Geochemical Assessment of Metal Concentrations in Mangrove Sediments along Mumbai Coast, India
Two short sediment cores collected from mangrove
areas of Manori and Thane creeks along Mumbai coast were analysed
for sediment composition and metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Co, Ni, Zn, Cr
and V). The statistical analysis of Pearson correlation matrix proved
that there is a significant relationship between metal concentration
and finer grain size in Manori creek while poor correlation was
observed in Thane creek. Based on the enrichment factor, the present
metal to background metal ratios clearly reflected maximum
enrichment of Cu and Pb in Manori creek and Mn in Thane creek.
Geoaccumulation index calculated indicate that the study area is
unpolluted with respect to Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn and Cr in both the
cores while moderately polluted with Cu and Pb in Manori creek.
Based on contamination degree, both the core sediments were found
to be considerably contaminated with metals.
[1] K. Kathiresan, and B. L. Bingham, Biology of mangroves and mangrove
ecosystems. Advance in Marine Biology, vol. 40, pp. 81-251, 2001.
[2] K. Kathiresan, Greening the blue mud!. Revista De Biología Tropical,
vol. 50, pp. 869-874, 2002.
[3] J. S. Bunt, How can fragile ecosystems best be conserved? In: Hsu¨ KJ,
Thiede J (Eds). Use and misuse of the seafloor (Dahlem workshop
reports: environmental science research report 11). Wiley, Chichester,
1992, pp. 229-242.
[4] G. Singh, A. L. Ramanathan, and M. B. K. Prasad, Nutrient cycling in
mangrove ecosystem: A brief overview. Journal of Ecology and
Environmental Science, vol. 30(3), pp. 231-244, 2005.
[5] C. Woodroffe, Mangrove sediments and geomorphology. In A. I.
Robertson and D.M. Alongi (Eds). Tropical mangrove ecosystem,
American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C., 1992, pp.7-41.
[6] E. Wolanski, P. Mazda, and P. Ridd, Mangrove hydrodynamics. In A.I.
Robertson and D.M. Alongi (Eds.). Tropical mangrove ecosystem,
American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C., 1992, pp. 436-462.
[7] E. Wolanski, B. King, and D. Galloway, Dynamics of the turbidity
maximum in the Fly River estuary, Papua New Guinea. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 40, pp. 321-337, 1995.
[8] K. Furukawa, E. Wolanski, and H. Mueller, Currents and sediment
transport in mangrove forests. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.
44, pp. 301-310, 1997.
[9] M. Preda, and M. E. Cox, Trace metal occurrence and distribution in
sediments and mangroves, Pumicestone region, southeast Queensland,
Australia. Environment International, vol. 28, pp. 433-449, 2002.
[10] F. Blasco, Mangroves of India (Les Mangroves de- Inde) Institute
Francias De Pondichery, Travaux de la section. Scientifique et
Technique, Tome XIV. Fascicule 1, 1975, pp.175.
[11] TMC-ES, Environmental status report prepared by the pollution control
cell of Thane Municipal Corporation, 2000, pp.118.
[12] G. Quadros, S. Sukumaran, and R. P. Athalye, Impact of the changing
ecology on intertidal polychaetes in an anthropogenically stressed
tropical creek, India. Aquatic Ecology, vol. 43, pp. 977-985, 2009.
[13] M. U. Borkar, G. Quadros, and R. P. Athalye, Threats to the Mangroves
of Thane Creek and Ulhas River Estuary, India. Journal of Coastal
Development, vol. 11(1), pp. 48 - 56, 2007.
[14] R. L. Folk, Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Hemphill, Austin, Texas,
1974, pp.182.
[15] A. Walkey, and I. A. Black, An examination of the degtjareff method for
the determining organic matter and a proposed modification of the
chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, vol. 37, pp. 29-38, 1934.
[16] K. Grasshoff, Methods of Seawater Analysis, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim,
1999, pp.205.
[17] I. J. Jarvis, and K. Jarvis, Rare earth element geochemistry of standard
sediments: a study using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry.
Chemical Geology, vol. 53, 335-344, 1985.
[18] A. J. De Groot, W. Salomons, and E. Allersma, Processes affecting
heavy metals in estuarine sediments, In J.D. Burton and P.S. Liss (Eds).
Estua. Chem, London. Academic Press, 1976, pp.131-153.
[19] C. A. Fletcher, J. M. Bubbs, and J. N. Lester, Magnitude and distribution
of contaminants in five salt marshes on the Essex coast, United
Kingdom. I. Addressing the problem, site description and physicochemical
parameters. Science of the Total Environment, vol. 155, pp.
312-345, 1994.
[20] J. P. Williams, J. M. Bubbs, and J. N. Lester, Metal accumulation within
saltmarsh environments: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 28,
pp. 277-290, 1994.
[21] A. H. Hussein, and M. C. Rabenhorst, Tidal inundation of transgressive
coastal areas: pedogenesis of salinization and alkalinization. Soil Science
Society of America Journal, vol. 65, 536-544, 2001.
[22] J. C. Cornwell, D. J. Conley, M. Owens, and J. C. Stevenson, Sediment
chronology of the eutrophication of Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries, vol. 19,
pp. 488-499, 1996.
[23] J. K. Stull, R. B. Baird, and T. C. Heesen, Marine sediment core profiles
of trace constituents offshore of a deep wastewater outfall. Journal of
Water Pollution Control Federation, vol. 58, 985-991, 1986.
[24] B. P. Finney, and C. A. Huh, History of metal pollution in the Southern
California Bight: An update. Environmental Science and Technology,
vol. 23, pp. 249-303, 1989.
[25] S. D. Madiseh, A. Savary, H. Parham, and S. Sabzalizadeh,
Determination of the level of contamination in Khuzestan coastal waters
(Northern Persian Gulf) by using an ecological risk index.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 159, pp. 521-530,
2009.
[26] S. D. De Mora, and M. R. Sheikholeslami, ASTP: Contaminant
screening program: Final report: Interpretation of Caspian Sea sediment
data. Caspian Environment Program (CEP), 2002, pp.27.
[27] L. Fernandes, and G. N. Nayak, Distribution of sediment parameters and
depositional environment of mudflats of Mandovi estuary, Goa, India.
Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 25, 273-284, 2009.
[28] K. Zabetoglou, D. Voutsa, and C. Samara, Toxicity and heavy metal
contamination of surficial sediments from the Bay of Thessaloniki
(Northwestern Aegean Sea) Greece. Chemosphere, vol. 49, 17-26, 2002.
[29] A. Kumar, I. Kaur, and R. P. Mathur, Water quality and metal
enrichment in bed sediments of the rivers Kali and Hindon, India.
Environmental Geochemistry and Health, vol. 20, pp. 53-60, 1998.
[30] H. A. Kehrig, F. N. Pinto, I. Moreira, and O. Malm, Heavy Metals and
Methylmercury in a Tropical Coastal Estuary and a Mangrove in Brazil.
Organic Geochemistry, vol. 34, 661-669, 2003.
[31] A. L. Ramanathan, V. Subramaniam, R. Ramesh, S. Chidambaram, and
A. James, Environmental Geochemistry of the Pichavaram Mangrove
Ecosystem (tropical), Southeast Coast of India. Environmental Geology,
vol. 37, 223-233, 1999.
[32] U. Forstner, and G. T. W. Wittman, Metal pollution in the aquatic
environment. Springer- Verlag, vol. 110, 1983, pp.196.
[33] A. J. De Groot, and E. Allersma, Field observations on transport of
heavy metals in sediments. In P. A. Krenkel. Heavy Metals in the
Aquatic Environment, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1975, pp.85-95.
[34] S. A. Sinex, and G. R. Helz, Regional geochemistry of trace elements in
Chesapeake Bay sediments. Environmental Geology, vol. 3, pp. 315-
323, 1981.
[35] H. Feng, X. Han, W. Zhang, and L. Yu, A preliminary study of heavy
metal contamination in Yangtze River intertidal zone due to
urbanization. Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 49, pp. 910-915, 2004.
[36] K. K. Turekian, and K. H. Wedepohl, Distribution of the elements in
some major units of the earth-s crust. Bulletin of Geological Society of
America, vol. 72, pp. 175-192, 1961.
[37] J. Zhang, and C. L. Liu, Riverine composition and estuarine
geochemistry of particulate metals in China - Weathering features,
anthropogenic impact and chemical fluxes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf
Science, vol. 54, pp. 1051-1070, 2002.
[38] E. R. Sholkovitz, Flocculation of dissolved organic and inorganic matter
during the mixing of river water and seawater. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 40, pp. 831-845, 1976.
[39] B. Rubio, M. A. Nombela, and F. Vilas, Geochemistry of major and
trace elements in sediments of the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain): An
assessment of metal pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 40, pp.
968-980, 2000.
[40] P. Seralathan, S. Srinivasalu, A. L. Ramanathan, G. V. Rajamanickam,
R. Nagendra, and S. R. Singarasubramanian, Post tsunami sediments
characteristics of Tamilnadu Coast, G.V. Rajamanickam (Ed.), 26th
December 2004 tsunami causes, effects remedial measures, pre and post
tsunami disaster management, a geoscientific perspective, New Delhi:
New Academic Publisher, 2006, pp. 124- 149.
[41] R. Ramesh, A. Kumar, A. B. Inamdar, P. M. Mohan, M. Prithviraj, and
S. Ramachandran, Tsunami characterization and mapping in Andaman
and Nicobar islands, G.V. Rajamanickam (Ed.) 26th December 2004
tsunami causes, effects remedial measures, pre and post tsunami
disaster management, a geoscientific perspective, New Delhi: New
Academic Publisher, 2006, pp.150-174.
[42] L. Fernandes, G. N. Nayak, D. Ilangovan, and D. V. Borole,
Accumulation of sediment, organic matter and trace metals with space
and time, in a creek along Mumbai coast, India. Estuarine, Coastal and
Shelf Science, 91, pp. 388-399, 2011.
[43] G. Muller, Schwermetalle in den sedimenten des Rheins -
Veranderungen seit (1971). Umschau, vol. 79, 778-783, 1979.
[44] A. R. Karbassi, I. Bayati, and F. Moatta, Origin and chemical
partitioning of heavy metals in riverbed sediments. International Journal
of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 3, pp. 35-42, 2006.
[45] L. Fernandes, and G. N. Nayak, Sources and factors controlling the
distribution of metals in mudflat sedimentary environment, Ulhas
estuary, Mumbai, Indian Association of Sedimentologists, vol. 29, pp 71-
83, 2010.
[46] P. Sharma, D. V. Borole, and M. D. Zingde, 210-Pb geochronology and
trace element composition of the sediments in the vicinity of Bombay,
west coast of India. Marine Chemistry, vol. 47, pp. 227-241, 1994.
[47] L. Hakanson, An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A
sedimentological approach. Water Research, vol. 14, pp. 995-1001,
1980.
[48] A. E. Aksu, D. Yasar, and O. Uslu, Assessment of marine pollution in
Izmir Bay: Heavy metal and organic compound concentrations in
surficial sediments, Izmir. Turekian Journal of Engineering and
Environmental Sciences, vol. 22, 387-415, 1998.
[49] D. C. Tomlinson, J. G. Wilson, C. R. Harris, and D. W. Jeffery,
Problems in the assessment of heavy metals levels in estuaries and the
formation of a pollution index. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche
Meeresuntersuchungen, vol. 33 (1-4), pp. 566-575, 1980.
[50] D. Satyanarayana, P. K. Panigrahy, and S. D. Sahu, Metal pollution in
harbor and coastal sediments of Visakhapatnam, east coast of India.
Indian Journal of Marine Science, vol. 23 (1), pp. 52-54, 1994.
[1] K. Kathiresan, and B. L. Bingham, Biology of mangroves and mangrove
ecosystems. Advance in Marine Biology, vol. 40, pp. 81-251, 2001.
[2] K. Kathiresan, Greening the blue mud!. Revista De Biología Tropical,
vol. 50, pp. 869-874, 2002.
[3] J. S. Bunt, How can fragile ecosystems best be conserved? In: Hsu¨ KJ,
Thiede J (Eds). Use and misuse of the seafloor (Dahlem workshop
reports: environmental science research report 11). Wiley, Chichester,
1992, pp. 229-242.
[4] G. Singh, A. L. Ramanathan, and M. B. K. Prasad, Nutrient cycling in
mangrove ecosystem: A brief overview. Journal of Ecology and
Environmental Science, vol. 30(3), pp. 231-244, 2005.
[5] C. Woodroffe, Mangrove sediments and geomorphology. In A. I.
Robertson and D.M. Alongi (Eds). Tropical mangrove ecosystem,
American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C., 1992, pp.7-41.
[6] E. Wolanski, P. Mazda, and P. Ridd, Mangrove hydrodynamics. In A.I.
Robertson and D.M. Alongi (Eds.). Tropical mangrove ecosystem,
American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C., 1992, pp. 436-462.
[7] E. Wolanski, B. King, and D. Galloway, Dynamics of the turbidity
maximum in the Fly River estuary, Papua New Guinea. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 40, pp. 321-337, 1995.
[8] K. Furukawa, E. Wolanski, and H. Mueller, Currents and sediment
transport in mangrove forests. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.
44, pp. 301-310, 1997.
[9] M. Preda, and M. E. Cox, Trace metal occurrence and distribution in
sediments and mangroves, Pumicestone region, southeast Queensland,
Australia. Environment International, vol. 28, pp. 433-449, 2002.
[10] F. Blasco, Mangroves of India (Les Mangroves de- Inde) Institute
Francias De Pondichery, Travaux de la section. Scientifique et
Technique, Tome XIV. Fascicule 1, 1975, pp.175.
[11] TMC-ES, Environmental status report prepared by the pollution control
cell of Thane Municipal Corporation, 2000, pp.118.
[12] G. Quadros, S. Sukumaran, and R. P. Athalye, Impact of the changing
ecology on intertidal polychaetes in an anthropogenically stressed
tropical creek, India. Aquatic Ecology, vol. 43, pp. 977-985, 2009.
[13] M. U. Borkar, G. Quadros, and R. P. Athalye, Threats to the Mangroves
of Thane Creek and Ulhas River Estuary, India. Journal of Coastal
Development, vol. 11(1), pp. 48 - 56, 2007.
[14] R. L. Folk, Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Hemphill, Austin, Texas,
1974, pp.182.
[15] A. Walkey, and I. A. Black, An examination of the degtjareff method for
the determining organic matter and a proposed modification of the
chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, vol. 37, pp. 29-38, 1934.
[16] K. Grasshoff, Methods of Seawater Analysis, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim,
1999, pp.205.
[17] I. J. Jarvis, and K. Jarvis, Rare earth element geochemistry of standard
sediments: a study using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry.
Chemical Geology, vol. 53, 335-344, 1985.
[18] A. J. De Groot, W. Salomons, and E. Allersma, Processes affecting
heavy metals in estuarine sediments, In J.D. Burton and P.S. Liss (Eds).
Estua. Chem, London. Academic Press, 1976, pp.131-153.
[19] C. A. Fletcher, J. M. Bubbs, and J. N. Lester, Magnitude and distribution
of contaminants in five salt marshes on the Essex coast, United
Kingdom. I. Addressing the problem, site description and physicochemical
parameters. Science of the Total Environment, vol. 155, pp.
312-345, 1994.
[20] J. P. Williams, J. M. Bubbs, and J. N. Lester, Metal accumulation within
saltmarsh environments: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 28,
pp. 277-290, 1994.
[21] A. H. Hussein, and M. C. Rabenhorst, Tidal inundation of transgressive
coastal areas: pedogenesis of salinization and alkalinization. Soil Science
Society of America Journal, vol. 65, 536-544, 2001.
[22] J. C. Cornwell, D. J. Conley, M. Owens, and J. C. Stevenson, Sediment
chronology of the eutrophication of Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries, vol. 19,
pp. 488-499, 1996.
[23] J. K. Stull, R. B. Baird, and T. C. Heesen, Marine sediment core profiles
of trace constituents offshore of a deep wastewater outfall. Journal of
Water Pollution Control Federation, vol. 58, 985-991, 1986.
[24] B. P. Finney, and C. A. Huh, History of metal pollution in the Southern
California Bight: An update. Environmental Science and Technology,
vol. 23, pp. 249-303, 1989.
[25] S. D. Madiseh, A. Savary, H. Parham, and S. Sabzalizadeh,
Determination of the level of contamination in Khuzestan coastal waters
(Northern Persian Gulf) by using an ecological risk index.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 159, pp. 521-530,
2009.
[26] S. D. De Mora, and M. R. Sheikholeslami, ASTP: Contaminant
screening program: Final report: Interpretation of Caspian Sea sediment
data. Caspian Environment Program (CEP), 2002, pp.27.
[27] L. Fernandes, and G. N. Nayak, Distribution of sediment parameters and
depositional environment of mudflats of Mandovi estuary, Goa, India.
Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 25, 273-284, 2009.
[28] K. Zabetoglou, D. Voutsa, and C. Samara, Toxicity and heavy metal
contamination of surficial sediments from the Bay of Thessaloniki
(Northwestern Aegean Sea) Greece. Chemosphere, vol. 49, 17-26, 2002.
[29] A. Kumar, I. Kaur, and R. P. Mathur, Water quality and metal
enrichment in bed sediments of the rivers Kali and Hindon, India.
Environmental Geochemistry and Health, vol. 20, pp. 53-60, 1998.
[30] H. A. Kehrig, F. N. Pinto, I. Moreira, and O. Malm, Heavy Metals and
Methylmercury in a Tropical Coastal Estuary and a Mangrove in Brazil.
Organic Geochemistry, vol. 34, 661-669, 2003.
[31] A. L. Ramanathan, V. Subramaniam, R. Ramesh, S. Chidambaram, and
A. James, Environmental Geochemistry of the Pichavaram Mangrove
Ecosystem (tropical), Southeast Coast of India. Environmental Geology,
vol. 37, 223-233, 1999.
[32] U. Forstner, and G. T. W. Wittman, Metal pollution in the aquatic
environment. Springer- Verlag, vol. 110, 1983, pp.196.
[33] A. J. De Groot, and E. Allersma, Field observations on transport of
heavy metals in sediments. In P. A. Krenkel. Heavy Metals in the
Aquatic Environment, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1975, pp.85-95.
[34] S. A. Sinex, and G. R. Helz, Regional geochemistry of trace elements in
Chesapeake Bay sediments. Environmental Geology, vol. 3, pp. 315-
323, 1981.
[35] H. Feng, X. Han, W. Zhang, and L. Yu, A preliminary study of heavy
metal contamination in Yangtze River intertidal zone due to
urbanization. Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 49, pp. 910-915, 2004.
[36] K. K. Turekian, and K. H. Wedepohl, Distribution of the elements in
some major units of the earth-s crust. Bulletin of Geological Society of
America, vol. 72, pp. 175-192, 1961.
[37] J. Zhang, and C. L. Liu, Riverine composition and estuarine
geochemistry of particulate metals in China - Weathering features,
anthropogenic impact and chemical fluxes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf
Science, vol. 54, pp. 1051-1070, 2002.
[38] E. R. Sholkovitz, Flocculation of dissolved organic and inorganic matter
during the mixing of river water and seawater. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 40, pp. 831-845, 1976.
[39] B. Rubio, M. A. Nombela, and F. Vilas, Geochemistry of major and
trace elements in sediments of the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain): An
assessment of metal pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 40, pp.
968-980, 2000.
[40] P. Seralathan, S. Srinivasalu, A. L. Ramanathan, G. V. Rajamanickam,
R. Nagendra, and S. R. Singarasubramanian, Post tsunami sediments
characteristics of Tamilnadu Coast, G.V. Rajamanickam (Ed.), 26th
December 2004 tsunami causes, effects remedial measures, pre and post
tsunami disaster management, a geoscientific perspective, New Delhi:
New Academic Publisher, 2006, pp. 124- 149.
[41] R. Ramesh, A. Kumar, A. B. Inamdar, P. M. Mohan, M. Prithviraj, and
S. Ramachandran, Tsunami characterization and mapping in Andaman
and Nicobar islands, G.V. Rajamanickam (Ed.) 26th December 2004
tsunami causes, effects remedial measures, pre and post tsunami
disaster management, a geoscientific perspective, New Delhi: New
Academic Publisher, 2006, pp.150-174.
[42] L. Fernandes, G. N. Nayak, D. Ilangovan, and D. V. Borole,
Accumulation of sediment, organic matter and trace metals with space
and time, in a creek along Mumbai coast, India. Estuarine, Coastal and
Shelf Science, 91, pp. 388-399, 2011.
[43] G. Muller, Schwermetalle in den sedimenten des Rheins -
Veranderungen seit (1971). Umschau, vol. 79, 778-783, 1979.
[44] A. R. Karbassi, I. Bayati, and F. Moatta, Origin and chemical
partitioning of heavy metals in riverbed sediments. International Journal
of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 3, pp. 35-42, 2006.
[45] L. Fernandes, and G. N. Nayak, Sources and factors controlling the
distribution of metals in mudflat sedimentary environment, Ulhas
estuary, Mumbai, Indian Association of Sedimentologists, vol. 29, pp 71-
83, 2010.
[46] P. Sharma, D. V. Borole, and M. D. Zingde, 210-Pb geochronology and
trace element composition of the sediments in the vicinity of Bombay,
west coast of India. Marine Chemistry, vol. 47, pp. 227-241, 1994.
[47] L. Hakanson, An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A
sedimentological approach. Water Research, vol. 14, pp. 995-1001,
1980.
[48] A. E. Aksu, D. Yasar, and O. Uslu, Assessment of marine pollution in
Izmir Bay: Heavy metal and organic compound concentrations in
surficial sediments, Izmir. Turekian Journal of Engineering and
Environmental Sciences, vol. 22, 387-415, 1998.
[49] D. C. Tomlinson, J. G. Wilson, C. R. Harris, and D. W. Jeffery,
Problems in the assessment of heavy metals levels in estuaries and the
formation of a pollution index. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche
Meeresuntersuchungen, vol. 33 (1-4), pp. 566-575, 1980.
[50] D. Satyanarayana, P. K. Panigrahy, and S. D. Sahu, Metal pollution in
harbor and coastal sediments of Visakhapatnam, east coast of India.
Indian Journal of Marine Science, vol. 23 (1), pp. 52-54, 1994.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:49322", author = "Lina Fernandes and G. N. Nayak and D. Ilangovan", title = "Geochemical Assessment of Metal Concentrations in Mangrove Sediments along Mumbai Coast, India", abstract = "Two short sediment cores collected from mangrove
areas of Manori and Thane creeks along Mumbai coast were analysed
for sediment composition and metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Co, Ni, Zn, Cr
and V). The statistical analysis of Pearson correlation matrix proved
that there is a significant relationship between metal concentration
and finer grain size in Manori creek while poor correlation was
observed in Thane creek. Based on the enrichment factor, the present
metal to background metal ratios clearly reflected maximum
enrichment of Cu and Pb in Manori creek and Mn in Thane creek.
Geoaccumulation index calculated indicate that the study area is
unpolluted with respect to Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn and Cr in both the
cores while moderately polluted with Cu and Pb in Manori creek.
Based on contamination degree, both the core sediments were found
to be considerably contaminated with metals.", keywords = "Creek, Igeo, Mumbai, trace metals", volume = "6", number = "1", pages = "6-6", }
