Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Tropical Eutrophic Freshwater Wetland
This study measured the fluxes of greenhouse gases (GHGs) i.e. CO2, CH4 and N2O from a tropical eutrophic freshwater wetland (“Sonso Lagoon”) which receives input loading nutrient from several sources i.e. agricultural run-off, domestic sewage, and a polluted river. The flux measurements were carried out at four different points using the static chamber technique. CO2 fluxes ranged from -8270 to 12210 mg.m-2.d-1 (median = 360; SD = 4.11; n = 50), CH4 ranged between 0.2 and 5270 mg.m-2.d-1 (median = 60; SD = 1.27; n = 45), and N2O ranged from -31.12 to 15.4 mg N2O m-2.d-1 (median = 0.05; SD = 9.36; n = 42). Although some negative fluxes were observed in the zone dominated by floating plants i.e. Eichornia crassipes, Salvinia sp., and Pistia stratiotes L., the mean values indicated that the Sonso Lagoon was a net source of CO2, CH4 and N2O. In addition, an effect of the eutrophication on GHG emissions could be observed in the positive correlation found between CO2, CH4 and N2O generation and COD, PO4-3, NH3-N, TN and NO3-N. The eutrophication impact on GHG production highlights the necessity to limit the anthropic activities on freshwater wetlands.
[1] J. B. Zedler and S. Kercher, "Wetland resources: status, trends, ecosystem services, and restorability," Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., vol. 30, pp. 39-74, 2005.
[2] W. J. Mitsch and J. G. Gosselink, "Wetlands. Hoboken," ed: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2007.
[3] B. Anderson, K. Bartlett, S. Frolking, K. Hayhoe, J. Jenkins, and W. Salas, "Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from natural sources," United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Atmospheric Programs, Washington, 2010.
[4] R. E. Ventura, "Wetlands and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes: Causes and Effects of Climate Change–A Meta-Analysis," 2014.
[5] P. A. Raymond, J. Hartmann, R. Lauerwald, S. Sobek, C. McDonald, M. Hoover, et al., "Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters," Nature, vol. 503, pp. 355-359, 2013.
[6] M. Søndergaard, "Nutrient dynamics in lakes-with emphasis on phosphorus, sediment and lake restoration," Aarhus Universitet Aarhus University, Science and Technology Science and Technology, Institut for Bioscience Department of Bioscience, Institut for Bioscience-Sø-økologi Department of Bioscience-Lake Ecology, 2007.
[7] A. L. Wright, K. Ramesh Reddy, and S. Newman, "Microbial indicators of eutrophication in Everglades wetlands," Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol. 73, pp. 1597-1603, 2009.
[8] P. Casper, S. C. Maberly, G. H. Hall, and B. J. Finlay, "Fluxes of methane and carbon dioxide from a small productive lake to the atmosphere," Biogeochemistry, vol. 49, pp. 1-19, 2000.
[9] J. T. Huttunen, T. Hammar, J. Alm, J. Silvola, and P. J. Martikainen, "Greenhouse gases in non-oxygenated and artificially oxygenated eutrophied lakes during winter stratification," Journal of environmental quality, vol. 30, pp. 387-394, 2001.
[10] J. T. Huttunen, J. Alm, A. Liikanen, S. Juutinen, T. Larmola, T. Hammar, et al., "Fluxes of methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in boreal lakes and potential anthropogenic effects on the aquatic greenhouse gas emissions," Chemosphere, vol. 52, pp. 609-621, 2003.
[11] Y. Xing, P. Xie, H. Yang, L. Ni, Y. Wang, and K. Rong, "Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes from a shallow hypereutrophic subtropical Lake in China," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 39, pp. 5532-5540, 2005.
[12] J. Stadmark and L. Leonardson, "Emissions of greenhouse gases from ponds constructed for nitrogen removal," Ecological Engineering, vol. 25, pp. 542-551, 2005.
[13] A. Liikanen, J. T. Huttunen, S. M. Karjalainen, K. Heikkinen, T. S. Väisänen, H. Nykänen, et al., "Temporal and seasonal changes in greenhouse gas emissions from a constructed wetland purifying peat mining runoff waters," Ecological Engineering, vol. 26, pp. 241-251, 2006.
[14] H. Wang, L. Yang, W. Wang, J. Lu, and C. Yin, "Nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes and their relationships with water‐sediment characteristics in a hyper‐eutrophic shallow lake, China," Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, vol. 112, 2007.
[15] A. Schrier-Uijl, A. Veraart, P. Leffelaar, F. Berendse, and E. Veenendaal, "Release of CO2 and CH4 from lakes and drainage ditches in temperate wetlands," Biogeochemistry, vol. 102, pp. 265-279, 2011.
[16] W. E. West, J. J. Coloso, and S. E. Jones, "Effects of algal and terrestrial carbon on methane production rates and methanogen community structure in a temperate lake sediment," Freshwater Biology, vol. 57, pp. 949-955, 2012.
[17] A. a. W. APHA, Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation, Washington DC, 2005.
[18] J. P. Silva, A. Lasso, H. J. Lubberding, M. R. Peña, and H. J. Gijzen, "Biases in greenhouse gases static chambers measurements in stabilization ponds: Comparison of flux estimation using linear and non-linear models," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 109, pp. 130-138, 2015.
[19] D. V. Chapman, W. H. Organization, and C. Press, Water quality assessments: a guide to the use of biota, sediments and water in environmental monitoring: E & Fn Spon London, 1996.
[20] J. T. Huttunen, T. S. Väisänen, M. Heikkinen, S. Hellsten, H. Nykänen, O. Nenonen, et al., "Exchange of CO2, CH4 and N2O between the atmosphere and two northern boreal ponds with catchments dominated by peatlands or forests," Plant and soil, vol. 242, pp. 137-146, 2002.
[21] A. Tremblay, M. Lambert, and L. Gagnon, "Do hydroelectric reservoirs emit greenhouse gases?," Environmental Management, vol. 33, pp. S509-S517, 2004.
[22] L. Ström, A. Lamppa, and T. R. Christensen, "Greenhouse gas emissions from a constructed wetland in southern Sweden," Wetlands Ecology and Management, vol. 15, pp. 43-50, 2007.
[23] A. Johansson, A.-M. Gustavsson, M. Öquist, and B. Svensson, "Methane emissions from a constructed wetland treating wastewater—seasonal and spatial distribution and dependence on edaphic factors," Water research, vol. 38, pp. 3960-3970, 2004.
[24] J. P. Silva, J. L. Ruiz, M. R. Peña, H. Lubberding, and H. Gijzen, "Influence of photoperiod on carbon dioxide and methane emissions from two pilot-scale stabilization ponds," Water Science & Technology, vol. 66, 2012.
[25] H. Brix, B. K. Sorrell, and B. Lorenzen, "Are Phragmites-dominated wetlands a net source or net sink of greenhouse gases?," Aquatic Botany, vol. 69, pp. 313-324, 2001.
[26] T. Adhya, P. Pattnaik, S. Satpathy, S. Kumaraswamy, and N. Sethunathan, "Influence of phosphorus application on methane emission and production in flooded paddy soils," Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 30, pp. 177-181, 1998.
[27] R. Conrad and M. Klose, "Effect of potassium phosphate fertilization on production and emission of methane and its 13 C-stable isotope composition in rice microcosms," Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 37, pp. 2099-2108, 2005.
[28] Q.-Q. Sun, K. Shi, P. Damerell, C. Whitham, G.-H. Yu, and C.-L. Zou, "Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes: seasonal dynamics from inland riparian ecosystems, northeast China," Science of the total environment, vol. 465, pp. 48-55, 2013.
[29] H. Biswas, S. Mukhopadhyay, S. Sen, and T. Jana, "Spatial and temporal patterns of methane dynamics in the tropical mangrove dominated estuary, NE coast of Bay of Bengal, India," Journal of Marine Systems, vol. 68, pp. 55-64, 2007.
[30] G. Borrel, D. Jézéquel, C. Biderre-Petit, N. Morel-Desrosiers, J.-P. Morel, P. Peyret, et al., "Production and consumption of methane in freshwater lake ecosystems," Research in Microbiology, vol. 162, pp. 832-847, 2011.
[31] C. Bédard and R. Knowles, "Physiology, biochemistry, and specific inhibitors of CH4, NH4+, and CO oxidation by methanotrophs and nitrifiers," Microbiological reviews, vol. 53, pp. 68-84, 1989.
[32] A. Søvik and B. Kløve, "Emission of N2O and CH4 from a constructed wetland in southeastern Norway," Science of the Total Environment, vol. 380, pp. 28-37, 2007.
[33] S. Sánchez-Carrillo, D. Angeler, M. Álvarez-Cobelas, and R. Sánchez-Andrés, "Freshwater wetland eutrophication," in Eutrophication: causes, consequences and control, ed: Springer, 2011, pp. 195-210.
[34] P. B. Christensen, L. P. Nielsen, J. Sørensen, and N. P. Revsbech, "Denitrification in nitrate-rich streams: diurnal and seasonal variation related to benthic oxygen metabolism," Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 35, pp. 640-651, 1990.
[35] A. L. Wright, K. R. Reddy, and S. Newman, "Biogeochemical response of the Everglades landscape to eutrophication," Global J Environ Res, vol. 2, pp. 102-109, 2008.
[36] N. Van der Steen, A. Ferrer, K. Samarasinghe, H. Gijzen, and I. W. Association, "Quantification and comparison of methane emissions from algae and duckweed based wastewater treatment ponds," in Memorias del evento: Agua 2003, ed: IWA, 2003, pp. 1-7.
[37] N. P. Van der Steen, A. V. M. Ferrer, K. G. Samarasinghe, and H. J. Gijzen, "Quantification and comparison of methane emissions from algae and duckweed based wastewater treatment ponds," Universidad del Valle; CINARA; International Water Association. Memorias del evento: Agua 2003. Cartagena de Indias, IWA, 2003, p. 1-7 Ilus.. 2003.
[38] S. Teiter and Ü. Mander, "Emission of N2O, N2, CH4, and CO2 from constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and from riparian buffer zones," Ecological Engineering, vol. 25, pp. 528-541, 2005.
[39] H. J. Laanbroek, "Methane emission from natural wetlands: interplay between emergent macrophytes and soil microbial processes. A mini-review," Annals of Botany, vol. 105, pp. 141-153, 2010.
[40] H. Brix, B. K. Sorrell, and H.-H. Schierup, "Gas fluxes achieved by in situ convective flow in Phragmites australis," Aquatic Botany, vol. 54, pp. 151-163, 1996.
[41] B. Sorrell and H. Brix, "Effects of water vapour pressure deficit and stomatal conductance on photosynthesis, internal pressurization and convective flow in three emergent wetland plants," Plant and Soil, vol. 253, pp. 71-79, 2003.
[42] X. Duan, X. Wang, Y. Mu, and Z. Ouyang, "Seasonal and diurnal variations in methane emissions from Wuliangsu Lake in arid regions of China," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 39, pp. 4479-4487, 2005.
[43] I. Bergström, S. Mäkelä, P. Kankaala, and P. Kortelainen, "Methane efflux from littoral vegetation stands of southern boreal lakes: an upscaled regional estimate," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 41, pp. 339-351, 2007.
[44] Y. Xing, P. Xie, H. Yang, A. Wu, and L. Ni, "The change of gaseous carbon fluxes following the switch of dominant producers from macrophytes to algae in a shallow subtropical lake of China," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 40, pp. 8034-8043, 2006.
[45] C. Song, L. Zhang, Y. Wang, and Z. Zhao, "Annual dynamics of CO2, CH4, N2O emissions from freshwater marshes and affected by nitrogen fertilization," Huan jing ke xue= Huanjing kexue/[bian ji, Zhongguo ke xue yuan huan jing ke xue wei yuan hui" Huan jing ke xue" bian ji wei yuan hui.], vol. 27, p. 2369, 2006.
[46] J. Yang, J. Liu, X. Hu, X. Li, Y. Wang, and H. Li, "Effect of water table level on CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions in a freshwater marsh of Northeast China," Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 61, pp. 52-60, 2013.
[47] A. Johansson, Å. K. Klemedtsson, L. Klemedtsson, and B. Svensson, "Nitrous oxide exchanges with the atmosphere of a constructed wetland treating wastewater," Tellus B, vol. 55, pp. 737-750, 2003.
[48] P. M. Groffman, J. Rogers, and W. Whitman, "Ecology of nitrification and denitrification in soil evaluated at scales relevant to atmospheric chemistry," Microbial production and consumption of greenhouse gases: methane, nitrogen oxides, and halomethanes., pp. 201-217, 1991.
[49] J. T. Morris, "Effects of nitrogen loading on wetland ecosystems with particular reference to atmospheric deposition," Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol. 22, pp. 257-279, 1991.
[50] B. Colliver and T. Stephenson, "Production of nitrogen oxide and dinitrogen oxide by autotrophic nitrifiers," Biotechnology advances, vol. 18, pp. 219-232, 2000.
[51] N. Wrage, G. Velthof, M. Van Beusichem, and O. Oenema, "Role of nitrifier denitrification in the production of nitrous oxide," Soil biology and Biochemistry, vol. 33, pp. 1723-1732, 2001.
[52] Y. Law, L. Ye, Y. Pan, and Z. Yuan, "Nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater treatment processes," Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, vol. 367, pp. 1265-1277, 2012.
[53] M. E. Hernandez and W. J. Mitsch, "Influence of hydrologic pulses, flooding frequency, and vegetation on nitrous oxide emissions from created riparian marshes," Wetlands, vol. 26, pp. 862-877, 2006.
[54] A. E. Johansson, A. K. Klemedtsson, L. Klemedtsson, and B. H. Svensson, "Nitrous oxide exchanges with the atmosphere of a constructed wetland treating wastewater. Parameters and implications for emission factors," Tellus B, vol. 55, pp. 737-750, 2003.
[1] J. B. Zedler and S. Kercher, "Wetland resources: status, trends, ecosystem services, and restorability," Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., vol. 30, pp. 39-74, 2005.
[2] W. J. Mitsch and J. G. Gosselink, "Wetlands. Hoboken," ed: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2007.
[3] B. Anderson, K. Bartlett, S. Frolking, K. Hayhoe, J. Jenkins, and W. Salas, "Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from natural sources," United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Atmospheric Programs, Washington, 2010.
[4] R. E. Ventura, "Wetlands and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes: Causes and Effects of Climate Change–A Meta-Analysis," 2014.
[5] P. A. Raymond, J. Hartmann, R. Lauerwald, S. Sobek, C. McDonald, M. Hoover, et al., "Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters," Nature, vol. 503, pp. 355-359, 2013.
[6] M. Søndergaard, "Nutrient dynamics in lakes-with emphasis on phosphorus, sediment and lake restoration," Aarhus Universitet Aarhus University, Science and Technology Science and Technology, Institut for Bioscience Department of Bioscience, Institut for Bioscience-Sø-økologi Department of Bioscience-Lake Ecology, 2007.
[7] A. L. Wright, K. Ramesh Reddy, and S. Newman, "Microbial indicators of eutrophication in Everglades wetlands," Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol. 73, pp. 1597-1603, 2009.
[8] P. Casper, S. C. Maberly, G. H. Hall, and B. J. Finlay, "Fluxes of methane and carbon dioxide from a small productive lake to the atmosphere," Biogeochemistry, vol. 49, pp. 1-19, 2000.
[9] J. T. Huttunen, T. Hammar, J. Alm, J. Silvola, and P. J. Martikainen, "Greenhouse gases in non-oxygenated and artificially oxygenated eutrophied lakes during winter stratification," Journal of environmental quality, vol. 30, pp. 387-394, 2001.
[10] J. T. Huttunen, J. Alm, A. Liikanen, S. Juutinen, T. Larmola, T. Hammar, et al., "Fluxes of methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in boreal lakes and potential anthropogenic effects on the aquatic greenhouse gas emissions," Chemosphere, vol. 52, pp. 609-621, 2003.
[11] Y. Xing, P. Xie, H. Yang, L. Ni, Y. Wang, and K. Rong, "Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes from a shallow hypereutrophic subtropical Lake in China," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 39, pp. 5532-5540, 2005.
[12] J. Stadmark and L. Leonardson, "Emissions of greenhouse gases from ponds constructed for nitrogen removal," Ecological Engineering, vol. 25, pp. 542-551, 2005.
[13] A. Liikanen, J. T. Huttunen, S. M. Karjalainen, K. Heikkinen, T. S. Väisänen, H. Nykänen, et al., "Temporal and seasonal changes in greenhouse gas emissions from a constructed wetland purifying peat mining runoff waters," Ecological Engineering, vol. 26, pp. 241-251, 2006.
[14] H. Wang, L. Yang, W. Wang, J. Lu, and C. Yin, "Nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes and their relationships with water‐sediment characteristics in a hyper‐eutrophic shallow lake, China," Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, vol. 112, 2007.
[15] A. Schrier-Uijl, A. Veraart, P. Leffelaar, F. Berendse, and E. Veenendaal, "Release of CO2 and CH4 from lakes and drainage ditches in temperate wetlands," Biogeochemistry, vol. 102, pp. 265-279, 2011.
[16] W. E. West, J. J. Coloso, and S. E. Jones, "Effects of algal and terrestrial carbon on methane production rates and methanogen community structure in a temperate lake sediment," Freshwater Biology, vol. 57, pp. 949-955, 2012.
[17] A. a. W. APHA, Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation, Washington DC, 2005.
[18] J. P. Silva, A. Lasso, H. J. Lubberding, M. R. Peña, and H. J. Gijzen, "Biases in greenhouse gases static chambers measurements in stabilization ponds: Comparison of flux estimation using linear and non-linear models," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 109, pp. 130-138, 2015.
[19] D. V. Chapman, W. H. Organization, and C. Press, Water quality assessments: a guide to the use of biota, sediments and water in environmental monitoring: E & Fn Spon London, 1996.
[20] J. T. Huttunen, T. S. Väisänen, M. Heikkinen, S. Hellsten, H. Nykänen, O. Nenonen, et al., "Exchange of CO2, CH4 and N2O between the atmosphere and two northern boreal ponds with catchments dominated by peatlands or forests," Plant and soil, vol. 242, pp. 137-146, 2002.
[21] A. Tremblay, M. Lambert, and L. Gagnon, "Do hydroelectric reservoirs emit greenhouse gases?," Environmental Management, vol. 33, pp. S509-S517, 2004.
[22] L. Ström, A. Lamppa, and T. R. Christensen, "Greenhouse gas emissions from a constructed wetland in southern Sweden," Wetlands Ecology and Management, vol. 15, pp. 43-50, 2007.
[23] A. Johansson, A.-M. Gustavsson, M. Öquist, and B. Svensson, "Methane emissions from a constructed wetland treating wastewater—seasonal and spatial distribution and dependence on edaphic factors," Water research, vol. 38, pp. 3960-3970, 2004.
[24] J. P. Silva, J. L. Ruiz, M. R. Peña, H. Lubberding, and H. Gijzen, "Influence of photoperiod on carbon dioxide and methane emissions from two pilot-scale stabilization ponds," Water Science & Technology, vol. 66, 2012.
[25] H. Brix, B. K. Sorrell, and B. Lorenzen, "Are Phragmites-dominated wetlands a net source or net sink of greenhouse gases?," Aquatic Botany, vol. 69, pp. 313-324, 2001.
[26] T. Adhya, P. Pattnaik, S. Satpathy, S. Kumaraswamy, and N. Sethunathan, "Influence of phosphorus application on methane emission and production in flooded paddy soils," Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 30, pp. 177-181, 1998.
[27] R. Conrad and M. Klose, "Effect of potassium phosphate fertilization on production and emission of methane and its 13 C-stable isotope composition in rice microcosms," Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 37, pp. 2099-2108, 2005.
[28] Q.-Q. Sun, K. Shi, P. Damerell, C. Whitham, G.-H. Yu, and C.-L. Zou, "Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes: seasonal dynamics from inland riparian ecosystems, northeast China," Science of the total environment, vol. 465, pp. 48-55, 2013.
[29] H. Biswas, S. Mukhopadhyay, S. Sen, and T. Jana, "Spatial and temporal patterns of methane dynamics in the tropical mangrove dominated estuary, NE coast of Bay of Bengal, India," Journal of Marine Systems, vol. 68, pp. 55-64, 2007.
[30] G. Borrel, D. Jézéquel, C. Biderre-Petit, N. Morel-Desrosiers, J.-P. Morel, P. Peyret, et al., "Production and consumption of methane in freshwater lake ecosystems," Research in Microbiology, vol. 162, pp. 832-847, 2011.
[31] C. Bédard and R. Knowles, "Physiology, biochemistry, and specific inhibitors of CH4, NH4+, and CO oxidation by methanotrophs and nitrifiers," Microbiological reviews, vol. 53, pp. 68-84, 1989.
[32] A. Søvik and B. Kløve, "Emission of N2O and CH4 from a constructed wetland in southeastern Norway," Science of the Total Environment, vol. 380, pp. 28-37, 2007.
[33] S. Sánchez-Carrillo, D. Angeler, M. Álvarez-Cobelas, and R. Sánchez-Andrés, "Freshwater wetland eutrophication," in Eutrophication: causes, consequences and control, ed: Springer, 2011, pp. 195-210.
[34] P. B. Christensen, L. P. Nielsen, J. Sørensen, and N. P. Revsbech, "Denitrification in nitrate-rich streams: diurnal and seasonal variation related to benthic oxygen metabolism," Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 35, pp. 640-651, 1990.
[35] A. L. Wright, K. R. Reddy, and S. Newman, "Biogeochemical response of the Everglades landscape to eutrophication," Global J Environ Res, vol. 2, pp. 102-109, 2008.
[36] N. Van der Steen, A. Ferrer, K. Samarasinghe, H. Gijzen, and I. W. Association, "Quantification and comparison of methane emissions from algae and duckweed based wastewater treatment ponds," in Memorias del evento: Agua 2003, ed: IWA, 2003, pp. 1-7.
[37] N. P. Van der Steen, A. V. M. Ferrer, K. G. Samarasinghe, and H. J. Gijzen, "Quantification and comparison of methane emissions from algae and duckweed based wastewater treatment ponds," Universidad del Valle; CINARA; International Water Association. Memorias del evento: Agua 2003. Cartagena de Indias, IWA, 2003, p. 1-7 Ilus.. 2003.
[38] S. Teiter and Ü. Mander, "Emission of N2O, N2, CH4, and CO2 from constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and from riparian buffer zones," Ecological Engineering, vol. 25, pp. 528-541, 2005.
[39] H. J. Laanbroek, "Methane emission from natural wetlands: interplay between emergent macrophytes and soil microbial processes. A mini-review," Annals of Botany, vol. 105, pp. 141-153, 2010.
[40] H. Brix, B. K. Sorrell, and H.-H. Schierup, "Gas fluxes achieved by in situ convective flow in Phragmites australis," Aquatic Botany, vol. 54, pp. 151-163, 1996.
[41] B. Sorrell and H. Brix, "Effects of water vapour pressure deficit and stomatal conductance on photosynthesis, internal pressurization and convective flow in three emergent wetland plants," Plant and Soil, vol. 253, pp. 71-79, 2003.
[42] X. Duan, X. Wang, Y. Mu, and Z. Ouyang, "Seasonal and diurnal variations in methane emissions from Wuliangsu Lake in arid regions of China," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 39, pp. 4479-4487, 2005.
[43] I. Bergström, S. Mäkelä, P. Kankaala, and P. Kortelainen, "Methane efflux from littoral vegetation stands of southern boreal lakes: an upscaled regional estimate," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 41, pp. 339-351, 2007.
[44] Y. Xing, P. Xie, H. Yang, A. Wu, and L. Ni, "The change of gaseous carbon fluxes following the switch of dominant producers from macrophytes to algae in a shallow subtropical lake of China," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 40, pp. 8034-8043, 2006.
[45] C. Song, L. Zhang, Y. Wang, and Z. Zhao, "Annual dynamics of CO2, CH4, N2O emissions from freshwater marshes and affected by nitrogen fertilization," Huan jing ke xue= Huanjing kexue/[bian ji, Zhongguo ke xue yuan huan jing ke xue wei yuan hui" Huan jing ke xue" bian ji wei yuan hui.], vol. 27, p. 2369, 2006.
[46] J. Yang, J. Liu, X. Hu, X. Li, Y. Wang, and H. Li, "Effect of water table level on CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions in a freshwater marsh of Northeast China," Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 61, pp. 52-60, 2013.
[47] A. Johansson, Å. K. Klemedtsson, L. Klemedtsson, and B. Svensson, "Nitrous oxide exchanges with the atmosphere of a constructed wetland treating wastewater," Tellus B, vol. 55, pp. 737-750, 2003.
[48] P. M. Groffman, J. Rogers, and W. Whitman, "Ecology of nitrification and denitrification in soil evaluated at scales relevant to atmospheric chemistry," Microbial production and consumption of greenhouse gases: methane, nitrogen oxides, and halomethanes., pp. 201-217, 1991.
[49] J. T. Morris, "Effects of nitrogen loading on wetland ecosystems with particular reference to atmospheric deposition," Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol. 22, pp. 257-279, 1991.
[50] B. Colliver and T. Stephenson, "Production of nitrogen oxide and dinitrogen oxide by autotrophic nitrifiers," Biotechnology advances, vol. 18, pp. 219-232, 2000.
[51] N. Wrage, G. Velthof, M. Van Beusichem, and O. Oenema, "Role of nitrifier denitrification in the production of nitrous oxide," Soil biology and Biochemistry, vol. 33, pp. 1723-1732, 2001.
[52] Y. Law, L. Ye, Y. Pan, and Z. Yuan, "Nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater treatment processes," Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, vol. 367, pp. 1265-1277, 2012.
[53] M. E. Hernandez and W. J. Mitsch, "Influence of hydrologic pulses, flooding frequency, and vegetation on nitrous oxide emissions from created riparian marshes," Wetlands, vol. 26, pp. 862-877, 2006.
[54] A. E. Johansson, A. K. Klemedtsson, L. Klemedtsson, and B. H. Svensson, "Nitrous oxide exchanges with the atmosphere of a constructed wetland treating wastewater. Parameters and implications for emission factors," Tellus B, vol. 55, pp. 737-750, 2003.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:72862", author = "Juan P. Silva and T. R. Canchala and H. J. Lubberding and E. J. Peña and H. J. Gijzen", title = "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Tropical Eutrophic Freshwater Wetland", abstract = "This study measured the fluxes of greenhouse gases (GHGs) i.e. CO2, CH4 and N2O from a tropical eutrophic freshwater wetland (“Sonso Lagoon”) which receives input loading nutrient from several sources i.e. agricultural run-off, domestic sewage, and a polluted river. The flux measurements were carried out at four different points using the static chamber technique. CO2 fluxes ranged from -8270 to 12210 mg.m-2.d-1 (median = 360; SD = 4.11; n = 50), CH4 ranged between 0.2 and 5270 mg.m-2.d-1 (median = 60; SD = 1.27; n = 45), and N2O ranged from -31.12 to 15.4 mg N2O m-2.d-1 (median = 0.05; SD = 9.36; n = 42). Although some negative fluxes were observed in the zone dominated by floating plants i.e. Eichornia crassipes, Salvinia sp., and Pistia stratiotes L., the mean values indicated that the Sonso Lagoon was a net source of CO2, CH4 and N2O. In addition, an effect of the eutrophication on GHG emissions could be observed in the positive correlation found between CO2, CH4 and N2O generation and COD, PO4-3, NH3-N, TN and NO3-N. The eutrophication impact on GHG production highlights the necessity to limit the anthropic activities on freshwater wetlands.
", keywords = "Eutrophication, greenhouse gas emissions, freshwater wetlands, climate change.", volume = "10", number = "5", pages = "541-7", }
