Fabrication of Carbon Doped TiO2 Nanotubes via In-situ Anodization of Ti-foil in Acidic Medium
Highly ordered TiO2 nanotube (TNT) arrays were
fabricated onto a pre-treated titanium foil by anodic oxidation with a
voltage of 20V in phosphoric acid/sodium fluoride electrolyte. A pretreatment
of titanium foil involved washing with acetone,
isopropanol, ethanol and deionized water. Carbon doped TiO2
nanotubes (C-TNT) was fabricated 'in-situ' with the same method in
the presence of polyvinyl alcohol and urea as carbon sources. The
affects of polyvinyl alcohol concentration and oxidation time on the
composition, morphology and structure of the C-TN were studied by
FE-SEM, EDX and XRD techniques. FESEM images of the
nanotubes showed uniform arrays of C-TNTs. The density and
microstructures of the nanotubes were greatly affected by the content
of PVA. The introduction of the polyvinyl alcohol into the electrolyte
increases the amount of C content inside TiO2 nanotube arrays
uniformly. The influence of carbon content on the photo-current of
C-TNT was investigated and the I-V profiles of the nanotubes were
established. The preliminary results indicated that the 'in-situ'
doping technique produced a superior quality nanotubes compared to
post doping techniques.
[1] J. R. Bolton, "Solar photoproduction of hydrogen: a review," Solar
Energy, vol. 57, pp. 37-50, 1996
[2] V. M. Aroutiounian, V. M. Arakelyan, and G. E. Shahnazaryan, "Metal
oxide photoelectrodes for hydrogen generation using solar radiationdriven
water splitting," Solar Energy, vol. 78, pp. 581-592, 2005
[3] M. Gratzel, "Dye-sensitized solar cells," J. Photochem. Photobiol. C:
Photochemical Review, vol. 4, pp. 145-153, 2003
[4] M. Ashokkumar, "An overview on semiconductor particulate systems
for photoproduction of hydrogen," International Journal Hydrogen
Energy, vol. 23, pp. 427-438, 1998
[5] M. Gratzel, "Photoelectrochemical cells," Nature, vol. 414, pp. 338-
344, 2001
[6] R. Asahi, T. Morikawa, T. Ohwaki, K. Aoki, and Y. Taga, "Visiblelight
photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium oxides," Science, vol.
293, pp. 269-271, 2001
[7] H. Irie, Y. Watanabe, and K. Hashimoto, "Nitrogen-concentration
dependence on photocatalytic activity of TiO2-xNx powders," J. Phys.
Chem. B, vol. 107, pp. 5483-5486, 2003
[8] O. Diwald, T. L. Thompson, E. G. Goralski, S. D. Walck, and J. T.
Yates, "The effect of nitrogen ion implantation on the photoactivity of
TiO2 rutile single crystals," J. Phys. Chem. B, vol. 108, pp. 52-57, 2004
[9] J. L. Gole, J. D. Stout, C. Burda, Y. B. Lou, and X. B. Chen, "Highly
efficient formation of visible light tunable TiO2-xNx photocatalysts and
their transformation at the nanoscale," J. Phys. Chem. B, vol. 108, pp.
1230-1240, 2004
[10] C. Yu J., J. G. Yu, W. K. HO, Z. T. JIANG, and L. Z. ZHANG,
"Effects of Fdoping on the photocatalytic activity and microstructures
of nanocrystalline TiO2 powders," Chem. Mater, vol. 14, pp. 3808-
3816, 2002
[11] A. Hattori, M. Yamamoto, H. Tada, and I. Seishiro, "A promoting
effect of NH4F addition on the photocatalytic activity of sol-gel TiO2
films," Chem. Letter, vol. 27, pp. 707-708, 1998
[12] T. Umebayashi, T. Yamaki, H. Itoh, and K. Asai, "Band gap narrowing
of titanium dioxide by sulfur doping," Appl. Phys. Lett, vol. 81, pp.
454-456, 2002
[13] T. Umebayashi, T. Yamaki, S. Yamamoto, and A. Et, "Sulfur-doping of
rutile-titanium dioxide by ion implantation: photocurrent spectroscopy
and first-principles band calculation studies," J. Appl. Phys, vol. 93, pp.
5156-5160, 2003
[14] H. Irie, Y. Watanabe, and K. Hashimoto, "Carbon-doped anatase TiO2
powders as a visible-light sensitive photocatalyst," Chem. Lett., vol. 32,
pp. 772-773, 2003
[15] S. U. M. Khan, M. Al-shahry, and W. B. Ingler, "Efficient
photochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2,"
Science, vol. 297, pp. 2243-2245, 2002
[16] S. Sakthivel and H. Kisch, "Daylight photocatalysis by carbon modified
titanium dioxide," Angew. Chem. Int. Ed, vol. 42, pp. 4908-4911, 2003
[17] Y. Choi, T. Umebayashi, and M. Yoshikawa, "Fabrication and
characterization of C-doped anatase TiO2 photocatalysts," J. Mater.
Sci., vol. 39, pp. 1837-1839, 2004
[18] C. Xu, R. Killmeyer, M. L. Gray, and S. U. M. Khan, "Photocatalytic
effect of carbon-modified n-TiO2 nanoparticles under visible light
illumination," Applied Catalyst B: Environ, vol. 64, pp. 312-317, 2006
[19] I.-D. Kim, A. Rothschild, B.-H. Lee, D.-Y. Kim, S.-M. Jo, and H. L.
Tuller, "Ultrasensitive chemiresistors based on electrospun TiO2
nanofibers," Nano Letter., vol. 6, pp. 2009-2013, 2006
[20] A. Ghicov, J. M. Macak, H. Tsuchiya, and A. Et, "Ion implantation and
annealing for an efficient N-doping of TiO2 nanotubes," Nano Letter.,
vol. 6, pp. 1080-1082, 2006
[21] R. Hahn, A. Ghicov, J. Salonen, V. P. Lehto, and P. Schmuki, "Carbon
doping of self-organized TiO2 nanotube layers by thermal acetylene
treatment," Nanotechnology, vol. 18, p. /, 2007
[22] V. K. Mahajan, S. K. Mohapatra, and M. Misra, "Stability of TiO2
nanotube arrays in photoelectrochemical studies," International Journal
of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 33, pp. 5369-5374, 2008
[23] N. A. Kelly and T. L. Gibson, International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy, vol. 31, pp. 1658 - 1673, 2006
[24] L. Taveira, J. M. Macak, H. Tsuchiya, L. F. P. Dick, and P. Schmuki,
"Initiation and Growth of Self-Organized TiO2 Nanotubes Anodically
Formed in NH4F(NH4)2SO4 electrolyte," J. Electrochem. Soc, vol. 152,
pp. B405-B410, 2005
[25] J. W. Schultze, M. M. Lohrengel, and D. Ross, Electrochim. Acta, vol.
28, p. 973, 1983
[1] J. R. Bolton, "Solar photoproduction of hydrogen: a review," Solar
Energy, vol. 57, pp. 37-50, 1996
[2] V. M. Aroutiounian, V. M. Arakelyan, and G. E. Shahnazaryan, "Metal
oxide photoelectrodes for hydrogen generation using solar radiationdriven
water splitting," Solar Energy, vol. 78, pp. 581-592, 2005
[3] M. Gratzel, "Dye-sensitized solar cells," J. Photochem. Photobiol. C:
Photochemical Review, vol. 4, pp. 145-153, 2003
[4] M. Ashokkumar, "An overview on semiconductor particulate systems
for photoproduction of hydrogen," International Journal Hydrogen
Energy, vol. 23, pp. 427-438, 1998
[5] M. Gratzel, "Photoelectrochemical cells," Nature, vol. 414, pp. 338-
344, 2001
[6] R. Asahi, T. Morikawa, T. Ohwaki, K. Aoki, and Y. Taga, "Visiblelight
photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium oxides," Science, vol.
293, pp. 269-271, 2001
[7] H. Irie, Y. Watanabe, and K. Hashimoto, "Nitrogen-concentration
dependence on photocatalytic activity of TiO2-xNx powders," J. Phys.
Chem. B, vol. 107, pp. 5483-5486, 2003
[8] O. Diwald, T. L. Thompson, E. G. Goralski, S. D. Walck, and J. T.
Yates, "The effect of nitrogen ion implantation on the photoactivity of
TiO2 rutile single crystals," J. Phys. Chem. B, vol. 108, pp. 52-57, 2004
[9] J. L. Gole, J. D. Stout, C. Burda, Y. B. Lou, and X. B. Chen, "Highly
efficient formation of visible light tunable TiO2-xNx photocatalysts and
their transformation at the nanoscale," J. Phys. Chem. B, vol. 108, pp.
1230-1240, 2004
[10] C. Yu J., J. G. Yu, W. K. HO, Z. T. JIANG, and L. Z. ZHANG,
"Effects of Fdoping on the photocatalytic activity and microstructures
of nanocrystalline TiO2 powders," Chem. Mater, vol. 14, pp. 3808-
3816, 2002
[11] A. Hattori, M. Yamamoto, H. Tada, and I. Seishiro, "A promoting
effect of NH4F addition on the photocatalytic activity of sol-gel TiO2
films," Chem. Letter, vol. 27, pp. 707-708, 1998
[12] T. Umebayashi, T. Yamaki, H. Itoh, and K. Asai, "Band gap narrowing
of titanium dioxide by sulfur doping," Appl. Phys. Lett, vol. 81, pp.
454-456, 2002
[13] T. Umebayashi, T. Yamaki, S. Yamamoto, and A. Et, "Sulfur-doping of
rutile-titanium dioxide by ion implantation: photocurrent spectroscopy
and first-principles band calculation studies," J. Appl. Phys, vol. 93, pp.
5156-5160, 2003
[14] H. Irie, Y. Watanabe, and K. Hashimoto, "Carbon-doped anatase TiO2
powders as a visible-light sensitive photocatalyst," Chem. Lett., vol. 32,
pp. 772-773, 2003
[15] S. U. M. Khan, M. Al-shahry, and W. B. Ingler, "Efficient
photochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2,"
Science, vol. 297, pp. 2243-2245, 2002
[16] S. Sakthivel and H. Kisch, "Daylight photocatalysis by carbon modified
titanium dioxide," Angew. Chem. Int. Ed, vol. 42, pp. 4908-4911, 2003
[17] Y. Choi, T. Umebayashi, and M. Yoshikawa, "Fabrication and
characterization of C-doped anatase TiO2 photocatalysts," J. Mater.
Sci., vol. 39, pp. 1837-1839, 2004
[18] C. Xu, R. Killmeyer, M. L. Gray, and S. U. M. Khan, "Photocatalytic
effect of carbon-modified n-TiO2 nanoparticles under visible light
illumination," Applied Catalyst B: Environ, vol. 64, pp. 312-317, 2006
[19] I.-D. Kim, A. Rothschild, B.-H. Lee, D.-Y. Kim, S.-M. Jo, and H. L.
Tuller, "Ultrasensitive chemiresistors based on electrospun TiO2
nanofibers," Nano Letter., vol. 6, pp. 2009-2013, 2006
[20] A. Ghicov, J. M. Macak, H. Tsuchiya, and A. Et, "Ion implantation and
annealing for an efficient N-doping of TiO2 nanotubes," Nano Letter.,
vol. 6, pp. 1080-1082, 2006
[21] R. Hahn, A. Ghicov, J. Salonen, V. P. Lehto, and P. Schmuki, "Carbon
doping of self-organized TiO2 nanotube layers by thermal acetylene
treatment," Nanotechnology, vol. 18, p. /, 2007
[22] V. K. Mahajan, S. K. Mohapatra, and M. Misra, "Stability of TiO2
nanotube arrays in photoelectrochemical studies," International Journal
of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 33, pp. 5369-5374, 2008
[23] N. A. Kelly and T. L. Gibson, International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy, vol. 31, pp. 1658 - 1673, 2006
[24] L. Taveira, J. M. Macak, H. Tsuchiya, L. F. P. Dick, and P. Schmuki,
"Initiation and Growth of Self-Organized TiO2 Nanotubes Anodically
Formed in NH4F(NH4)2SO4 electrolyte," J. Electrochem. Soc, vol. 152,
pp. B405-B410, 2005
[25] J. W. Schultze, M. M. Lohrengel, and D. Ross, Electrochim. Acta, vol.
28, p. 973, 1983
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:52101", author = "Asma M. Milad and Mohammad B. Kassim and Wan R. Daud", title = "Fabrication of Carbon Doped TiO2 Nanotubes via In-situ Anodization of Ti-foil in Acidic Medium", abstract = "Highly ordered TiO2 nanotube (TNT) arrays were
fabricated onto a pre-treated titanium foil by anodic oxidation with a
voltage of 20V in phosphoric acid/sodium fluoride electrolyte. A pretreatment
of titanium foil involved washing with acetone,
isopropanol, ethanol and deionized water. Carbon doped TiO2
nanotubes (C-TNT) was fabricated 'in-situ' with the same method in
the presence of polyvinyl alcohol and urea as carbon sources. The
affects of polyvinyl alcohol concentration and oxidation time on the
composition, morphology and structure of the C-TN were studied by
FE-SEM, EDX and XRD techniques. FESEM images of the
nanotubes showed uniform arrays of C-TNTs. The density and
microstructures of the nanotubes were greatly affected by the content
of PVA. The introduction of the polyvinyl alcohol into the electrolyte
increases the amount of C content inside TiO2 nanotube arrays
uniformly. The influence of carbon content on the photo-current of
C-TNT was investigated and the I-V profiles of the nanotubes were
established. The preliminary results indicated that the 'in-situ'
doping technique produced a superior quality nanotubes compared to
post doping techniques.", keywords = "Anodization, photoelectrochemical cell, 'in-situ',post doping, thin film, and titania nanotube arrays.", volume = "5", number = "2", pages = "131-5", }
