Fatty Acid Composition of Muscle Lipids of Cyprinus carpio L. Living in Different Dam Lake, Turkey
In this study, total fatty acid composition of muscle
lipids of Cyprinus carpio L. living in Suğla Dam Lake, Altinapa Dam
Lake, Eğirdir Lake and Burdur Lake were determined using GC.
During this study, for the summer season of July was taken from each
region of the land and they were stored in deep-freeze set to -20
degrees until the analysis date. At the end of the analyses, 30
different fatty acids were found in the composition of Cyprinus
carpio L. which lives in different lakes. Cyprinus carpio Suğla Dam
Lake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), were higher than other
lakes. Cyprinus carpio L. was the highest in the major SFA palmitic
acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of carp, the most abundant
fish species in all lakes, were found to be higher than those of
saturated fatty acids (SFA) in all lakes. Palmitic acid was the major
SFA in all lakes. Oleic acid was identified as the major MUFA.
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was the most abundant in all lakes. ω3
fatty acid composition was higher than the percentage of the
percentage ω6 fatty acids in all lake. ω3/ω6 rates of Cyprinus carpio
L. Suğla Dam Lake, Altinapa Dam Lake, Eğirdir Lake and Burdur
Lake, 2.12, 1.19, 2.15, 2.87, and 2.82, respectively. Docosahexaenoic
acid (DHA) was the major PUFA in Eğirdir and Burdur lakes,
whereas linoleic acid (LA) was the major PUFA in Altinapa and
Suğla Dam Lakes. It was shown that the fatty acid composition in the
muscle of carp was significantly influenced by different lakes.
[1] Balon E.K. (2006). The oldest domesticated fi shes, and the
consequences of an epigenetic dichotomy in fish culture. J. Ichthyol.
Aquat. Biol., 11(2): 47-86.
[2] Peteri A. (2006). Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture Service
(FIRI). Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme - Cyprinus
carpio. Cultured Aquatic Species Fact Sheets. FAO - Rome.
http://www.fao.org/fi /fi gis/
[3] FAO Fisheries Department (2006). Fisheries Statistics. FAO – Rome.
http:// www.fao.org/fi gis/servlet/
[4] FAO (2011). Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics
Service (online) Available from: http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/
SQServlet?file=/usr/local/tomcat/FI/5.5.23/figis/webapps/figis/temp/hqp
_15689.xml&outtype=html (Accessed 2011-02-18).
[5] Itakura H., (1993). Dietary Treatment of Atherosclerozis. Nippon
Rinsho, 51, 2086-2094.
[6] Sto»yhwo, A., I. Ko»odziejska and Z.E. Sikorski, 2006. Long chain
polyunsaturated fatty acids in smoked Atlantic mackerel and Baltic
sprats, Food Chemistry, 94: 589-595.
[7] Bayir, A.H., I. Haliloglu, A.N. Sirkecioglu and N.M. Aras, 2006. Fatty
acid composition in some selected marine fish species living in Turkish
waters. J. Science of Food and Agriculture, 86: 163-168.
[8] Zheng, X., Seiliez, I., Hastings, N., Tocher, D.R., Panserat, S., Dickson,
C.A., Bergot, P. & Teale, A.J. (2004). Characterization and comparison
of fatty acyl (Delta)6 desaturase cDNAs from freshwater and marine
teleost fish species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B:
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 139(2), 269-279.
[9] Tocher, D.R. (2003). Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids
in teleost fish. Reviews in Fisheries Science 11(2), 107-184.
[10] Olsen, R.E., Henderson, R.J. & McAndrew, B.J. (1990). The conversion
of linoleic acid and linolenic acid to longer chain polyunsaturated fatty
acids by Tilapia (Oreochromis) nilotica in vivo. Fish Physiology and
Biochemistry 8(3), 261-270.
[11] Farkas, T. (1984). Adaptation of fatty acid composition to temperature-a
study on carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) liver slices. Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part B: Biochemistry and 79(4), 531-
535.
[12] Tacon, A.G.J. & Metian, M. (2008). Global overview on the use of fish
meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and
future prospects. Aquaculture 285(1-4), 146-158.
[13] Takeuchi, T. (1996). Essential fatty acid requirements in carp. Archives
of Animal Nutrition-Archiv Fur Tierernahrung 49(1), 23-32.
[14] Calder, P.C. & Yaqoob, P. (2009). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
and human health outcomes. BioFactors 35(3), 266-272.
[15] Calder, P.C. & Yaqoob, P. (2010). Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids,
cardiovascular disease and stability of atherosclerotic plaques. Cellular
and Molecular Biology 56(1), 28-37.
[16] Mozaffarian, D. & Rimm, E.B. (2006). Fish intake, contaminants, and
human health - Evaluating the risks and the benefits. Jama-Journal of
the American Medical Association 296(15), 1885-1899.
[17] Agren, J., Muje, P., Hanninen, O., Herranen, J., & Penttila, I. (1987).
Seasonal variations of lipid fatty acids of Boreal freshwater fish species.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 88, 905–909.
[18] Cejas, J. R., Almansa, E., Villamandos, J. E., Badia, P., Bolanos, A., &
Lorenzo, A. (2003). Lipid and fatty acid composition of ovaries from
wild fish and ovaries and eggs from captive fish of white sea bream
(Diplodus sargus). Aquaculture, 216(1–4), 299–313.
[19] Bandarra NM, Batista I, Nunes ML et al. Seasonal changes in lipid
composition of sardine (Sardina pilchardus). J Food Sci 62: 40-42, 1997.
[20] Uysal K, Bülbül M, Dönmez M et al. Changes in some components of
the muscle lipids of three freshwater fi sh species under natural extreme
cold and temperate conditions. Fish Physiol Biochem 34: 455-463, 2008.
[21] Uysal, K., & Aksoylar, M. Y. (2005). Seasonal variations in fatty acid
composition and the n6/n3 fatty acid ratio of pikeperch (Sander
lucioperca) muscle lipids. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 44, 23–35.
[22] Folch, J., Lees, M., & Sloane Stanley, G. H. (1957). A simple method
for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues.
Journal of Biologicl Chemistry, 226, 497–509.
[23] Paquot, C. (1979). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,
Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 6th
edn., Pergamon Press, France.
[24] Yeganeh S., B. Shabanpour , H. Hosseini , M.R. Imanpour and A.
Shabani, (2012). Seasonal Variation of Chemical Composition and Fatty
Acid Profile of Fillet in Wild Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) in
Caspian Sea, Journal of Food Technology, 10, 2, 24-31.
[25] Jankowska, B., Zakes, Z., Zmijewski, T., & Szczepkowski, M. (2003).
Fatty acid profile and meat utility of wild and cultured zander, Sander
lucioperca (L.). Electronic Journal Of Polish Agricultural Universities
Fisheries, 6(1).
[26] Rahman, S. A., Huah, T. S., Hassan, O., & Daud, N. M. (1995).
Fattyacid composition of some Malaysian freshwater fish. Food
Chemistry, 54(1), 45–49.
[27] Ackman, R. G., Eaton, C. A., & Linne, B. A. (1975). Differentiation of
freshwater characteristics of fatty acids in marine specimens of the
atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus). Fishery Bulletin, 73, 838–
845. [28] Haliloğlu, H. I., Bayır, A., Sirkecioğlu, A. N., Aras, N. M., & tamanalp,
M. (2004). Comparison of fatty acid composition in some tissues of
rainbow trot (Oncorhynchus mykiss) living in seawater and freshwater.
Food Chemistry, 86, 55–59.
[29] Osman, H., Suriah, A. R., & Law, E. C. (2001). Fatty acid composition
and cholesterol content of selected marine fish in Malaysian waters.
Food Chemistry, 73(1), 55–60.
[30] Guler G.O., B. Kiztanir, A. Aktumsek, O.B. Citil, H. Ozparlak
Determination of the seasonal changes on total fatty acid composition
and x3/x6 ratios of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) muscle lipids in Beysehir
Lake (Turkey), Food Chemistry 108 (2008) 689–694.
[31] Sargent, J. R. (1996). Origins and functions of egg lipid. In N. R.
Bromage & R. J. Roberts (Eds.), Broodstock management and egg and
larval quality (pp. 353–372). Oxford: Blackwell.
[32] Cejas, J. R., Almansa, E., Villamandos, J. E., Badia, P., Bolanos, A., &
Lorenzo, A. (2003). Lipid and fatty acid composition of ovaries from
wild fish and ovaries and eggs from captive fish of white sea bream
(Diplodus sargus). Aquaculture, 216(1–4), 299–313.
[33] Ackman, R. G. (1967). Characteristics of the fatty acid composition and
biochemistry of some fresh-water fish oils and lipids in comparison with
marine oils and lipids. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 22,
907–922.
[34] Uysal, K., & Aksoylar, M. Y. (2005). Seasonal variations in fatty acid
composition and the n6/n3 fatty acid ratio of pikeperch (Sander
lucioperca) muscle lipids. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 44, 23–35.
[35] Xu, X. L., Fontaine, P., Melard, C., & Kestemont, P. (2001). Effects of
dietary fat levels on growth, feed efficiency and biochemical
compositions of Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis. Aquacultural
International, 9(5), 437–449.
[36] McKenzie, D. J., Piraccini, G., Piccolella, M., Steffensen, J. F., Bolis, C.
L., & Taylor, E. W. (2000). Effects of dietary fatty acid composition on
metabolic rate and responses to hypoxia in the European eel (Anguilla
anguilla). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 22(4), 281–296.
[37] Piggott, G. M., & Tucker, B. W. (1990). Effects of technology on
nutrition. New York: Marcel Dekker.
[38] Sargent, J. R. (1997). Fish oils and human diet. British Journal of
Nutrition, 78(1), S5–S13.
[1] Balon E.K. (2006). The oldest domesticated fi shes, and the
consequences of an epigenetic dichotomy in fish culture. J. Ichthyol.
Aquat. Biol., 11(2): 47-86.
[2] Peteri A. (2006). Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture Service
(FIRI). Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme - Cyprinus
carpio. Cultured Aquatic Species Fact Sheets. FAO - Rome.
http://www.fao.org/fi /fi gis/
[3] FAO Fisheries Department (2006). Fisheries Statistics. FAO – Rome.
http:// www.fao.org/fi gis/servlet/
[4] FAO (2011). Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics
Service (online) Available from: http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/
SQServlet?file=/usr/local/tomcat/FI/5.5.23/figis/webapps/figis/temp/hqp
_15689.xml&outtype=html (Accessed 2011-02-18).
[5] Itakura H., (1993). Dietary Treatment of Atherosclerozis. Nippon
Rinsho, 51, 2086-2094.
[6] Sto»yhwo, A., I. Ko»odziejska and Z.E. Sikorski, 2006. Long chain
polyunsaturated fatty acids in smoked Atlantic mackerel and Baltic
sprats, Food Chemistry, 94: 589-595.
[7] Bayir, A.H., I. Haliloglu, A.N. Sirkecioglu and N.M. Aras, 2006. Fatty
acid composition in some selected marine fish species living in Turkish
waters. J. Science of Food and Agriculture, 86: 163-168.
[8] Zheng, X., Seiliez, I., Hastings, N., Tocher, D.R., Panserat, S., Dickson,
C.A., Bergot, P. & Teale, A.J. (2004). Characterization and comparison
of fatty acyl (Delta)6 desaturase cDNAs from freshwater and marine
teleost fish species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B:
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 139(2), 269-279.
[9] Tocher, D.R. (2003). Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids
in teleost fish. Reviews in Fisheries Science 11(2), 107-184.
[10] Olsen, R.E., Henderson, R.J. & McAndrew, B.J. (1990). The conversion
of linoleic acid and linolenic acid to longer chain polyunsaturated fatty
acids by Tilapia (Oreochromis) nilotica in vivo. Fish Physiology and
Biochemistry 8(3), 261-270.
[11] Farkas, T. (1984). Adaptation of fatty acid composition to temperature-a
study on carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) liver slices. Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part B: Biochemistry and 79(4), 531-
535.
[12] Tacon, A.G.J. & Metian, M. (2008). Global overview on the use of fish
meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and
future prospects. Aquaculture 285(1-4), 146-158.
[13] Takeuchi, T. (1996). Essential fatty acid requirements in carp. Archives
of Animal Nutrition-Archiv Fur Tierernahrung 49(1), 23-32.
[14] Calder, P.C. & Yaqoob, P. (2009). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
and human health outcomes. BioFactors 35(3), 266-272.
[15] Calder, P.C. & Yaqoob, P. (2010). Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids,
cardiovascular disease and stability of atherosclerotic plaques. Cellular
and Molecular Biology 56(1), 28-37.
[16] Mozaffarian, D. & Rimm, E.B. (2006). Fish intake, contaminants, and
human health - Evaluating the risks and the benefits. Jama-Journal of
the American Medical Association 296(15), 1885-1899.
[17] Agren, J., Muje, P., Hanninen, O., Herranen, J., & Penttila, I. (1987).
Seasonal variations of lipid fatty acids of Boreal freshwater fish species.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 88, 905–909.
[18] Cejas, J. R., Almansa, E., Villamandos, J. E., Badia, P., Bolanos, A., &
Lorenzo, A. (2003). Lipid and fatty acid composition of ovaries from
wild fish and ovaries and eggs from captive fish of white sea bream
(Diplodus sargus). Aquaculture, 216(1–4), 299–313.
[19] Bandarra NM, Batista I, Nunes ML et al. Seasonal changes in lipid
composition of sardine (Sardina pilchardus). J Food Sci 62: 40-42, 1997.
[20] Uysal K, Bülbül M, Dönmez M et al. Changes in some components of
the muscle lipids of three freshwater fi sh species under natural extreme
cold and temperate conditions. Fish Physiol Biochem 34: 455-463, 2008.
[21] Uysal, K., & Aksoylar, M. Y. (2005). Seasonal variations in fatty acid
composition and the n6/n3 fatty acid ratio of pikeperch (Sander
lucioperca) muscle lipids. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 44, 23–35.
[22] Folch, J., Lees, M., & Sloane Stanley, G. H. (1957). A simple method
for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues.
Journal of Biologicl Chemistry, 226, 497–509.
[23] Paquot, C. (1979). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,
Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 6th
edn., Pergamon Press, France.
[24] Yeganeh S., B. Shabanpour , H. Hosseini , M.R. Imanpour and A.
Shabani, (2012). Seasonal Variation of Chemical Composition and Fatty
Acid Profile of Fillet in Wild Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) in
Caspian Sea, Journal of Food Technology, 10, 2, 24-31.
[25] Jankowska, B., Zakes, Z., Zmijewski, T., & Szczepkowski, M. (2003).
Fatty acid profile and meat utility of wild and cultured zander, Sander
lucioperca (L.). Electronic Journal Of Polish Agricultural Universities
Fisheries, 6(1).
[26] Rahman, S. A., Huah, T. S., Hassan, O., & Daud, N. M. (1995).
Fattyacid composition of some Malaysian freshwater fish. Food
Chemistry, 54(1), 45–49.
[27] Ackman, R. G., Eaton, C. A., & Linne, B. A. (1975). Differentiation of
freshwater characteristics of fatty acids in marine specimens of the
atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus). Fishery Bulletin, 73, 838–
845. [28] Haliloğlu, H. I., Bayır, A., Sirkecioğlu, A. N., Aras, N. M., & tamanalp,
M. (2004). Comparison of fatty acid composition in some tissues of
rainbow trot (Oncorhynchus mykiss) living in seawater and freshwater.
Food Chemistry, 86, 55–59.
[29] Osman, H., Suriah, A. R., & Law, E. C. (2001). Fatty acid composition
and cholesterol content of selected marine fish in Malaysian waters.
Food Chemistry, 73(1), 55–60.
[30] Guler G.O., B. Kiztanir, A. Aktumsek, O.B. Citil, H. Ozparlak
Determination of the seasonal changes on total fatty acid composition
and x3/x6 ratios of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) muscle lipids in Beysehir
Lake (Turkey), Food Chemistry 108 (2008) 689–694.
[31] Sargent, J. R. (1996). Origins and functions of egg lipid. In N. R.
Bromage & R. J. Roberts (Eds.), Broodstock management and egg and
larval quality (pp. 353–372). Oxford: Blackwell.
[32] Cejas, J. R., Almansa, E., Villamandos, J. E., Badia, P., Bolanos, A., &
Lorenzo, A. (2003). Lipid and fatty acid composition of ovaries from
wild fish and ovaries and eggs from captive fish of white sea bream
(Diplodus sargus). Aquaculture, 216(1–4), 299–313.
[33] Ackman, R. G. (1967). Characteristics of the fatty acid composition and
biochemistry of some fresh-water fish oils and lipids in comparison with
marine oils and lipids. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 22,
907–922.
[34] Uysal, K., & Aksoylar, M. Y. (2005). Seasonal variations in fatty acid
composition and the n6/n3 fatty acid ratio of pikeperch (Sander
lucioperca) muscle lipids. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 44, 23–35.
[35] Xu, X. L., Fontaine, P., Melard, C., & Kestemont, P. (2001). Effects of
dietary fat levels on growth, feed efficiency and biochemical
compositions of Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis. Aquacultural
International, 9(5), 437–449.
[36] McKenzie, D. J., Piraccini, G., Piccolella, M., Steffensen, J. F., Bolis, C.
L., & Taylor, E. W. (2000). Effects of dietary fatty acid composition on
metabolic rate and responses to hypoxia in the European eel (Anguilla
anguilla). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 22(4), 281–296.
[37] Piggott, G. M., & Tucker, B. W. (1990). Effects of technology on
nutrition. New York: Marcel Dekker.
[38] Sargent, J. R. (1997). Fish oils and human diet. British Journal of
Nutrition, 78(1), S5–S13.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:71860", author = "O. B. Citil and V. Sariyel and M. Akoz", title = "Fatty Acid Composition of Muscle Lipids of Cyprinus carpio L. Living in Different Dam Lake, Turkey", abstract = "In this study, total fatty acid composition of muscle
lipids of Cyprinus carpio L. living in Suğla Dam Lake, Altinapa Dam
Lake, Eğirdir Lake and Burdur Lake were determined using GC.
During this study, for the summer season of July was taken from each
region of the land and they were stored in deep-freeze set to -20
degrees until the analysis date. At the end of the analyses, 30
different fatty acids were found in the composition of Cyprinus
carpio L. which lives in different lakes. Cyprinus carpio Suğla Dam
Lake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), were higher than other
lakes. Cyprinus carpio L. was the highest in the major SFA palmitic
acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of carp, the most abundant
fish species in all lakes, were found to be higher than those of
saturated fatty acids (SFA) in all lakes. Palmitic acid was the major
SFA in all lakes. Oleic acid was identified as the major MUFA.
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was the most abundant in all lakes. ω3
fatty acid composition was higher than the percentage of the
percentage ω6 fatty acids in all lake. ω3/ω6 rates of Cyprinus carpio
L. Suğla Dam Lake, Altinapa Dam Lake, Eğirdir Lake and Burdur
Lake, 2.12, 1.19, 2.15, 2.87, and 2.82, respectively. Docosahexaenoic
acid (DHA) was the major PUFA in Eğirdir and Burdur lakes,
whereas linoleic acid (LA) was the major PUFA in Altinapa and
Suğla Dam Lakes. It was shown that the fatty acid composition in the
muscle of carp was significantly influenced by different lakes.", keywords = "Chromatography, Cyprinus carpio L., fatty acid
composition.", volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "833-5", }
