are
increasing. In this study, a health risk assessment was conducted in
accordance with the guidelines indicated by United States
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). It is conducted based on
leaching of Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) from Polyethylene terephthalate
(PET). The toxicity and exposure assessment of diethyl phthalate was
conducted to characterize its risk on human health. Risk management
is also discussed.
[1] K.Stambaugh, "What type of Water Bottle should we be using?",
Bottled Water, Page 3 - 6, (http://www.back2tap.com/wpcontent/
uploads/2010/11/Bottled-Water-Facts-Updated-2010.pdf)
[2] S.H. Masood, and V. KeshavaMurthy, "Development of collapsible PET
water fountain bottles", Journal of Materials Processing Technology,
Vol. 162-163, 2005, pp. 83-89.
[3] B. Berry. "Can I Reuse a Plastic Water Bottle Over & Over?"
(http://greenliving.nationalgeographic.com/can-reuse-plastic-waterbottle-
over-over-2311.html)
[4] J. E. Cooper, E. L. Kendig, & S. M. Belcher, "Assessment of bisphenol
A released from reusable plastic, aluminium and stainless steel water
bottles", Chemosphere, Vol. 85, Issue 6, October 2011, pp. 943-947.
[5] S. Keresztes, E. Tatár, V. G. Mihucz, I. Virág, C. Majdik, & G. Záray,
"Leaching of antimony from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles
into mineral water", Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 407, Issue
16, 1 August 2009, pp. 4731-4735.
[6] Y. Guo, "GCC PET bottle chip demand seen stable to soft in Q3
(http://www.icis.com/Articles/2010/08/13/9384768/gcc-pet-bottle-chipdemand-
seen-stable-to-soft-in-q3.html)
[7] H. F. Smyth, H. F. Smyth Jr., Investigation of certain plasticizers: Report
1. Acute toxicity to small animals, Wilmington, DE: E.I. DuPont
DeNemours and Co., Inc. EPA/OTS document no. 87211708, 1931.
[8] J. Bošnir, D. Puntari, A. Gali, I. Škes, T. Dijani, M. Klari, M. Grgi, M.
Urkovi, & Z. Šmit, "Migration of phthalates from plastic containers into
soft drinks and mineral water", Food Technology and Biotechnology,
vol. 45, 2007, pp. 91-95.
[9] P. Schmid, M. Kohler, R. Meierhofer, S. Luzi, & M. Wegelin, "Does the
reuse of PET bottles during solar water disinfection pose a health risk
due to the migration of plasticisers and other chemicals into the water?",
Water Research, vol. 42, 2008, pp. 5054-5060.
[10] D. Amiridou, & D. Voutsa, "Alkylphenols and phthalates in bottled
waters", Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 185, 2011, pp. 281-286.
[11] USEPA, "Diethyl Pthalate (CASRN 84-66-2)"
(http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0226.htm)
[12] Hitachi Plant Technologies, Ltd. "Production process for polyethylene
terephthalate (PET)" (http://www.hitachipt.
com/products/ip/process/pet.html)
[13] Wikipedia "Polyethylene terephthalate"
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate)
[14] L. Sax "Polyethylene Terephthalate May Yield Endocrine Disruptor",
Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 118, No. 4, pp. 445-453.
[15] D. Brown, K. R. Butterworth, & I. F. Gaunt, "Short-term oral toxicity
study of diethyl phthalate in the rat," Food and Cosmetic Toxicology,
vol. 16, pp. 415-422, 1978.
[16] S. Oishi, & K. Hiraga, "Testicular atrophy induced by phthalic acid
esters: Effect on testosterone and zinc concentrations," Toxicology and
Applied Pharmacology, vol. 53, pp. 35-41, 1980.
[17] T. J. Gray & K. R. Butterworth, "Testicular atrophy produced by
phthalate esters," Archives of Toxicological Supplement, vol. 4, pp. 452-
455, 1980.
[18] J. C. Lamb, C. Chapin, & R. E. Teague, "Reproductive effects of four
phthalic acid esters in the mouse," Toxicology and Applied
Pharmacology, vol. 88, pp. 225-269, 1987.
[19] C. Pereira, K. Mapuskar, & C. Rao, "Chronic toxicity of diethyl
phthalate in male Wistar ratsÔÇöA dose-response study," Regulatory
Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 45, pp. 169-177, 2006.
[20] ATSDR "Public Health Statement Diethyl Phthalate",
(http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp73-c1-b.pdf)
[21] D. Amiridou, & D. Voutsa, "Alkylphenols and phthalates in bottled
waters," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 185, pp. 281-286, 2011.
[22] C. Bacha, X. Dauchya, M.Chagnonc, & S. Etienneb, "Chemical
compounds and toxicological assessments of drinking water stored in
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles: A source of controversy
reviewed," Water Research, vol. 46, pp. 571-583, 2012.
[23] P. Ser├┤dio, J. M. Nogueira, "Considerations on ultra-trace analysis of
phthalates in drinking water," Water Research, vol. 40, pp. 2572-2582,
2006.
[1] K.Stambaugh, "What type of Water Bottle should we be using?",
Bottled Water, Page 3 - 6, (http://www.back2tap.com/wpcontent/
uploads/2010/11/Bottled-Water-Facts-Updated-2010.pdf)
[2] S.H. Masood, and V. KeshavaMurthy, "Development of collapsible PET
water fountain bottles", Journal of Materials Processing Technology,
Vol. 162-163, 2005, pp. 83-89.
[3] B. Berry. "Can I Reuse a Plastic Water Bottle Over & Over?"
(http://greenliving.nationalgeographic.com/can-reuse-plastic-waterbottle-
over-over-2311.html)
[4] J. E. Cooper, E. L. Kendig, & S. M. Belcher, "Assessment of bisphenol
A released from reusable plastic, aluminium and stainless steel water
bottles", Chemosphere, Vol. 85, Issue 6, October 2011, pp. 943-947.
[5] S. Keresztes, E. Tatár, V. G. Mihucz, I. Virág, C. Majdik, & G. Záray,
"Leaching of antimony from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles
into mineral water", Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 407, Issue
16, 1 August 2009, pp. 4731-4735.
[6] Y. Guo, "GCC PET bottle chip demand seen stable to soft in Q3
(http://www.icis.com/Articles/2010/08/13/9384768/gcc-pet-bottle-chipdemand-
seen-stable-to-soft-in-q3.html)
[7] H. F. Smyth, H. F. Smyth Jr., Investigation of certain plasticizers: Report
1. Acute toxicity to small animals, Wilmington, DE: E.I. DuPont
DeNemours and Co., Inc. EPA/OTS document no. 87211708, 1931.
[8] J. Bošnir, D. Puntari, A. Gali, I. Škes, T. Dijani, M. Klari, M. Grgi, M.
Urkovi, & Z. Šmit, "Migration of phthalates from plastic containers into
soft drinks and mineral water", Food Technology and Biotechnology,
vol. 45, 2007, pp. 91-95.
[9] P. Schmid, M. Kohler, R. Meierhofer, S. Luzi, & M. Wegelin, "Does the
reuse of PET bottles during solar water disinfection pose a health risk
due to the migration of plasticisers and other chemicals into the water?",
Water Research, vol. 42, 2008, pp. 5054-5060.
[10] D. Amiridou, & D. Voutsa, "Alkylphenols and phthalates in bottled
waters", Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 185, 2011, pp. 281-286.
[11] USEPA, "Diethyl Pthalate (CASRN 84-66-2)"
(http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0226.htm)
[12] Hitachi Plant Technologies, Ltd. "Production process for polyethylene
terephthalate (PET)" (http://www.hitachipt.
com/products/ip/process/pet.html)
[13] Wikipedia "Polyethylene terephthalate"
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate)
[14] L. Sax "Polyethylene Terephthalate May Yield Endocrine Disruptor",
Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 118, No. 4, pp. 445-453.
[15] D. Brown, K. R. Butterworth, & I. F. Gaunt, "Short-term oral toxicity
study of diethyl phthalate in the rat," Food and Cosmetic Toxicology,
vol. 16, pp. 415-422, 1978.
[16] S. Oishi, & K. Hiraga, "Testicular atrophy induced by phthalic acid
esters: Effect on testosterone and zinc concentrations," Toxicology and
Applied Pharmacology, vol. 53, pp. 35-41, 1980.
[17] T. J. Gray & K. R. Butterworth, "Testicular atrophy produced by
phthalate esters," Archives of Toxicological Supplement, vol. 4, pp. 452-
455, 1980.
[18] J. C. Lamb, C. Chapin, & R. E. Teague, "Reproductive effects of four
phthalic acid esters in the mouse," Toxicology and Applied
Pharmacology, vol. 88, pp. 225-269, 1987.
[19] C. Pereira, K. Mapuskar, & C. Rao, "Chronic toxicity of diethyl
phthalate in male Wistar ratsÔÇöA dose-response study," Regulatory
Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 45, pp. 169-177, 2006.
[20] ATSDR "Public Health Statement Diethyl Phthalate",
(http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp73-c1-b.pdf)
[21] D. Amiridou, & D. Voutsa, "Alkylphenols and phthalates in bottled
waters," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 185, pp. 281-286, 2011.
[22] C. Bacha, X. Dauchya, M.Chagnonc, & S. Etienneb, "Chemical
compounds and toxicological assessments of drinking water stored in
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles: A source of controversy
reviewed," Water Research, vol. 46, pp. 571-583, 2012.
[23] P. Ser├┤dio, J. M. Nogueira, "Considerations on ultra-trace analysis of
phthalates in drinking water," Water Research, vol. 40, pp. 2572-2582,
2006.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:59381", author = "M. M. Mortula", title = "Health Risk Assessment of PET Bottles in GCC", abstract = "Bottle water is getting very popular all through the
world; especially in the gulf countries as the main source of drinking
water. However, concerns over leaching of toxic chemicals are
increasing. In this study, a health risk assessment was conducted in
accordance with the guidelines indicated by United States
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). It is conducted based on
leaching of Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) from Polyethylene terephthalate
(PET). The toxicity and exposure assessment of diethyl phthalate was
conducted to characterize its risk on human health. Risk management
is also discussed.", keywords = "Toxicity, diethyl phthalate, PET, risk Assessment.", volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "156-6", }
